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Papers by Andrea Green

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Jan 27, 2018

Many daily behaviors rely critically on estimates of our body motion. Such estimates must be comp... more Many daily behaviors rely critically on estimates of our body motion. Such estimates must be computed by combining neck proprioceptive signals with vestibular signals that have been transformed from a head- to a body-centered reference frame. Recent studies showed that deep cerebellar neurons in the rostral fastigial nucleus (rFN) reflect these computations, but whether they explicitly encode estimates of body motion remains unclear. A key limitation in addressing this question is that to date cell tuning properties have only been characterized for a restricted set of motions across head-re-body orientations in the horizontal plane. Here we examined for the first time how 3D spatio-temporal tuning for translational motion varies with head-re-body orientation in both horizontal and vertical planes in the rFN of male macaques. While vestibular coding was profoundly influenced by head-re-body position in both planes, neurons typically reflected at most a partial transformation. However...

The Journal of Neuroscience, 2007

To construct an appropriate motor command from signals that provide a representation of desired a... more To construct an appropriate motor command from signals that provide a representation of desired action, the nervous system must take into account the dynamic characteristics of the motor plant to be controlled. In the oculomotor system, signals specifying desired eye velocity are thought to be transformed into motor commands by an inverse dynamic model of the eye plant that is shared for all types of eye movements and implemented by a weighted combination of eye velocity and position signals. Neurons in the prepositus hypoglossi and adjacent medial vestibular nuclei (PH-BT neurons) were traditionally thought to encode the “eye position” component of this inverse model. However, not only are PH-BT responses inconsistent with this theoretical role, but compensatory eye movement responses to translation do not show evidence for processing by a common inverse dynamic model. Prompted by these discrepancies between theoretical notions and experimental observations, we reevaluated these co...

The Journal of Neuroscience, 2003

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) comprises an outstanding system to perform studies that probe p... more The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) comprises an outstanding system to perform studies that probe possible cerebellar roles in motor learning. Novel VOR gains can be induced (learned) by the wearing of minifying or magnifying lenses, and learning requires the presence of the cerebellum. Previously, it was shown that Purkinje cells change their head velocity sensitivities with learning and that this change was thought to be inappropriate to be causal for the changed behavior. We now demonstrate that Purkinje cells also change their eye position, eye velocity, and head velocity sensitivities after learning. These combined changes at the Purkinje cell level contribute to a net modulation that is appropriate to support the new VOR gains. Importantly, the changes in the eye position parameter, reported for the first time, suggest the involvement of the neuronal integrator pathways in VOR learning. We provide evidence that all of these changes are necessary for VOR behavior and can explain learning deficits after cerebellar removal.

The Journal of Neuroscience, 2001

Rotational and translational vestibulo-ocular reflexes (RVOR and TrVOR) function to maintain stab... more Rotational and translational vestibulo-ocular reflexes (RVOR and TrVOR) function to maintain stable binocular fixation during head movements. Despite similar functional roles, differences in behavioral, neuroanatomical, and sensory afferent properties suggest that the sensorimotor processing may be partially distinct for the RVOR and TrVOR. To investigate the currently poorly understood neural correlates for the TrVOR, the activities of eye movement-sensitive neurons in the rostral vestibular nuclei were examined during pure translation and rotation under both stable gaze and suppression conditions. Two main conclusions were made. First, the 0.5 Hz firing rates of cells that carry both sensory head movement and motor-like signals during rotation were more strongly related to the oculomotor output than to the vestibular sensory signal during translation. Second, neurons the firing rates of which increased for ipsilaterally versus contralaterally directed eye movements (eye-ipsi and eye-contra cells, respectively) exhibited distinct dynamic properties during TrVOR suppression. Eye-ipsi neurons demonstrated relatively flat dynamics that was similar to that of the majority of vestibular-only neurons. In contrast, eye-contra cells were characterized by low-pass filter dynamics relative to linear acceleration and lower sensitivities than eye-ipsi cells. In fact, the main secondary eye-contra neuron in the disynaptic RVOR pathways (position-vestibular-pause cell) that exhibits a robust modulation during RVOR suppression did not modulate during TrVOR suppression. To explain these results, a simple model is proposed that is consistent with the known neuroanatomy and postulates differential projections of sensory canal and otolith signals onto eye-contra and eye-ipsi cells, respectively, within a shared premotor circuitry that generates the VORs.

Progress in brain research, 2011

Trends in Neurosciences, 2011

Nature, 2004

six unlinked microsatellite loci (B10, B11, B96, B118, B121 and B124) 10,13,30 using an Applied B... more six unlinked microsatellite loci (B10, B11, B96, B118, B121 and B124) 10,13,30 using an Applied Biosystems 377 sequencer 13. Loci had a mean of 9.5 alleles per locus (range 3-18) and a mean heterozygosity of 0.65. To prevent confusion with males from the external environment entering nest boxes, we only genotyped males that were unequivocally newly eclosed individuals ('callows'). To ensure accuracy of parentage attributions, all colony queens and (at diagnostic loci) putative worker-produced males were genotyped twice. We reconstructed each colony's mating type from genotypes of colony queens, their female offspring and their mates' sperm (Table 1). As expected 10,11 , all female offspring had genotypes consistent with single queen mating. No inbreeding or diploid males were detected. Grouping the 32 colony queens into full sisterhoods (with COLONY 20) suggested that they originated from at least 25 different colonies (18 providing 1 queen and 7 providing 2 queens each), and hence, given the lack of population viscosity in B. terrestris 20 , that colonies were, on average, unrelated.

Journal of Neurophysiology, 2005

Under natural conditions, the vestibular and pursuit systems work synergistically to stabilize th... more Under natural conditions, the vestibular and pursuit systems work synergistically to stabilize the visual scene during movement. How translational vestibular signals [translational vestibuloocular reflex (TVOR)] are processed in the premotor pathways for slow eye movements continues to remain a challenging question. To further our understanding of how premotor neurons contribute to this processing, we recorded neural activities from the prepositus and rostral medial vestibular nuclei in macaque monkeys. Vestibular neurons were tested during 0.5-Hz rotation and lateral translation (both with gaze stable and during VOR cancellation tasks), as well as during smooth pursuit eye movements. Data were collected at two different viewing distances, 80 and 20 cm. Based on their responses to rotation and pursuit, eye-movement–sensitive neurons were classified into position–vestibular–pause (PVP) neurons, eye–head (EH) neurons, and burst–tonic (BT) cells. We found that approximately half of the...

Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2010

Multisensory integration plays several important roles in the nervous system. One is to combine i... more Multisensory integration plays several important roles in the nervous system. One is to combine information from multiple complementary cues to improve stimulus detection and discrimination. Another is to resolve peripheral sensory ambiguities and create novel internal representations that do not exist at the level of individual sensors. Here we focus on how ambiguities inherent in vestibular, proprioceptive and visual signals are resolved to create behaviorally useful internal estimates of our self-motion. We review recent studies that have shed new light on the nature of these estimates and how multiple, but individually ambiguous, sensory signals are processed and combined to compute them. We emphasize the need to combine experiments with theoretical insights to understand the transformations that are being performed.

Journal of Neurophysiology, 2014

To contribute appropriately to voluntary reaching during body motion, vestibular signals must be ... more To contribute appropriately to voluntary reaching during body motion, vestibular signals must be transformed from a head-centered to a body-centered reference frame. We quantitatively investigated the evidence for this transformation during online reach execution by using galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) to simulate rotation about a head-fixed, roughly naso-occipital axis as human subjects made planar reaching movements to a remembered location with their head in different orientations. If vestibular signals that contribute to reach execution have been transformed from a head-centered to a body-centered reference frame, the same stimulation should be interpreted as body tilt with the head upright but as vertical-axis rotation with the head inclined forward. Consequently, GVS should perturb reach trajectories in a head-orientation-dependent way. Consistent with this prediction, GVS applied during reach execution induced trajectory deviations that were significantly larger with t...

Journal of Neurophysiology, 2014

To contribute appropriately to voluntary reaching during body motion, vestibular signals must be ... more To contribute appropriately to voluntary reaching during body motion, vestibular signals must be transformed from a head-centered to a body-centered reference frame. We quantitatively investigated the evidence for this transformation during online reach execution by using galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) to simulate rotation about a head-fixed, roughly naso-occipital axis as human subjects made planar reaching movements to a remembered location with their head in different orientations. If vestibular signals that contribute to reach execution have been transformed from a head-centered to a body-centered reference frame, the same stimulation should be interpreted as body tilt with the head upright but as vertical-axis rotation with the head inclined forward. Consequently, GVS should perturb reach trajectories in a head-orientation-dependent way. Consistent with this prediction, GVS applied during reach execution induced trajectory deviations that were significantly larger with t...

Neuron, 2007

The ability to orient and navigate through the terrestrial environment represents a computational... more The ability to orient and navigate through the terrestrial environment represents a computational challenge common to all vertebrates. It arises because motion sensors in the inner ear, the otolith organs, and the semicircular canals transduce self-motion in an egocentric reference frame. As a result, vestibular afferent information reaching the brain is inappropriate for coding our own motion and orientation relative to the outside world. Here we show that cerebellar cortical neuron activity in vermal lobules 9 and 10 reflects the critical computations of transforming head-centered vestibular afferent information into earth-referenced selfmotion and spatial orientation signals. Unlike vestibular and deep cerebellar nuclei neurons, where a mixture of responses was observed, Purkinje cells represent a homogeneous population that encodes inertial motion. They carry the earth-horizontal component of a spatially transformed and temporally integrated rotation signal from the semicircular canals, which is critical for computing head attitude, thus isolating inertial linear accelerations during navigation.

Experimental Brain Research, 2009

The vestibular system is vital for motor control and spatial self-motion perception. Afferents fr... more The vestibular system is vital for motor control and spatial self-motion perception. Afferents from the otolith organs and the semicircular canals converge with optokinetic, somatosensory and motor-related signals in the vestibular nuclei, which are reciprocally interconnected with the vestibulocerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei. Here, we review the properties of the many cell types in the vestibular nuclei, as well as some fundamental computations implemented within this brainstem-cerebellar circuitry. These include the sensorimotor transformations for reflex generation, the neural computations for inertial motion estimation, the distinction between active and passive head movements, as well as the integration of vestibular and proprioceptive information for body motion estimation. A common theme in the solution to such computational problems is the concept of internal models and their neural implementation. Recent studies have shed new insights into important organizational principles that closely resemble those proposed for other sensorimotor systems, where their neural basis has often been more difficult to identify. As such, the vestibular system provides an excellent model to explore common neural processing strategies relevant both for reflexive and for goal-directed, voluntary movement as well as perception. Keywords Vestibular Á Computation Á Internal model Á Reference frame transformation Á Eye movement Á Motor control Á Sensorimotor Á Reafference Á Motion estimation Abbreviations VOR Vestibulo-ocular reflex RVOR Rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex TVOR Translational vestibulo-ocular reflex VN Vestibular nuclei PH Prepositus hypoglossi rFN Rostral fastigial deep cerebellar nuclei NU Nodulus and ventral uvula regions of the caudal cerebellar vermis PH-BT ''Tonic'' and ''burst-tonic'' neurons in the PH and adjacent medial VN PVP ''Position-vestibular-pause'' VN cell type EH ''Eye-head'' VN cell type VO ''Vestibular-only'' VN cell type FTN ''Floccular-target-neuron'' VN cell type

Journal of neurophysiology, 2004

Journal of neurophysiology, 1998

A common goal of the translational compensation for a pure head translation depends inversely ves... more A common goal of the translational compensation for a pure head translation depends inversely vestibuloocular reflex (TVOR) and the rotational vestibuloocular on target distance so that ideally no response is required in an reflex (RVOR) is to stabilize visual targets on the retinae during unconverged state (Busettini et al. 1994; Paige and Tomko head movement. However, these reflexes differ significantly in 1991b; Schwarz and Miles 1991; Telford et al. 1997). Hence their dynamic characteristics at both sensory and motor levels, TVOR performance must be interpreted in conjunction with implying a requirement for different central processing of canal binocular viewing context. In comparison, although the reand otolith signals. Semicircular canal afferents carry a signal pro-Address for reprint requests: H. L. Galiana, Dept. of Biomedical Engiand evidence of higher-order eye plant dynamics (not incorneering, McGill University, 3775 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A porated in the model here) would be expected in the TVOR 2B4, Canada. responses. Recent investigations of high-frequency TVOR

Journal of Neuroscience, 2003

The Journal of Neuroscience, QUICK SEARCH: [advanced], Author: Keyword(s): Year: Vol: Page: ...

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Jan 27, 2018

Many daily behaviors rely critically on estimates of our body motion. Such estimates must be comp... more Many daily behaviors rely critically on estimates of our body motion. Such estimates must be computed by combining neck proprioceptive signals with vestibular signals that have been transformed from a head- to a body-centered reference frame. Recent studies showed that deep cerebellar neurons in the rostral fastigial nucleus (rFN) reflect these computations, but whether they explicitly encode estimates of body motion remains unclear. A key limitation in addressing this question is that to date cell tuning properties have only been characterized for a restricted set of motions across head-re-body orientations in the horizontal plane. Here we examined for the first time how 3D spatio-temporal tuning for translational motion varies with head-re-body orientation in both horizontal and vertical planes in the rFN of male macaques. While vestibular coding was profoundly influenced by head-re-body position in both planes, neurons typically reflected at most a partial transformation. However...

The Journal of Neuroscience, 2007

To construct an appropriate motor command from signals that provide a representation of desired a... more To construct an appropriate motor command from signals that provide a representation of desired action, the nervous system must take into account the dynamic characteristics of the motor plant to be controlled. In the oculomotor system, signals specifying desired eye velocity are thought to be transformed into motor commands by an inverse dynamic model of the eye plant that is shared for all types of eye movements and implemented by a weighted combination of eye velocity and position signals. Neurons in the prepositus hypoglossi and adjacent medial vestibular nuclei (PH-BT neurons) were traditionally thought to encode the “eye position” component of this inverse model. However, not only are PH-BT responses inconsistent with this theoretical role, but compensatory eye movement responses to translation do not show evidence for processing by a common inverse dynamic model. Prompted by these discrepancies between theoretical notions and experimental observations, we reevaluated these co...

The Journal of Neuroscience, 2003

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) comprises an outstanding system to perform studies that probe p... more The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) comprises an outstanding system to perform studies that probe possible cerebellar roles in motor learning. Novel VOR gains can be induced (learned) by the wearing of minifying or magnifying lenses, and learning requires the presence of the cerebellum. Previously, it was shown that Purkinje cells change their head velocity sensitivities with learning and that this change was thought to be inappropriate to be causal for the changed behavior. We now demonstrate that Purkinje cells also change their eye position, eye velocity, and head velocity sensitivities after learning. These combined changes at the Purkinje cell level contribute to a net modulation that is appropriate to support the new VOR gains. Importantly, the changes in the eye position parameter, reported for the first time, suggest the involvement of the neuronal integrator pathways in VOR learning. We provide evidence that all of these changes are necessary for VOR behavior and can explain learning deficits after cerebellar removal.

The Journal of Neuroscience, 2001

Rotational and translational vestibulo-ocular reflexes (RVOR and TrVOR) function to maintain stab... more Rotational and translational vestibulo-ocular reflexes (RVOR and TrVOR) function to maintain stable binocular fixation during head movements. Despite similar functional roles, differences in behavioral, neuroanatomical, and sensory afferent properties suggest that the sensorimotor processing may be partially distinct for the RVOR and TrVOR. To investigate the currently poorly understood neural correlates for the TrVOR, the activities of eye movement-sensitive neurons in the rostral vestibular nuclei were examined during pure translation and rotation under both stable gaze and suppression conditions. Two main conclusions were made. First, the 0.5 Hz firing rates of cells that carry both sensory head movement and motor-like signals during rotation were more strongly related to the oculomotor output than to the vestibular sensory signal during translation. Second, neurons the firing rates of which increased for ipsilaterally versus contralaterally directed eye movements (eye-ipsi and eye-contra cells, respectively) exhibited distinct dynamic properties during TrVOR suppression. Eye-ipsi neurons demonstrated relatively flat dynamics that was similar to that of the majority of vestibular-only neurons. In contrast, eye-contra cells were characterized by low-pass filter dynamics relative to linear acceleration and lower sensitivities than eye-ipsi cells. In fact, the main secondary eye-contra neuron in the disynaptic RVOR pathways (position-vestibular-pause cell) that exhibits a robust modulation during RVOR suppression did not modulate during TrVOR suppression. To explain these results, a simple model is proposed that is consistent with the known neuroanatomy and postulates differential projections of sensory canal and otolith signals onto eye-contra and eye-ipsi cells, respectively, within a shared premotor circuitry that generates the VORs.

Progress in brain research, 2011

Trends in Neurosciences, 2011

Nature, 2004

six unlinked microsatellite loci (B10, B11, B96, B118, B121 and B124) 10,13,30 using an Applied B... more six unlinked microsatellite loci (B10, B11, B96, B118, B121 and B124) 10,13,30 using an Applied Biosystems 377 sequencer 13. Loci had a mean of 9.5 alleles per locus (range 3-18) and a mean heterozygosity of 0.65. To prevent confusion with males from the external environment entering nest boxes, we only genotyped males that were unequivocally newly eclosed individuals ('callows'). To ensure accuracy of parentage attributions, all colony queens and (at diagnostic loci) putative worker-produced males were genotyped twice. We reconstructed each colony's mating type from genotypes of colony queens, their female offspring and their mates' sperm (Table 1). As expected 10,11 , all female offspring had genotypes consistent with single queen mating. No inbreeding or diploid males were detected. Grouping the 32 colony queens into full sisterhoods (with COLONY 20) suggested that they originated from at least 25 different colonies (18 providing 1 queen and 7 providing 2 queens each), and hence, given the lack of population viscosity in B. terrestris 20 , that colonies were, on average, unrelated.

Journal of Neurophysiology, 2005

Under natural conditions, the vestibular and pursuit systems work synergistically to stabilize th... more Under natural conditions, the vestibular and pursuit systems work synergistically to stabilize the visual scene during movement. How translational vestibular signals [translational vestibuloocular reflex (TVOR)] are processed in the premotor pathways for slow eye movements continues to remain a challenging question. To further our understanding of how premotor neurons contribute to this processing, we recorded neural activities from the prepositus and rostral medial vestibular nuclei in macaque monkeys. Vestibular neurons were tested during 0.5-Hz rotation and lateral translation (both with gaze stable and during VOR cancellation tasks), as well as during smooth pursuit eye movements. Data were collected at two different viewing distances, 80 and 20 cm. Based on their responses to rotation and pursuit, eye-movement–sensitive neurons were classified into position–vestibular–pause (PVP) neurons, eye–head (EH) neurons, and burst–tonic (BT) cells. We found that approximately half of the...

Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2010

Multisensory integration plays several important roles in the nervous system. One is to combine i... more Multisensory integration plays several important roles in the nervous system. One is to combine information from multiple complementary cues to improve stimulus detection and discrimination. Another is to resolve peripheral sensory ambiguities and create novel internal representations that do not exist at the level of individual sensors. Here we focus on how ambiguities inherent in vestibular, proprioceptive and visual signals are resolved to create behaviorally useful internal estimates of our self-motion. We review recent studies that have shed new light on the nature of these estimates and how multiple, but individually ambiguous, sensory signals are processed and combined to compute them. We emphasize the need to combine experiments with theoretical insights to understand the transformations that are being performed.

Journal of Neurophysiology, 2014

To contribute appropriately to voluntary reaching during body motion, vestibular signals must be ... more To contribute appropriately to voluntary reaching during body motion, vestibular signals must be transformed from a head-centered to a body-centered reference frame. We quantitatively investigated the evidence for this transformation during online reach execution by using galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) to simulate rotation about a head-fixed, roughly naso-occipital axis as human subjects made planar reaching movements to a remembered location with their head in different orientations. If vestibular signals that contribute to reach execution have been transformed from a head-centered to a body-centered reference frame, the same stimulation should be interpreted as body tilt with the head upright but as vertical-axis rotation with the head inclined forward. Consequently, GVS should perturb reach trajectories in a head-orientation-dependent way. Consistent with this prediction, GVS applied during reach execution induced trajectory deviations that were significantly larger with t...

Journal of Neurophysiology, 2014

To contribute appropriately to voluntary reaching during body motion, vestibular signals must be ... more To contribute appropriately to voluntary reaching during body motion, vestibular signals must be transformed from a head-centered to a body-centered reference frame. We quantitatively investigated the evidence for this transformation during online reach execution by using galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) to simulate rotation about a head-fixed, roughly naso-occipital axis as human subjects made planar reaching movements to a remembered location with their head in different orientations. If vestibular signals that contribute to reach execution have been transformed from a head-centered to a body-centered reference frame, the same stimulation should be interpreted as body tilt with the head upright but as vertical-axis rotation with the head inclined forward. Consequently, GVS should perturb reach trajectories in a head-orientation-dependent way. Consistent with this prediction, GVS applied during reach execution induced trajectory deviations that were significantly larger with t...

Neuron, 2007

The ability to orient and navigate through the terrestrial environment represents a computational... more The ability to orient and navigate through the terrestrial environment represents a computational challenge common to all vertebrates. It arises because motion sensors in the inner ear, the otolith organs, and the semicircular canals transduce self-motion in an egocentric reference frame. As a result, vestibular afferent information reaching the brain is inappropriate for coding our own motion and orientation relative to the outside world. Here we show that cerebellar cortical neuron activity in vermal lobules 9 and 10 reflects the critical computations of transforming head-centered vestibular afferent information into earth-referenced selfmotion and spatial orientation signals. Unlike vestibular and deep cerebellar nuclei neurons, where a mixture of responses was observed, Purkinje cells represent a homogeneous population that encodes inertial motion. They carry the earth-horizontal component of a spatially transformed and temporally integrated rotation signal from the semicircular canals, which is critical for computing head attitude, thus isolating inertial linear accelerations during navigation.

Experimental Brain Research, 2009

The vestibular system is vital for motor control and spatial self-motion perception. Afferents fr... more The vestibular system is vital for motor control and spatial self-motion perception. Afferents from the otolith organs and the semicircular canals converge with optokinetic, somatosensory and motor-related signals in the vestibular nuclei, which are reciprocally interconnected with the vestibulocerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei. Here, we review the properties of the many cell types in the vestibular nuclei, as well as some fundamental computations implemented within this brainstem-cerebellar circuitry. These include the sensorimotor transformations for reflex generation, the neural computations for inertial motion estimation, the distinction between active and passive head movements, as well as the integration of vestibular and proprioceptive information for body motion estimation. A common theme in the solution to such computational problems is the concept of internal models and their neural implementation. Recent studies have shed new insights into important organizational principles that closely resemble those proposed for other sensorimotor systems, where their neural basis has often been more difficult to identify. As such, the vestibular system provides an excellent model to explore common neural processing strategies relevant both for reflexive and for goal-directed, voluntary movement as well as perception. Keywords Vestibular Á Computation Á Internal model Á Reference frame transformation Á Eye movement Á Motor control Á Sensorimotor Á Reafference Á Motion estimation Abbreviations VOR Vestibulo-ocular reflex RVOR Rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex TVOR Translational vestibulo-ocular reflex VN Vestibular nuclei PH Prepositus hypoglossi rFN Rostral fastigial deep cerebellar nuclei NU Nodulus and ventral uvula regions of the caudal cerebellar vermis PH-BT ''Tonic'' and ''burst-tonic'' neurons in the PH and adjacent medial VN PVP ''Position-vestibular-pause'' VN cell type EH ''Eye-head'' VN cell type VO ''Vestibular-only'' VN cell type FTN ''Floccular-target-neuron'' VN cell type

Journal of neurophysiology, 2004

Journal of neurophysiology, 1998

A common goal of the translational compensation for a pure head translation depends inversely ves... more A common goal of the translational compensation for a pure head translation depends inversely vestibuloocular reflex (TVOR) and the rotational vestibuloocular on target distance so that ideally no response is required in an reflex (RVOR) is to stabilize visual targets on the retinae during unconverged state (Busettini et al. 1994; Paige and Tomko head movement. However, these reflexes differ significantly in 1991b; Schwarz and Miles 1991; Telford et al. 1997). Hence their dynamic characteristics at both sensory and motor levels, TVOR performance must be interpreted in conjunction with implying a requirement for different central processing of canal binocular viewing context. In comparison, although the reand otolith signals. Semicircular canal afferents carry a signal pro-Address for reprint requests: H. L. Galiana, Dept. of Biomedical Engiand evidence of higher-order eye plant dynamics (not incorneering, McGill University, 3775 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A porated in the model here) would be expected in the TVOR 2B4, Canada. responses. Recent investigations of high-frequency TVOR

Journal of Neuroscience, 2003

The Journal of Neuroscience, QUICK SEARCH: [advanced], Author: Keyword(s): Year: Vol: Page: ...