Niyazi Acer - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Niyazi Acer

Folia Morphologica, Jun 2, 2014

Background & Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorde... more Background & Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, beginning in the in the substantia nigra and spreading to the subcortical structures to the limbic cortices, and eventually to the neocortex and is characterized clinically by tremor at rest, bradykinesia, and rigidity. Regional brain atrophy is found to be an important marker of PD’s pathology. The aim of the current study was to compare the volumes of subcortical brain structures between healthy subjects and patients with PD using stereological (point-counting) and semi-automated segmentation methods. Methods: Twenty-four patients with PD and 23 age matched healthy subjects free of any psychiatric, neurological or cognitive impairment were included in our study. Magnetic resonance images were analyzed by using two methods. Results: Both methods showed a decrease in volume of caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus in PD group compared to the control group. (p˂0.05). However, no signif...

Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury, 2019

Background Brachial plexus (BP) is composed of intercommunications among the ventral roots of the... more Background Brachial plexus (BP) is composed of intercommunications among the ventral roots of the nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1 in the neck. The in vivo and in vitro evaluation of axons of the peripheral nervous system is performed using different techniques. Recently, many studies describing the application of fiber tractography and stereological axon number estimation to peripheral nerves have been published. Methods Various quantitative parameters of nerve fibers, including axon number, density, axonal area, and myelin thickness, can be estimated using stereological techniques. In vivo three-dimensional reconstruction of axons of BP can be visualized using a combined technique of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fiber tracking with the potential to evaluate nerve fiber content. Conclusion It is concluded that terminal branches of BP can be successfully visualized using DTI, which is a highly reproducible method for the evaluation of BP as it shows anatomical and functional feat...

Background Analysis of human postmortem tissue has significantly advanced our understanding of th... more Background Analysis of human postmortem tissue has significantly advanced our understanding of the structural and molecular abnormalities associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Such developments have been entirely reliant upon the ultimate act of generosity from the patient and families through the gift of brain donation. In order to reciprocate the faith shown by the donor in the scientific value of brain research, it is imperative that the donated tissue is used in the most effective way possible. However, despite increases in the number of brain tissue banks and demand for tissue samples for research purposes (Dedova et al., 2009), disparate, nonstandardized processing and sampling protocols exist across institutions. As detailed throughout this book, stereological analysis represents the "gold standard" for the unbiased assessment of the structural components comprising the brain; it is also an all-encompassing discipline that affects not only how these structures are examined but further how tissue is collected and sampled. The strict protocol that stereological analysis requires is thus often misaligned with the "realpolitik" of the brain bank environment, where a balance must be met between diagnostic and research requirements. Before embarking on a morphometric study with neuronal postmortem human tissue, one must therefore be aware of the substantial confounding factors that may affect the outcome and reliability of the resultant data and conclusions. Through identifying these inherent issues and integrating stereological methodology, a more uniform and coordinated approach may be applied to the investigation of brain disorders worldwide. The Legacy of Two-Dimensional (2D) Analysis During the 1990s, debate arose on the relative merits of stereological tools, for example, the use of the optical disector for cell counting in three-dimensional (3D), in the quantitative morphology of brain structures against prevailing 2D analysis (for competing views, see Benes and Lange, 2001; West and Slomanka, 2001; Schmitz and Hof, 2005). 2D analysis requires a far less rigorous sampling regime than stereology approaches. Typically, a small number of thin (5-10 μm-thick) sections from a predefined region of a paraffin-embedded block are histochemically stained and mounted for microscopic examination. Disector grids (2D frames) are projected over the image at low or high

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, 2021

Introduction: Down’s syndrome (DS) is one of the most common genetic causes of mental and cogniti... more Introduction: Down’s syndrome (DS) is one of the most common genetic causes of mental and cognitive retardation. In fact, it results in a number of characteristic neuropsychological and physical symptoms, including mental retardation. The aim of this study was to compare the brain structure volumes of children with DS to those of healthy children using MRI Studio in order to investigate whether there exists correlation between the developmental stages of DS and the results of both the Denver II Developmental Screening Test and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) quantitative analysis. Method: Five children diagnosed with Down’s syndrome (age range = 2–6 years) were matched for gender and age with five healthy comparison subjects. To analyse the overall and regional brain volumes, high-resolution MRI scans were performed and a morphometric analysis was conducted via MRI Studio software. The MRI T1 volumetric images were normalised using a linear transformation, which was followed by lar...

Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base, 2021

Objective The aim of this study is to measure the average corpus callosum (CC) volume of healthy ... more Objective The aim of this study is to measure the average corpus callosum (CC) volume of healthy Turkish humans and to analyze the effects of gender and age on volumes, including the genu, truncus, and splenium parts of the CC. Patients and Methods Magnetic resonance imaging brain scans were obtained from 301 healthy male and female subjects, aged 11 to 84 years. The median age was 42 years (min–max: 11–82) in females and 49 years (min–max: 12–84) in males. Corpus callosum and its parts were calculated by using MRICloud. CC volumes of each subject were compared with those of the age and gender groups. Results All volumes of the CC were significantly higher in males than females. All left volumes except BCC were significantly higher than the right volumes in both males and females. The oldest two age groups (50–69 and 70–84 years) were found to have higher bilateral CC volumes, and bilateral BCC volumes were also higher than in the other two age groups (11–29 and 30–49 years). Conclu...

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 2009

1136 students participated, from which 52.4% (n=594) had already received training. The average n... more 1136 students participated, from which 52.4% (n=594) had already received training. The average number of correct answers was higher in the group that had already received training (7.73 in 9) in comparison to the other group (5.25 in 9). By the end of the school year 2016/2017, the Project had visited 68 schools, covering 12,183 students (+523 [4.49%] when compared with 2014/2015) and 648 teachers (+34 [5.54%]).

Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2014

The aim of this study is to calculate the tympanic cavity (TC) volume with manual tracing techniq... more The aim of this study is to calculate the tympanic cavity (TC) volume with manual tracing technique on computed tomography images of temporal bone with a software developed in house using MATLAB platform. Images with slice thickness of 0.25 mm were obtained from newborn cadavers and analyzed by two expert researchers independently using the software and the results were compared. The borders of TC were delineated manually and measurement of interested area was calculated on masked images. Then, the area measurements from all sections were added for the calculation of total volume. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Jaccard, sensitivity and specificity were used as a statistical validation metric to evaluate the performance of manual volume measurement. TC volumes were calculated as a 0.272±0.04 cm 3 and 0.286±0.03 cm 3 by the two researchers with MATLAB, 0.287±0.06 cm 3 with Image J. DSC values being above to 0.7 indicated that the software allows consistent and reliable volume measurements. This software can potentially be applied to measure other anatomical volumes from radiological images.

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 2009

Several methodologies have been proposed to assess the orbital volume (OV). However, we have not ... more Several methodologies have been proposed to assess the orbital volume (OV). However, we have not seen a criterion standard study evaluating the results of the methodologies for the assessment of OV. In the current study, the actual OV of 9 dry skulls was measured using the water filling method as the criterion standard. Consecutive computed tomographic sections at a thickness of 1.5 mm were used to estimate the OV by means of the point counting method. The mean (SD) of the OV measured by the water filling method was 17.84 (1.56) cm3. By using the point counting method, it was 17.05 (1.69) cm3. There was no statistically significant difference between sides (P > 0.001). The results of the OV values obtained by the two methods were compared statistically. The agreements between the two methods were also evaluated using the Bland-Altman plots. There was no statistically significant difference between the OV measurements obtained by the stereological technique and water filling method. The described method could be used for the assessment of OV in vivo.

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 2006

Several investigators have estimated the intracranial volume (ICV) in the past which indirectly r... more Several investigators have estimated the intracranial volume (ICV) in the past which indirectly reflects the brain volume. Most of these studies have been made on the dry skulls using linear dimensions, packing methods or occasionally radiological methods. It is also reported that the etiology of cerebellar tonsillar herniation is closely related to the size of the foramen magnum (FM). In the present study the ICVs have been estimated in 28 dry skulls using filling water method and the surface area of FMs were measured planimetry method. The estimated mean ICV was 1,311 +/- 133 cm. Surface area of FM was 760 +/- 144 mm. Antero-posterior and lateral direct roentgenograms of the skulls were also taken and the width, height and length (WHL) of the skull were measured by means of the cephalometry on radiograms. The relationship between the ICV, WHL and surface area of FM were analyzed statistically. The ICV, WHL and surface area of FM was correlated well (r = 0.271, P < 0.005; r = 0.265, P < 0.005, respectively) and a regression formula was proposed. Our results showed that skulls with larger ICV and WHL have larger FM surface area. We also suggested a regression formula that could be used to predict the surface area of FM regarding to the ICV and WHL values. In the next step, we took roentgenograms of skulls and obtain ICV measuring the width, length and height of skulls by means of cephalometry and investigate the relation between the findings of cephalometry and surface area of FM. The cephalometry could apply on living subjects and, thereby, our findings could provide some data to evaluate the etiology of Arnold Chiari malformation and achondroplasia for living subjects.

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 2009

The size of the eyeball has been the subject of a few studies. None of them used stereological me... more The size of the eyeball has been the subject of a few studies. None of them used stereological methods to estimate the volume. In the current study, we estimated the volume of eyeball in normal men and women using the stereological methods. Eyeball volume (EV) was estimated using the Cavalieri principle as a combination of point-counting and planimetry techniques. We used computed tomography scans taken from 36 participants (15 men and 21 women) to estimate the EV. The mean (SD) EV values obtained by planimetry method were 7.49 (0.79) and 7.06 (0.85) cm 3 in men and women, respectively. By using point-counting method, the mean (SD) values were 7.48 (0.85) and 7.21 (0.84) cm 3 in men and women, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the findings from the 2 methods (P 9 0.05). A weak correlation was found between the axial length of eyeball and the EV estimated by point counting and planimetry (P G 0.05, r = 0.494 and r = 0.523, respectively). The findings of the current study using the stereological methods could provide data for the evaluation of normal and pathologic volumes of the eyeball.

Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2011

Renal volume is important in many clinical settings, such as otential kidney donor evaluation, fo... more Renal volume is important in many clinical settings, such as otential kidney donor evaluation, follow-up of transplant kideys and renovascular disease. The renal volume has been the ubject of a few studies, yet none of them have used stereologcal methods to estimate the volume. The purpose of this study as to compare renal volume estimations, obtained through using he Cavalieri principle as a combination of point-counting and lanimetry techniques. Also, we evaluated a result to construct confidence interval value for renal volume according to a new pproach. The renal volume in 15 volunteers (30 kidneys) with no nown history of renal disease, aged 19–25 years was determined. enal volumes obtained by two different methods were not statisically different and they were correlated well to each other. The ean coefficient of error (CE) for kidney volume estimates derived rom the stereologic technique was between 5 and 7%. Therefore, point spacing of 4mm, and 5mm thicknesses with 1mm interal were considered to be ideal for estimating kidney volumes. We lso evaluated a satisfactory predicted interval and it provides a elatively narrow confidence interval. oi:10.1016/j.copbio.2011.05.106

Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger, 2009

In this study, we describe and adapt the relevant methods of magnetic resonance (MR) and stereolo... more In this study, we describe and adapt the relevant methods of magnetic resonance (MR) and stereology to estimate total brain volume (TBV), cerebral and cerebellar volume and their volume fractions within the brain. The study included 15 (8 males, 7 females) controls and 15 (8 males, 7 females) patients with Alzheimer's disease. The patients' MR images were obtained in both sagittal and axial planes. The volume and volume fraction of the total brain, cerebrum and cerebellum were determined on MR images using the point-counting approach of stereological methods. The volume fractions of the cerebrum to TBV and cerebellum to TBV in the control group were 66.38% and 67.87% in axial and sagittal planes, and 12.05% and 12.81% in axial and sagittal planes, respectively. The volume fractions of the cerebrum to TBV and cerebellum to TBV in the Alzheimer group were 52.40% and 56.26% in axial and sagittal planes, and 10.00% and 10.38% in axial and sagittal planes, respectively. The Alzheimer subjects showed significantly lower cerebral and cerebellar volume fraction to TBV than the control subjects (po0.001). No significant difference was found in either group with regard to gender or planes (p40.05). The present evaluation of TBV, cerebral and cerebellar volume and volume fractions can be done on any complete set of MR imaging, in which the plane scan distance and

Folia Morphologica, 2021

Background: The interest in the morphological development of brain structures during childhood an... more Background: The interest in the morphological development of brain structures during childhood and adolescence arises from discussions on subcortical anomalies and sexual dimorphism, from adolescent changes in cognitive functions supported by cortical and subcortical structures to a wide range of childhood neuropsychiatric diseases. This study aims to investigate the relationships subcortical structures regarding age/gender changes in the healthy adult human brain using web-based VolBrain. Materials and methods: In this study, 303 normal healthy adults [male and female] were obtained using a 1.5 T unit with a 20-channel head coil. Results: The volumes of White Matter, Gray Matter, Total Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Total Intracranial Volume were significantly higher in males than those in females. Our analysis revealed a significantly larger accumbens volume for females. With age less than or equal to 50 years, older males were found to have higher total LV, putamen, thalamus, amygdala, cerebrum, White Matter and Gray Matter volumes than females. The age greater than the 50-years-old group resulted in a mean of total thalamus, Globus Pallidus and 2 accumbens volumes higher in females than those in males. Right hemisphere volumes in younger and older age groups resulted in volumes except caudate in the older age group; the mean of caudate was significantly higher in females than those in males. Conclusions: These conclusions might have important for the explanation of the effects of gender and age in cross-sectional structural MRI studies. Also, knowing the volume changes of the subcortical structures can provide convenience about the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various neuromental disorders.

Erciyes Medical Journal, 2020

Objective: Osteoarthritis is non-inflammatory, degenerative, and chronic disease observed, especi... more Objective: Osteoarthritis is non-inflammatory, degenerative, and chronic disease observed, especially as progressive in loadbearing joints. There are several studies that measure the volume and surface area of the knee joint cartilage in osteoarthritis patients. However, different methods were used in these studies. Materials and Methods: Our study population consisted of 25 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Twenty-five healthy individuals were included in this study as a control group. In our study, planimetry and quadratic ruler method, which are among stereological methods, were used over magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the femoral condyle cartilage volume and surface area. Results: The average cartilage volume measurement 6.54 cm 3 in the female patient group and 13.51 cm 3 in the female control group. In this measurement, 7.49 cm 3 in male patients was measured in the control group 15.71 cm 3. In the statistical comparison between the groups, it was determined that the values in the patient group decreased significantly compared with the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: When compared with the literature, it is concluded that our method may be used as a valid method because the survey results are close to each other and the average values.

Objectives: Hard palatal index values, obtained from the measurements of the hard palate, are imp... more Objectives: Hard palatal index values, obtained from the measurements of the hard palate, are important for surgery and prosthetic dentistry. This research aims to measure morphometric values of the hard palate and to calculate palatal index using the morphometric values. Material and Methods: In this research, we used 50 adult human dry skulls. We measured the length of the median and transverse palatal sutures, and also measured the height, width and length of the hard palate by a milimetric caliper. Palatal index and palatal height index were also calculated and the transverse palatine sutures were classified with respect to their shapes. Results: Transverse suture was slightly smooth, transverse and had a similar shape on both sides. For the transverse suture, we commonly found that the rate of type A was 32 % and type F was 16%. The mean palatal index values and palatal height index values were calculated as 77.62±8.14 mm and 23.11±8.68 mm respectively. We classified the palati...

Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 2019

Objective(s): In this study, the effects of different doses of curcumin application on Ehrlich as... more Objective(s): In this study, the effects of different doses of curcumin application on Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) created in the mice of BALB/c type were investigated.Materials and Methods: Curcumin extracts can have hindering effect on tumor volume, vascular density, EAT cells around the tissues, and can support apoptosis. EAT cells (1x106) received from stock animals were injected intraperitoneally (IP) and subcutaneously (SC) to the animals. Then, curcumin was administered IP. Doses of 25 mg/kg IP and 50 mg/kg were administered over 10 days to the animals in the treatment groups in which ascites tumor was induced. The same doses were administered over 15 days in the treatment groups in which solid tumor was induced.Results: Histopathological examination in ascites tumor groups revealed that number of EAT cells at surrounding tissues was smaller in the group received 50 mg/kg curcumin when compared to tumor control group (P<0.05). The lowest increase in tumor volume was observ...

TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, 2021

Introduction When you eat a chocolate, find the love of your life, smell a magical Bougainvillea,... more Introduction When you eat a chocolate, find the love of your life, smell a magical Bougainvillea, speak with your heart, or sadden with the tears of a young child, a hidden island is working hard: the insula (Island of Reil). The insular cortex is located on the lateral wall of the cerebral hemispheres and is fully covered by the parietal, frontal, and temporal opercula in the depths of the Sylvian fissure [1,2]. The insula is important in the processing of visceral sensory/ motor, emotional, vestibular, pain, temperature and language inputs, in addition to visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory information [1-5]. The central sulcus of the insula is anatomically separated into two main sections, the anterior and posterior lobules, based on different cytoarchitectonics (granular, dysgranular and agranular), connectivity and functions. The anterior lobule includes three short gyri (anterior, middle and posterior), the posterior lobule has two long gyri (anterior and posterior), and the insula consists of the ventroanterior, dorsoanterior,, and posterior subregions [3,4]. The ventroanterior part is related to socioemotional processing (mainly receiving afferents from the limbic, entorhinal, perirhinal and posterior orbitofrontal cortices, and the cingulate gyrus), and the dorsoanterior part is linked to cognitive processing. The posterior insula is involved in auditory processing and somatovisceral sensations (receiving a projection from the viscera, which is relayed in the solitary tract nucleus, parabrachial complex, and thalamus) [1,6,7]. The insula displays activation during the processing of pain, but there is no consensus on the localisation of the pain-related activity [7]. Pain in the body, such as burns, activates the posterior insula, while Background/aim: The insula has attracted the attention of many neuroimaging studies because of its key role between brain structures. However, the number of studies investigating the effect of sex and laterality on insular volume is insufficient. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in insular volume between sexes and hemispheres. Materials and methods: A total of 47 healthy participants [24 males (20.08 ± 1.44 years) and 23 females (19.57 ± 0.90 years)] underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Imaging was performed using the 3T MRI scanner. The insular volume was measured using the Individual Brain Atlases using Statistical Parametric Mapping (IBASPM); total intracranial, cerebral, grey and white matter volumes were measured using volBrain. Results: The right insular volume was significantly higher than the left insular volume in the participants, and the left cerebral volume was significantly higher than the right cerebral volume (p < 0.05). The total brain, total cerebral, left and right insular, and cerebral volumes were significantly larger in males than in females (p < 0.001). Also, the ratios of the insular volume to total brain and cerebral volume were significantly higher in males than in females (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that insular volume differs with laterality and sex. This outcome may be explained by the anatomical relationship between the insula and behavioural functions and emotional reactions and the fact that the right side of the brain is best at expressive and creative tasks.

Neuroradiology, 2020

Purpose One out of three migraine patients might have accompanying restless legs syndrome (RLS). ... more Purpose One out of three migraine patients might have accompanying restless legs syndrome (RLS). In our study, we aimed to compare the volumes of the brain structures of migraineurs with and without RLS. Methods We had 37 female patients with migraine and 17 females as the control group. Nineteen migraineurs had no RLS (RLS 0) and 18 migraineurs had comorbidity of RLS (RLS 1). The volumes of the brain structures were obtained by manual measurements, volBrain, and voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Manually, we measured caudate and putamen volumes. We used age, years of education, depression, anxiety scores, and total intracranial volume as covariates. Results According to VBM analyses, the volumes of the left superior occipital gyrus and precuneus were increased, and the substantia nigra and cuneus were decreased in the RLS 1 group compared with the RLS 0 group. RLS 1 patients had larger superior temporal gyrus, Brodmann area 38, and left insula, and RLS 0 patients had larger Brodmann area 22, right superior temporal gyrus, and Heschl gyrus compared with controls. Migraine and RLS 0 patients had a smaller corpus callosum anteriorly, whereas RLS 1 patients had a smaller splenium. Caudate volumes were larger in migraine patients via the three techniques. There was a positive relation between the caudate and putamen volumes and attack frequency. Conclusions Comorbidity of RLS might be a confounding factor in structural neuroimaging studies in migraine. Deficits in the visual network seem to be related to accompanying RLS; deficits in the auditory network are particularly related to migraine.

Folia Morphologica, Jun 2, 2014

Background & Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorde... more Background & Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, beginning in the in the substantia nigra and spreading to the subcortical structures to the limbic cortices, and eventually to the neocortex and is characterized clinically by tremor at rest, bradykinesia, and rigidity. Regional brain atrophy is found to be an important marker of PD’s pathology. The aim of the current study was to compare the volumes of subcortical brain structures between healthy subjects and patients with PD using stereological (point-counting) and semi-automated segmentation methods. Methods: Twenty-four patients with PD and 23 age matched healthy subjects free of any psychiatric, neurological or cognitive impairment were included in our study. Magnetic resonance images were analyzed by using two methods. Results: Both methods showed a decrease in volume of caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus in PD group compared to the control group. (p˂0.05). However, no signif...

Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury, 2019

Background Brachial plexus (BP) is composed of intercommunications among the ventral roots of the... more Background Brachial plexus (BP) is composed of intercommunications among the ventral roots of the nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1 in the neck. The in vivo and in vitro evaluation of axons of the peripheral nervous system is performed using different techniques. Recently, many studies describing the application of fiber tractography and stereological axon number estimation to peripheral nerves have been published. Methods Various quantitative parameters of nerve fibers, including axon number, density, axonal area, and myelin thickness, can be estimated using stereological techniques. In vivo three-dimensional reconstruction of axons of BP can be visualized using a combined technique of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fiber tracking with the potential to evaluate nerve fiber content. Conclusion It is concluded that terminal branches of BP can be successfully visualized using DTI, which is a highly reproducible method for the evaluation of BP as it shows anatomical and functional feat...

Background Analysis of human postmortem tissue has significantly advanced our understanding of th... more Background Analysis of human postmortem tissue has significantly advanced our understanding of the structural and molecular abnormalities associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Such developments have been entirely reliant upon the ultimate act of generosity from the patient and families through the gift of brain donation. In order to reciprocate the faith shown by the donor in the scientific value of brain research, it is imperative that the donated tissue is used in the most effective way possible. However, despite increases in the number of brain tissue banks and demand for tissue samples for research purposes (Dedova et al., 2009), disparate, nonstandardized processing and sampling protocols exist across institutions. As detailed throughout this book, stereological analysis represents the "gold standard" for the unbiased assessment of the structural components comprising the brain; it is also an all-encompassing discipline that affects not only how these structures are examined but further how tissue is collected and sampled. The strict protocol that stereological analysis requires is thus often misaligned with the "realpolitik" of the brain bank environment, where a balance must be met between diagnostic and research requirements. Before embarking on a morphometric study with neuronal postmortem human tissue, one must therefore be aware of the substantial confounding factors that may affect the outcome and reliability of the resultant data and conclusions. Through identifying these inherent issues and integrating stereological methodology, a more uniform and coordinated approach may be applied to the investigation of brain disorders worldwide. The Legacy of Two-Dimensional (2D) Analysis During the 1990s, debate arose on the relative merits of stereological tools, for example, the use of the optical disector for cell counting in three-dimensional (3D), in the quantitative morphology of brain structures against prevailing 2D analysis (for competing views, see Benes and Lange, 2001; West and Slomanka, 2001; Schmitz and Hof, 2005). 2D analysis requires a far less rigorous sampling regime than stereology approaches. Typically, a small number of thin (5-10 μm-thick) sections from a predefined region of a paraffin-embedded block are histochemically stained and mounted for microscopic examination. Disector grids (2D frames) are projected over the image at low or high

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, 2021

Introduction: Down’s syndrome (DS) is one of the most common genetic causes of mental and cogniti... more Introduction: Down’s syndrome (DS) is one of the most common genetic causes of mental and cognitive retardation. In fact, it results in a number of characteristic neuropsychological and physical symptoms, including mental retardation. The aim of this study was to compare the brain structure volumes of children with DS to those of healthy children using MRI Studio in order to investigate whether there exists correlation between the developmental stages of DS and the results of both the Denver II Developmental Screening Test and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) quantitative analysis. Method: Five children diagnosed with Down’s syndrome (age range = 2–6 years) were matched for gender and age with five healthy comparison subjects. To analyse the overall and regional brain volumes, high-resolution MRI scans were performed and a morphometric analysis was conducted via MRI Studio software. The MRI T1 volumetric images were normalised using a linear transformation, which was followed by lar...

Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base, 2021

Objective The aim of this study is to measure the average corpus callosum (CC) volume of healthy ... more Objective The aim of this study is to measure the average corpus callosum (CC) volume of healthy Turkish humans and to analyze the effects of gender and age on volumes, including the genu, truncus, and splenium parts of the CC. Patients and Methods Magnetic resonance imaging brain scans were obtained from 301 healthy male and female subjects, aged 11 to 84 years. The median age was 42 years (min–max: 11–82) in females and 49 years (min–max: 12–84) in males. Corpus callosum and its parts were calculated by using MRICloud. CC volumes of each subject were compared with those of the age and gender groups. Results All volumes of the CC were significantly higher in males than females. All left volumes except BCC were significantly higher than the right volumes in both males and females. The oldest two age groups (50–69 and 70–84 years) were found to have higher bilateral CC volumes, and bilateral BCC volumes were also higher than in the other two age groups (11–29 and 30–49 years). Conclu...

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 2009

1136 students participated, from which 52.4% (n=594) had already received training. The average n... more 1136 students participated, from which 52.4% (n=594) had already received training. The average number of correct answers was higher in the group that had already received training (7.73 in 9) in comparison to the other group (5.25 in 9). By the end of the school year 2016/2017, the Project had visited 68 schools, covering 12,183 students (+523 [4.49%] when compared with 2014/2015) and 648 teachers (+34 [5.54%]).

Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2014

The aim of this study is to calculate the tympanic cavity (TC) volume with manual tracing techniq... more The aim of this study is to calculate the tympanic cavity (TC) volume with manual tracing technique on computed tomography images of temporal bone with a software developed in house using MATLAB platform. Images with slice thickness of 0.25 mm were obtained from newborn cadavers and analyzed by two expert researchers independently using the software and the results were compared. The borders of TC were delineated manually and measurement of interested area was calculated on masked images. Then, the area measurements from all sections were added for the calculation of total volume. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Jaccard, sensitivity and specificity were used as a statistical validation metric to evaluate the performance of manual volume measurement. TC volumes were calculated as a 0.272±0.04 cm 3 and 0.286±0.03 cm 3 by the two researchers with MATLAB, 0.287±0.06 cm 3 with Image J. DSC values being above to 0.7 indicated that the software allows consistent and reliable volume measurements. This software can potentially be applied to measure other anatomical volumes from radiological images.

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 2009

Several methodologies have been proposed to assess the orbital volume (OV). However, we have not ... more Several methodologies have been proposed to assess the orbital volume (OV). However, we have not seen a criterion standard study evaluating the results of the methodologies for the assessment of OV. In the current study, the actual OV of 9 dry skulls was measured using the water filling method as the criterion standard. Consecutive computed tomographic sections at a thickness of 1.5 mm were used to estimate the OV by means of the point counting method. The mean (SD) of the OV measured by the water filling method was 17.84 (1.56) cm3. By using the point counting method, it was 17.05 (1.69) cm3. There was no statistically significant difference between sides (P &amp;amp;gt; 0.001). The results of the OV values obtained by the two methods were compared statistically. The agreements between the two methods were also evaluated using the Bland-Altman plots. There was no statistically significant difference between the OV measurements obtained by the stereological technique and water filling method. The described method could be used for the assessment of OV in vivo.

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 2006

Several investigators have estimated the intracranial volume (ICV) in the past which indirectly r... more Several investigators have estimated the intracranial volume (ICV) in the past which indirectly reflects the brain volume. Most of these studies have been made on the dry skulls using linear dimensions, packing methods or occasionally radiological methods. It is also reported that the etiology of cerebellar tonsillar herniation is closely related to the size of the foramen magnum (FM). In the present study the ICVs have been estimated in 28 dry skulls using filling water method and the surface area of FMs were measured planimetry method. The estimated mean ICV was 1,311 +/- 133 cm. Surface area of FM was 760 +/- 144 mm. Antero-posterior and lateral direct roentgenograms of the skulls were also taken and the width, height and length (WHL) of the skull were measured by means of the cephalometry on radiograms. The relationship between the ICV, WHL and surface area of FM were analyzed statistically. The ICV, WHL and surface area of FM was correlated well (r = 0.271, P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.005; r = 0.265, P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.005, respectively) and a regression formula was proposed. Our results showed that skulls with larger ICV and WHL have larger FM surface area. We also suggested a regression formula that could be used to predict the surface area of FM regarding to the ICV and WHL values. In the next step, we took roentgenograms of skulls and obtain ICV measuring the width, length and height of skulls by means of cephalometry and investigate the relation between the findings of cephalometry and surface area of FM. The cephalometry could apply on living subjects and, thereby, our findings could provide some data to evaluate the etiology of Arnold Chiari malformation and achondroplasia for living subjects.

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 2009

The size of the eyeball has been the subject of a few studies. None of them used stereological me... more The size of the eyeball has been the subject of a few studies. None of them used stereological methods to estimate the volume. In the current study, we estimated the volume of eyeball in normal men and women using the stereological methods. Eyeball volume (EV) was estimated using the Cavalieri principle as a combination of point-counting and planimetry techniques. We used computed tomography scans taken from 36 participants (15 men and 21 women) to estimate the EV. The mean (SD) EV values obtained by planimetry method were 7.49 (0.79) and 7.06 (0.85) cm 3 in men and women, respectively. By using point-counting method, the mean (SD) values were 7.48 (0.85) and 7.21 (0.84) cm 3 in men and women, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the findings from the 2 methods (P 9 0.05). A weak correlation was found between the axial length of eyeball and the EV estimated by point counting and planimetry (P G 0.05, r = 0.494 and r = 0.523, respectively). The findings of the current study using the stereological methods could provide data for the evaluation of normal and pathologic volumes of the eyeball.

Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2011

Renal volume is important in many clinical settings, such as otential kidney donor evaluation, fo... more Renal volume is important in many clinical settings, such as otential kidney donor evaluation, follow-up of transplant kideys and renovascular disease. The renal volume has been the ubject of a few studies, yet none of them have used stereologcal methods to estimate the volume. The purpose of this study as to compare renal volume estimations, obtained through using he Cavalieri principle as a combination of point-counting and lanimetry techniques. Also, we evaluated a result to construct confidence interval value for renal volume according to a new pproach. The renal volume in 15 volunteers (30 kidneys) with no nown history of renal disease, aged 19–25 years was determined. enal volumes obtained by two different methods were not statisically different and they were correlated well to each other. The ean coefficient of error (CE) for kidney volume estimates derived rom the stereologic technique was between 5 and 7%. Therefore, point spacing of 4mm, and 5mm thicknesses with 1mm interal were considered to be ideal for estimating kidney volumes. We lso evaluated a satisfactory predicted interval and it provides a elatively narrow confidence interval. oi:10.1016/j.copbio.2011.05.106

Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger, 2009

In this study, we describe and adapt the relevant methods of magnetic resonance (MR) and stereolo... more In this study, we describe and adapt the relevant methods of magnetic resonance (MR) and stereology to estimate total brain volume (TBV), cerebral and cerebellar volume and their volume fractions within the brain. The study included 15 (8 males, 7 females) controls and 15 (8 males, 7 females) patients with Alzheimer's disease. The patients' MR images were obtained in both sagittal and axial planes. The volume and volume fraction of the total brain, cerebrum and cerebellum were determined on MR images using the point-counting approach of stereological methods. The volume fractions of the cerebrum to TBV and cerebellum to TBV in the control group were 66.38% and 67.87% in axial and sagittal planes, and 12.05% and 12.81% in axial and sagittal planes, respectively. The volume fractions of the cerebrum to TBV and cerebellum to TBV in the Alzheimer group were 52.40% and 56.26% in axial and sagittal planes, and 10.00% and 10.38% in axial and sagittal planes, respectively. The Alzheimer subjects showed significantly lower cerebral and cerebellar volume fraction to TBV than the control subjects (po0.001). No significant difference was found in either group with regard to gender or planes (p40.05). The present evaluation of TBV, cerebral and cerebellar volume and volume fractions can be done on any complete set of MR imaging, in which the plane scan distance and

Folia Morphologica, 2021

Background: The interest in the morphological development of brain structures during childhood an... more Background: The interest in the morphological development of brain structures during childhood and adolescence arises from discussions on subcortical anomalies and sexual dimorphism, from adolescent changes in cognitive functions supported by cortical and subcortical structures to a wide range of childhood neuropsychiatric diseases. This study aims to investigate the relationships subcortical structures regarding age/gender changes in the healthy adult human brain using web-based VolBrain. Materials and methods: In this study, 303 normal healthy adults [male and female] were obtained using a 1.5 T unit with a 20-channel head coil. Results: The volumes of White Matter, Gray Matter, Total Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Total Intracranial Volume were significantly higher in males than those in females. Our analysis revealed a significantly larger accumbens volume for females. With age less than or equal to 50 years, older males were found to have higher total LV, putamen, thalamus, amygdala, cerebrum, White Matter and Gray Matter volumes than females. The age greater than the 50-years-old group resulted in a mean of total thalamus, Globus Pallidus and 2 accumbens volumes higher in females than those in males. Right hemisphere volumes in younger and older age groups resulted in volumes except caudate in the older age group; the mean of caudate was significantly higher in females than those in males. Conclusions: These conclusions might have important for the explanation of the effects of gender and age in cross-sectional structural MRI studies. Also, knowing the volume changes of the subcortical structures can provide convenience about the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various neuromental disorders.

Erciyes Medical Journal, 2020

Objective: Osteoarthritis is non-inflammatory, degenerative, and chronic disease observed, especi... more Objective: Osteoarthritis is non-inflammatory, degenerative, and chronic disease observed, especially as progressive in loadbearing joints. There are several studies that measure the volume and surface area of the knee joint cartilage in osteoarthritis patients. However, different methods were used in these studies. Materials and Methods: Our study population consisted of 25 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Twenty-five healthy individuals were included in this study as a control group. In our study, planimetry and quadratic ruler method, which are among stereological methods, were used over magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the femoral condyle cartilage volume and surface area. Results: The average cartilage volume measurement 6.54 cm 3 in the female patient group and 13.51 cm 3 in the female control group. In this measurement, 7.49 cm 3 in male patients was measured in the control group 15.71 cm 3. In the statistical comparison between the groups, it was determined that the values in the patient group decreased significantly compared with the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: When compared with the literature, it is concluded that our method may be used as a valid method because the survey results are close to each other and the average values.

Objectives: Hard palatal index values, obtained from the measurements of the hard palate, are imp... more Objectives: Hard palatal index values, obtained from the measurements of the hard palate, are important for surgery and prosthetic dentistry. This research aims to measure morphometric values of the hard palate and to calculate palatal index using the morphometric values. Material and Methods: In this research, we used 50 adult human dry skulls. We measured the length of the median and transverse palatal sutures, and also measured the height, width and length of the hard palate by a milimetric caliper. Palatal index and palatal height index were also calculated and the transverse palatine sutures were classified with respect to their shapes. Results: Transverse suture was slightly smooth, transverse and had a similar shape on both sides. For the transverse suture, we commonly found that the rate of type A was 32 % and type F was 16%. The mean palatal index values and palatal height index values were calculated as 77.62±8.14 mm and 23.11±8.68 mm respectively. We classified the palati...

Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 2019

Objective(s): In this study, the effects of different doses of curcumin application on Ehrlich as... more Objective(s): In this study, the effects of different doses of curcumin application on Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) created in the mice of BALB/c type were investigated.Materials and Methods: Curcumin extracts can have hindering effect on tumor volume, vascular density, EAT cells around the tissues, and can support apoptosis. EAT cells (1x106) received from stock animals were injected intraperitoneally (IP) and subcutaneously (SC) to the animals. Then, curcumin was administered IP. Doses of 25 mg/kg IP and 50 mg/kg were administered over 10 days to the animals in the treatment groups in which ascites tumor was induced. The same doses were administered over 15 days in the treatment groups in which solid tumor was induced.Results: Histopathological examination in ascites tumor groups revealed that number of EAT cells at surrounding tissues was smaller in the group received 50 mg/kg curcumin when compared to tumor control group (P<0.05). The lowest increase in tumor volume was observ...

TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, 2021

Introduction When you eat a chocolate, find the love of your life, smell a magical Bougainvillea,... more Introduction When you eat a chocolate, find the love of your life, smell a magical Bougainvillea, speak with your heart, or sadden with the tears of a young child, a hidden island is working hard: the insula (Island of Reil). The insular cortex is located on the lateral wall of the cerebral hemispheres and is fully covered by the parietal, frontal, and temporal opercula in the depths of the Sylvian fissure [1,2]. The insula is important in the processing of visceral sensory/ motor, emotional, vestibular, pain, temperature and language inputs, in addition to visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory information [1-5]. The central sulcus of the insula is anatomically separated into two main sections, the anterior and posterior lobules, based on different cytoarchitectonics (granular, dysgranular and agranular), connectivity and functions. The anterior lobule includes three short gyri (anterior, middle and posterior), the posterior lobule has two long gyri (anterior and posterior), and the insula consists of the ventroanterior, dorsoanterior,, and posterior subregions [3,4]. The ventroanterior part is related to socioemotional processing (mainly receiving afferents from the limbic, entorhinal, perirhinal and posterior orbitofrontal cortices, and the cingulate gyrus), and the dorsoanterior part is linked to cognitive processing. The posterior insula is involved in auditory processing and somatovisceral sensations (receiving a projection from the viscera, which is relayed in the solitary tract nucleus, parabrachial complex, and thalamus) [1,6,7]. The insula displays activation during the processing of pain, but there is no consensus on the localisation of the pain-related activity [7]. Pain in the body, such as burns, activates the posterior insula, while Background/aim: The insula has attracted the attention of many neuroimaging studies because of its key role between brain structures. However, the number of studies investigating the effect of sex and laterality on insular volume is insufficient. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in insular volume between sexes and hemispheres. Materials and methods: A total of 47 healthy participants [24 males (20.08 ± 1.44 years) and 23 females (19.57 ± 0.90 years)] underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Imaging was performed using the 3T MRI scanner. The insular volume was measured using the Individual Brain Atlases using Statistical Parametric Mapping (IBASPM); total intracranial, cerebral, grey and white matter volumes were measured using volBrain. Results: The right insular volume was significantly higher than the left insular volume in the participants, and the left cerebral volume was significantly higher than the right cerebral volume (p < 0.05). The total brain, total cerebral, left and right insular, and cerebral volumes were significantly larger in males than in females (p < 0.001). Also, the ratios of the insular volume to total brain and cerebral volume were significantly higher in males than in females (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that insular volume differs with laterality and sex. This outcome may be explained by the anatomical relationship between the insula and behavioural functions and emotional reactions and the fact that the right side of the brain is best at expressive and creative tasks.

Neuroradiology, 2020

Purpose One out of three migraine patients might have accompanying restless legs syndrome (RLS). ... more Purpose One out of three migraine patients might have accompanying restless legs syndrome (RLS). In our study, we aimed to compare the volumes of the brain structures of migraineurs with and without RLS. Methods We had 37 female patients with migraine and 17 females as the control group. Nineteen migraineurs had no RLS (RLS 0) and 18 migraineurs had comorbidity of RLS (RLS 1). The volumes of the brain structures were obtained by manual measurements, volBrain, and voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Manually, we measured caudate and putamen volumes. We used age, years of education, depression, anxiety scores, and total intracranial volume as covariates. Results According to VBM analyses, the volumes of the left superior occipital gyrus and precuneus were increased, and the substantia nigra and cuneus were decreased in the RLS 1 group compared with the RLS 0 group. RLS 1 patients had larger superior temporal gyrus, Brodmann area 38, and left insula, and RLS 0 patients had larger Brodmann area 22, right superior temporal gyrus, and Heschl gyrus compared with controls. Migraine and RLS 0 patients had a smaller corpus callosum anteriorly, whereas RLS 1 patients had a smaller splenium. Caudate volumes were larger in migraine patients via the three techniques. There was a positive relation between the caudate and putamen volumes and attack frequency. Conclusions Comorbidity of RLS might be a confounding factor in structural neuroimaging studies in migraine. Deficits in the visual network seem to be related to accompanying RLS; deficits in the auditory network are particularly related to migraine.