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Papers by Alexandre Satrapinski

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 1997

This paper describes a low-frequency ac resistance bridge based on a Cryogenic Current Comparator... more This paper describes a low-frequency ac resistance bridge based on a Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC). The bridge is a main tool for resistance traceability of 10 k, 100 , and 1 to the quantum Hall resistance (QHR). The bridge is typically operated with a PC generating a sinusoidal ac signal ranging from (0.1 to 2) Hz. Using a vector analyzer as a signal source the bridge is used to 1 kHz. Both sinusoidal and pseudo random signals have been used to compare the frequency dependence of standard resistors against the QHR. At present the bridge can be used to perform accurate calibrations to 10 Hz, at higher frequencies the self-resonance of the CCC increases the uncertainty.

Measurement Science and Technology, 2008

Thin film resistors, based on the Evanohm (Ni75%Cr20%Cu2.5%Al2.5%) alloy, have been investigated ... more Thin film resistors, based on the Evanohm (Ni75%Cr20%Cu2.5%Al2.5%) alloy, have been investigated at cryogenic temperatures. The objective of the study is the development of the high value resistor for precision electrical measurements at low temperature and particularly for metrological triangle experiments. Thin film resistors of different configurations have been designed and fabricated by the thermal evaporation process. The resistivity of investigated resistors is 110 × 10−8 Ω m; the resistance exhibits a Kondo minimum at a temperature near 30 K and increases with further reduction of temperature. In the temperature range 50–65 mK, the temperature coefficient reaches −20 × 10−3 K−1. Power dependence measurements at subkelvin temperatures demonstrate that noticeable electron overheating takes place only at the power level above 10 pW for a 500 kΩ resistor. The electron–phonon coupling constant for the fabricated Evanohm thin films has been derived from experimental results.

2008 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Digest, 2008

ABSTRACT In this paper, plans and progress of a Finnish collaboration towards direct closure of t... more ABSTRACT In this paper, plans and progress of a Finnish collaboration towards direct closure of the quantum metro- logical triangle are presented. The experimental concept and the present status of the main components, including two possibilities of the single charge transport device, Bloch oscillating transistor (BOT) based null detector, and a thin-film cryoresistor, are described.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2000

ABSTRACT Metal-alloy (Ni-Cr-Cu-Al-Ge) thin-film resistors were coated with alumina (Al2O3) using ... more ABSTRACT Metal-alloy (Ni-Cr-Cu-Al-Ge) thin-film resistors were coated with alumina (Al2O3) using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. The electrical properties of the thin-film resistors were studied in the temperature range of 4.2-300 K. It was experimentally demonstrated that the protective dielectric alumina coating improves the long-term stability and repeatability of high-value, thin-film resistors (100-500 kOmega). The drift rate of the resistance due to the native oxidation at room temperature was reduced from -2.45 times10-6 h-1 for a nonaged uncoated resistor to 0.03 times10-6 h-1 for an alumina-coated resistor. It was shown that the additional 15-nm-thick alumina coating does not significantly change the thermoelectrical properties of the metal-alloy, thin-film resistors.

2008 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Digest, 2008

ABSTRACT Metal alloy (NiCrCuAlGe) thin film resistors were coated with atomic layer deposited (AL... more ABSTRACT Metal alloy (NiCrCuAlGe) thin film resistors were coated with atomic layer deposited (ALD) alumina (Al2O3) in order to improve the stability and repeatability of the high value resistors (100 kOmega - 500 kOmega) in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 300 K. The drift rate of the resistance due to the native oxidation at room temperature was reduced from -2.45 ppm/h for an uncoated resistor to 0.03 ppm/h for an alumina-coated resistor. It was shown that the additional alumina coating does not significantly change the thermoelectrical properties of the metal alloy thin film resistors.

2008 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Digest, 2008

ABSTRACT Thin film resistors, based on the NiCr alloys, have been fabricated and studied at tempe... more ABSTRACT Thin film resistors, based on the NiCr alloys, have been fabricated and studied at temperatures down to 50 mK. Resistivity of the films varied within (7-11) Ohm*square depending on additions of Cu, Al and Ge. The resistors demonstrate Kondo minimum at 20 K - 30 K. Power dependence measurements at sub Kelvin temperatures showed an electron overheating at the power level above 10 pW for the Ni75Cr20Cu2.5Al2.5 (Evanohm) 500 kOhm film resistor.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2015

Quantum Metrological Triangle is made out of three components: Josephson voltage standard, Quantu... more Quantum Metrological Triangle is made out of three components: Josephson voltage standard, Quantum Hall resistance standard and an accurate current pump. Closing the Triangle consists of applying Ohm's law with great accuracy on the three devices, which are based on fundamental physical phenomena and quantities, such as Planck's constant and electron charge. The first two devices are already accepted international metrological standards. We will report on our recent progress in developing an accurate current pump, based on a hybrid single electron transistor, and compare it with other current pumps. We will also report on new ideas in developing the low noise current amplifier, needed for testing the Ohm's law, and describe our overall plans for closing the Triangle along with the expected uncertainties.

Metrologia, 2009

ABSTRACT The method for realization of the kilogram using 'superconducting magnet... more ABSTRACT The method for realization of the kilogram using 'superconducting magnetic levitation' was re-evaluated at MIKES. The realization of the kilogram based on the traditional levitation method is limited by the imperfections of the superconducting materials and the indefinable dependence between supplied electrical energy and the gravitational potential energy of the superconducting mass. This indefiniteness is proportional to the applied magnetic field and is caused by increasing losses and trapped magnetic fluxes. A new design of an electromechanical system for the levitation method is proposed. In the proposed system the required magnetic field and the corresponding force are reduced, as the mass of the body (hanging from a mass comparator) is compensated by the reference weight on the mass comparator. The direction of the magnetic force can be upward (levitation force, when the body is over the coil) or downward (repulsive force, when the body is under the coil). The initial force to move the body from the coil is not needed and magnetic field sensitivity is increased, providing linearization of displacement versus applied current. This new construction allows a lower magnetic induction, reduces energy losses compared with previous designs of electromechanical system and reduces the corresponding systematic error.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2001

We have carried out a resistance comparison of four QHR systems using a 100-resistor in a tempera... more We have carried out a resistance comparison of four QHR systems using a 100-resistor in a temperature-controlled and hermetically sealed enclosure. The comparison was performed in November and December 1998. The participants were Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Bureau National de Metrology-Laboratoire Central des Industries Electroniques (BNM-LCIE) France, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) Germany, and Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus (VTT Automation) Finland, acting as a pilot laboratory. The comparison results agree within 3 parts in 10 9 with a relative combined standard uncertainty of 1 10 8 . Index Terms-Hall effect, resistance measurements, transfer standards.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2000

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2000

IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity, 1993

A low-noise coupled DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) especially optimized f... more A low-noise coupled DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) especially optimized for low frequency is discussed. Using large Josephson junctions and a low loop inductance the contribution of the critical current fluctuation to 1/f noise can be minimized. To minimize the inductance the Josephson junctions are placed in the center of the washer close to the SQUID loop. A scaled-up

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2000

Cryoresistors based on Pd thin films were designed and investigated in the temperature range 50 m... more Cryoresistors based on Pd thin films were designed and investigated in the temperature range 50 mK-300 K. The resistors in the range 100 kΩ-1.3 MΩ were fabricated by thermal evaporation technique. Resistivity of Pd film at 293 K varies in (21−53) · 10 −8 Ωm range for 15-40 nm films. Temperature coefficient of resistance at low temperatures depends on the thickness of the film. The lowest temperature coefficient in the range 3 K-4 K of about few parts in 10 6 /K was obtained for 20-nm-thick film. Current coefficient measured on 20-nm-thin film 1.002-MΩ resistor does not exceed 2 · 10 −5 /μA in 0.7 K-1 K temperature range.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 1997

This paper describes a low-frequency ac resistance bridge based on a Cryogenic Current Comparator... more This paper describes a low-frequency ac resistance bridge based on a Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC). The bridge is a main tool for resistance traceability of 10 k, 100 , and 1 to the quantum Hall resistance (QHR). The bridge is typically operated with a PC generating a sinusoidal ac signal ranging from (0.1 to 2) Hz. Using a vector analyzer as a signal source the bridge is used to 1 kHz. Both sinusoidal and pseudo random signals have been used to compare the frequency dependence of standard resistors against the QHR. At present the bridge can be used to perform accurate calibrations to 10 Hz, at higher frequencies the self-resonance of the CCC increases the uncertainty.

Measurement Science and Technology, 2008

Thin film resistors, based on the Evanohm (Ni75%Cr20%Cu2.5%Al2.5%) alloy, have been investigated ... more Thin film resistors, based on the Evanohm (Ni75%Cr20%Cu2.5%Al2.5%) alloy, have been investigated at cryogenic temperatures. The objective of the study is the development of the high value resistor for precision electrical measurements at low temperature and particularly for metrological triangle experiments. Thin film resistors of different configurations have been designed and fabricated by the thermal evaporation process. The resistivity of investigated resistors is 110 × 10−8 Ω m; the resistance exhibits a Kondo minimum at a temperature near 30 K and increases with further reduction of temperature. In the temperature range 50–65 mK, the temperature coefficient reaches −20 × 10−3 K−1. Power dependence measurements at subkelvin temperatures demonstrate that noticeable electron overheating takes place only at the power level above 10 pW for a 500 kΩ resistor. The electron–phonon coupling constant for the fabricated Evanohm thin films has been derived from experimental results.

2008 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Digest, 2008

ABSTRACT In this paper, plans and progress of a Finnish collaboration towards direct closure of t... more ABSTRACT In this paper, plans and progress of a Finnish collaboration towards direct closure of the quantum metro- logical triangle are presented. The experimental concept and the present status of the main components, including two possibilities of the single charge transport device, Bloch oscillating transistor (BOT) based null detector, and a thin-film cryoresistor, are described.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2000

ABSTRACT Metal-alloy (Ni-Cr-Cu-Al-Ge) thin-film resistors were coated with alumina (Al2O3) using ... more ABSTRACT Metal-alloy (Ni-Cr-Cu-Al-Ge) thin-film resistors were coated with alumina (Al2O3) using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. The electrical properties of the thin-film resistors were studied in the temperature range of 4.2-300 K. It was experimentally demonstrated that the protective dielectric alumina coating improves the long-term stability and repeatability of high-value, thin-film resistors (100-500 kOmega). The drift rate of the resistance due to the native oxidation at room temperature was reduced from -2.45 times10-6 h-1 for a nonaged uncoated resistor to 0.03 times10-6 h-1 for an alumina-coated resistor. It was shown that the additional 15-nm-thick alumina coating does not significantly change the thermoelectrical properties of the metal-alloy, thin-film resistors.

2008 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Digest, 2008

ABSTRACT Metal alloy (NiCrCuAlGe) thin film resistors were coated with atomic layer deposited (AL... more ABSTRACT Metal alloy (NiCrCuAlGe) thin film resistors were coated with atomic layer deposited (ALD) alumina (Al2O3) in order to improve the stability and repeatability of the high value resistors (100 kOmega - 500 kOmega) in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 300 K. The drift rate of the resistance due to the native oxidation at room temperature was reduced from -2.45 ppm/h for an uncoated resistor to 0.03 ppm/h for an alumina-coated resistor. It was shown that the additional alumina coating does not significantly change the thermoelectrical properties of the metal alloy thin film resistors.

2008 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Digest, 2008

ABSTRACT Thin film resistors, based on the NiCr alloys, have been fabricated and studied at tempe... more ABSTRACT Thin film resistors, based on the NiCr alloys, have been fabricated and studied at temperatures down to 50 mK. Resistivity of the films varied within (7-11) Ohm*square depending on additions of Cu, Al and Ge. The resistors demonstrate Kondo minimum at 20 K - 30 K. Power dependence measurements at sub Kelvin temperatures showed an electron overheating at the power level above 10 pW for the Ni75Cr20Cu2.5Al2.5 (Evanohm) 500 kOhm film resistor.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2015

Quantum Metrological Triangle is made out of three components: Josephson voltage standard, Quantu... more Quantum Metrological Triangle is made out of three components: Josephson voltage standard, Quantum Hall resistance standard and an accurate current pump. Closing the Triangle consists of applying Ohm's law with great accuracy on the three devices, which are based on fundamental physical phenomena and quantities, such as Planck's constant and electron charge. The first two devices are already accepted international metrological standards. We will report on our recent progress in developing an accurate current pump, based on a hybrid single electron transistor, and compare it with other current pumps. We will also report on new ideas in developing the low noise current amplifier, needed for testing the Ohm's law, and describe our overall plans for closing the Triangle along with the expected uncertainties.

Metrologia, 2009

ABSTRACT The method for realization of the kilogram using 'superconducting magnet... more ABSTRACT The method for realization of the kilogram using 'superconducting magnetic levitation' was re-evaluated at MIKES. The realization of the kilogram based on the traditional levitation method is limited by the imperfections of the superconducting materials and the indefinable dependence between supplied electrical energy and the gravitational potential energy of the superconducting mass. This indefiniteness is proportional to the applied magnetic field and is caused by increasing losses and trapped magnetic fluxes. A new design of an electromechanical system for the levitation method is proposed. In the proposed system the required magnetic field and the corresponding force are reduced, as the mass of the body (hanging from a mass comparator) is compensated by the reference weight on the mass comparator. The direction of the magnetic force can be upward (levitation force, when the body is over the coil) or downward (repulsive force, when the body is under the coil). The initial force to move the body from the coil is not needed and magnetic field sensitivity is increased, providing linearization of displacement versus applied current. This new construction allows a lower magnetic induction, reduces energy losses compared with previous designs of electromechanical system and reduces the corresponding systematic error.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2001

We have carried out a resistance comparison of four QHR systems using a 100-resistor in a tempera... more We have carried out a resistance comparison of four QHR systems using a 100-resistor in a temperature-controlled and hermetically sealed enclosure. The comparison was performed in November and December 1998. The participants were Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Bureau National de Metrology-Laboratoire Central des Industries Electroniques (BNM-LCIE) France, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) Germany, and Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus (VTT Automation) Finland, acting as a pilot laboratory. The comparison results agree within 3 parts in 10 9 with a relative combined standard uncertainty of 1 10 8 . Index Terms-Hall effect, resistance measurements, transfer standards.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2000

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2000

IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity, 1993

A low-noise coupled DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) especially optimized f... more A low-noise coupled DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) especially optimized for low frequency is discussed. Using large Josephson junctions and a low loop inductance the contribution of the critical current fluctuation to 1/f noise can be minimized. To minimize the inductance the Josephson junctions are placed in the center of the washer close to the SQUID loop. A scaled-up

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2000

Cryoresistors based on Pd thin films were designed and investigated in the temperature range 50 m... more Cryoresistors based on Pd thin films were designed and investigated in the temperature range 50 mK-300 K. The resistors in the range 100 kΩ-1.3 MΩ were fabricated by thermal evaporation technique. Resistivity of Pd film at 293 K varies in (21−53) · 10 −8 Ωm range for 15-40 nm films. Temperature coefficient of resistance at low temperatures depends on the thickness of the film. The lowest temperature coefficient in the range 3 K-4 K of about few parts in 10 6 /K was obtained for 20-nm-thick film. Current coefficient measured on 20-nm-thin film 1.002-MΩ resistor does not exceed 2 · 10 −5 /μA in 0.7 K-1 K temperature range.