Ankie Hazen - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ankie Hazen

Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, Apr 20, 2017

The degree of integration of non-dispensing pharmacists in primary care practice and the impact o... more The degree of integration of non-dispensing pharmacists in primary care practice and the impact on health outcomes: a systematic review

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, Aug 13, 2020

Background Especially in elderly with polypharmacy, medication can do harm. Clinical pharmacists ... more Background Especially in elderly with polypharmacy, medication can do harm. Clinical pharmacists integrated in primary care teams might improve quality of pharmaceutical care. Objective To assess the effect of non-dispensing clinical pharmacists integrated in primary care teams on general practitioners' prescribing quality. Setting This study was conducted in 25 primary care practices in the Netherlands. Methods Non-randomised, controlled, multi-centre, complex intervention study with pre-post comparison. First, we identified potential prescribing quality indicators from the literature and assessed their feasibility, validity, acceptability, reliability and sensitivity to change. Also, an expert panel assessed the indicators' health impact. Next, using the final set of indicators, we measured the quality of prescribing in practices where non-dispensing pharmacists were integrated in the team (intervention group) compared to usual care (two control groups). Data were extracted anonymously from the healthcare records. Comparisons were made using mixed models correcting for potential confounders. Main outcome measure Quality of prescribing, measured with prescribing quality indicators. Results Of 388 eligible indicators reported in the literature we selected 8. In addition, two more indicators relevant for Dutch general practice were formulated by an expert panel. Scores on all 10 indicators improved in the intervention group after introduction of the nondispensing pharmacist. However, when compared to control groups, prescribing quality improved solely on the indicator measuring monitoring of the renal function in patients using antihypertensive medication: relative risk of a monitored renal function in the intervention group compared to usual care: 1.03 (95% CI 1.01-1.05, p-value 0.010) and compared to usual care plus: 1.04 (1.01-1.06, p-value 0.004). Conclusion This study did not demonstrate a consistent effect of the introduction of non-dispensing clinical pharmacists in the primary care team on the quality of physician's prescribing.

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks, 2023

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks, 2023

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy

Considering a rejection rate of 80–90%, the preparation of a research grant is often considered a... more Considering a rejection rate of 80–90%, the preparation of a research grant is often considered a daunting task since it is resource intensive and there is no guarantee of success, even for seasoned researchers. This commentary provides a summary of the key points a researcher needs to consider when writing a research grant proposal, outlining: (1) how to conceptualise the research idea; (2) how to find the right funding call; (3) the importance of planning; (4) how to write; (5) what to write, and (6) key questions for reflection during preparation. It attempts to explain the difficulties associated with finding calls in clinical pharmacy and advanced pharmacy practice, and how to overcome them. The commentary aims to assist all pharmacy practice and health services research colleagues new to the grant application process, as well as experienced researchers striving to improve their grant review scores. The guidance in this paper is part of ESCP’s commitment to stimulate “innovativ...

Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice

Background General practices in primary care across England are increasingly employing clinical p... more Background General practices in primary care across England are increasingly employing clinical pharmacists to help tackle the workforce crisis and alleviate pressure. Clinical pharmacists can provide administrative and clinical duties, including non-medical prescribing, advice on polypharmacy and medicines optimisation. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of clinical pharmacists in general practice across England, and explore the relationship between the distribution and regional demography. Methods This study used publicly available government database from various sources pertaining to primary care general practice workforce and population demographics of England. The number and distribution of pharmacists working within general practices in England were analysed and compared across practices considering general practitioner (GP), nurse and patient population in the practices, patients age ≥ 65 years and over and the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) score...

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 2021

Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, Apr 20, 2017

The degree of integration of non-dispensing pharmacists in primary care practice and the impact o... more The degree of integration of non-dispensing pharmacists in primary care practice and the impact on health outcomes: a systematic review

Background: In the Netherlands, 5.6 % of acute hospital admissions are medication-related. Almost... more Background: In the Netherlands, 5.6 % of acute hospital admissions are medication-related. Almost half of these admissions are potentially preventable. Reviewing medication in patients at risk in primary care might prevent these hospital admissions. At present, implementation of medication reviews in primary care is suboptimal: pharmacists lack access to patient information, pharmacists are short of clinical knowledge and skills, and working processes of pharmacists (focus on dispensing) and general practitioners (focus on clinical practice) match poorly. Integration of the pharmacist in the primary health care team might improve pharmaceutical care outcomes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of integration of a non-dispensing pharmacist in general practice on the safety of pharmacotherapy in the Netherlands. Methods: The POINT study is a non-randomised controlled intervention study with pre-post comparison in an integrated primary care setting. We compare three differ...

Avoidable medication-related morbidity and mortality is a broadly acknowledged health care proble... more Avoidable medication-related morbidity and mortality is a broadly acknowledged health care problem and is currently inadequately addressed. With the aging population, this problem is expected to increase. Elderly patients often have multimorbidity and use multiple medications, adding to the complexity of pharmacotherapy. As most of pharmacotherapy is initiated or continued in general practice, safety and effectiveness of pharmacotherapy needs to be improved in primary care. Research evidence indicates that community pharmacists can contribute to safe and effective pharmacotherapy, but are hampered to take up their role as pharmaceutical care provider. To make optimal use of their pharmaceutical knowledge, we propose that pharmacists minimize involvement in the dispensing process and focus on pharmaceutical care. These so-called non-dispensing pharmacists (NDPs) can then take integral responsibility for pharmaceutical care, without being distracted by logistics and pharmacy managemen...

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 2021

One year since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid response measures have been implemen... more One year since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid response measures have been implemented internationally to mitigate the spread of the virus. Following rapid and successful pre-clinical and human trials, several vaccines have been authorised for use across Europe through the European Medicines Agency and national regulatory authorities. Clinical trials have shown promising results including important reductions in disease severity, hospitalisation and mortality. In order to maximise the public health benefit of available vaccines, there is a pressing need to vaccinate a large proportion of the population. Internationally, this has prompted coordination of existing services at enormous scale, and development and implementation of novel vaccination strategies to ensure maximum inoculation over the shortest possible timeframe. Pharmacists are being promoted as healthcare professionals that enhance roll-out of COVID-19 vaccination programmes. This paper aims to summarise cur...

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 2020

Background Building research capacity of European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP) members ali... more Background Building research capacity of European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP) members aligns to the organisation’s aim of advancing research. Objective To determine members’ aspirations and needs in research training and practice, and to explore ways in which ESCP could provide support. Setting ESCP’s international membership. Method Cross-sectional survey of members in 2018, followed by focus groups with samples of respondents attending an ESCP symposium. Survey items were: research activities; interests, experience and confidence; and Likert statements on research conduct. Principal component analysis (PCA) clustering of Likert statements from a previous study was used, with scores for each component calculated. Focus groups discussed barriers to research and how ESCP could provide support. Data analysis involved collating and comparing all themes. Main outcome measures Research interest, experience and confidence; attitudinal items; barriers to research; ESCP support. Res...

Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 2018

Background and purpose: Clinical pharmacists who work in the general practice settings bring an i... more Background and purpose: Clinical pharmacists who work in the general practice settings bring an improvement to patient care and outcomes. Postgraduate training for an independent clinical role does not often occur in the primary health care setting. When it does, the design of the curriculum is infrequently based on interprofessional workplace learning principles and it does not always integrate practical experience with classroom-based learning activities. This could lead to situations where clinical pharmacists are insufficiently trained to apply clinical reasoning skills and direct patient care in the general practice setting. Educational activity and setting: A program was designed, including competencies and learning objectives, based on results from focus group interviews with stakeholders and the literature on interprofessional workplace learning. Ten participants were selected for a pilot run of the program and were asked several times for their opinion about the program. Findings: A 15-month training program was offered to pharmacists who became clinical pharmacists with the responsibility to perform patient consultations in general practice. The program was based on interprofessional workplace learning principles and facilitated the participants' skill in connecting the evidence, the patients' perspective and their own professional perspective. The 10 participating pharmacists were satisfied with the program. Discussion and summary: The training program provided increased opportunities to clinical pharmacists to add value in general practice. The training program enabled pharmacists to advance their skills in direct patient care and to improve the alignment between different professionals in the primary care domain. Background and purpose The role of pharmacists is changing and there is a shift from 'dispensing pharmacy' to providing pharmaceutical care. 1 Such developments lead to a demand for more clinical pharmacists in order to support the move away from dispensing activities. 2 Clinical

Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, Jan 20, 2018

To unravel boundary crossing as it relates to professional identity formation in pharmacists tran... more To unravel boundary crossing as it relates to professional identity formation in pharmacists transitioning from a community pharmacy to working as nondispensing clinical pharmacists in general practice, with the aim of optimizing their education. A multiple case study, including two-stage interviews, peer feedback, and individual reflection, that collected data in 2014 and 2015 from eight clinical pharmacists working in general practice in The Netherlands. These pharmacists acted - without a workplace role model - as pharmaceutical care providers in general practices during a 15-month training program. In within-case and cross-case analysis, data were collected regarding pharmacists' role development in practice and perceptions of learning processes, and examined through the lens of professional identity formation and boundary crossing. Analysis of data collected during and after the training program demonstrated that the clinical pharmacists who applied the learning mechanisms ...

Paediatric and Perinatal Drug Therapy, 2008

... perspectives on treatment options Ankie CM Hazen1, Felicity J Smith2, Kevin MG Taylor2, Chris... more ... perspectives on treatment options Ankie CM Hazen1, Felicity J Smith2, Kevin MG Taylor2, Christine Rawcliffe3, Lucy Medcalf3, Simon Keady3 ... Guidance on the use of infliximab for Crohn's disease. NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance 40, Apr 2002. ...

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2014

AimPharmacotherapy might be improved if future pharmacists and physicians receive a joint educati... more AimPharmacotherapy might be improved if future pharmacists and physicians receive a joint educational programme in pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics. This study investigated whether there are differences in the pharmacology and pharmacotherapy knowledge and skills of pharmacy and medical students after their undergraduate training. Differences could serve as a starting point from which to develop joint interdisciplinary educational programmes for better prescribing.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional design, the knowledge and skills of advanced pharmacy and medical students were assessed, using a standardized test with three domains (basic pharmacology knowledge, clinical or applied pharmacology knowledge and pharmacotherapy skills) and eight subdomains (pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, interactions and side‐effects, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification groups, prescribing, prescribing for special groups, drug information, regulations and laws, prescription writing).Results...

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2021

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 2023

Background Guidelines for pharmacy practitioners regarding various clinical pharmacy activities h... more Background Guidelines for pharmacy practitioners regarding various clinical pharmacy activities have been published in a number of countries. There is a need to review the guidelines and identify the scope of activities covered as a prelude to developing internationally acceptable common guidelines. Aim To review the scope of clinical pharmacy guidelines and assess the extent to which these guidelines conform to quality standards as per the AGREE II instrument. Method Medline, Embase, Guideline Central, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Google Scholar and Google (for grey literature) were searched for the period 2010 to January 2023. Guidelines which focused on any health care setting and any clinical pharmacy activity were included. Data were extracted and quality assessed independently by two reviewers using the English version of the AGREE II instrument. Results Thirty-eight guidelines were included, mostly originating from Australia (n = 10), Ireland (n = 8), UK (n = 7) and USA (n = 5). Areas covered included medication reconciliation, medicines optimisation, medication management and transition of care. As per the AGREE II assessment, the highest score was obtained for the scope and purpose domain and the lowest score for rigour of development, mainly due to non-consideration of literature/evidence to inform guideline development. Conclusion Clinical pharmacy guidelines development processes need to focus on all quality domains and should take a systematic approach to guideline development. Guidelines need to further emphasise person-centred care and clinical communication. There is a scope to harmonise the guidelines internationally considering the diverse practices, standards and legislations across different geographies.

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2021

Background: The pharmacy profession has an important role in the frontline healthcare response to... more Background: The pharmacy profession has an important role in the frontline healthcare response to COVID-19 across all settings.
Objective: This study sought to explore the views and experiences of clinical pharmacists in relation to the provision of clinical pharmacy services during COVID-19.
Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with pharmacists working in clinical roles in healthcare settings across Europe. Participants were recruited through professional organisations of clinical and hospitals pharmacists combined with a snowballing technique. The Pharmacy Emergency Preparedness and Response Framework and Disaster Preparedness Framework for pharmacy services were used to generate data which were analysed using the thematic framework method.
Results: Twenty-two participants from 16 European countries described a range of measures to protect patients, public and healthcare staff against virus transmission including developing and disseminating educational materials.
Most described their involvement in aspects of evidence provision such as facilitating clinical trials, gathering and appraising evidence and disseminating clinical information. Many hospital-based pharmacists were reassigned to new roles such as intensive care. Routine clinical services were extensively interrupted and remote forms of communication were used. Most were motivated by a strong sense of professionalism to continue delivering services. A number of facilitators and barriers to prevention, preparedness and response actions were identified which related to uptake of new roles, recognition of pharmacists roles in the healthcare team, information gathering, communication with patients and healthcare professionals, and provision of routine clinical services.
Conclusions: Participants in this multinational qualitative study described a range of service adaptations and adoption of novel roles to prevent and mitigate the public health impact of the pandemic. The study findings may help to inform governments, public health agencies and healthcare systems in harnessing ongoing service provision and adapt to any future interruptions.

Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, Apr 20, 2017

The degree of integration of non-dispensing pharmacists in primary care practice and the impact o... more The degree of integration of non-dispensing pharmacists in primary care practice and the impact on health outcomes: a systematic review

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, Aug 13, 2020

Background Especially in elderly with polypharmacy, medication can do harm. Clinical pharmacists ... more Background Especially in elderly with polypharmacy, medication can do harm. Clinical pharmacists integrated in primary care teams might improve quality of pharmaceutical care. Objective To assess the effect of non-dispensing clinical pharmacists integrated in primary care teams on general practitioners' prescribing quality. Setting This study was conducted in 25 primary care practices in the Netherlands. Methods Non-randomised, controlled, multi-centre, complex intervention study with pre-post comparison. First, we identified potential prescribing quality indicators from the literature and assessed their feasibility, validity, acceptability, reliability and sensitivity to change. Also, an expert panel assessed the indicators' health impact. Next, using the final set of indicators, we measured the quality of prescribing in practices where non-dispensing pharmacists were integrated in the team (intervention group) compared to usual care (two control groups). Data were extracted anonymously from the healthcare records. Comparisons were made using mixed models correcting for potential confounders. Main outcome measure Quality of prescribing, measured with prescribing quality indicators. Results Of 388 eligible indicators reported in the literature we selected 8. In addition, two more indicators relevant for Dutch general practice were formulated by an expert panel. Scores on all 10 indicators improved in the intervention group after introduction of the nondispensing pharmacist. However, when compared to control groups, prescribing quality improved solely on the indicator measuring monitoring of the renal function in patients using antihypertensive medication: relative risk of a monitored renal function in the intervention group compared to usual care: 1.03 (95% CI 1.01-1.05, p-value 0.010) and compared to usual care plus: 1.04 (1.01-1.06, p-value 0.004). Conclusion This study did not demonstrate a consistent effect of the introduction of non-dispensing clinical pharmacists in the primary care team on the quality of physician's prescribing.

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks, 2023

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks, 2023

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy

Considering a rejection rate of 80–90%, the preparation of a research grant is often considered a... more Considering a rejection rate of 80–90%, the preparation of a research grant is often considered a daunting task since it is resource intensive and there is no guarantee of success, even for seasoned researchers. This commentary provides a summary of the key points a researcher needs to consider when writing a research grant proposal, outlining: (1) how to conceptualise the research idea; (2) how to find the right funding call; (3) the importance of planning; (4) how to write; (5) what to write, and (6) key questions for reflection during preparation. It attempts to explain the difficulties associated with finding calls in clinical pharmacy and advanced pharmacy practice, and how to overcome them. The commentary aims to assist all pharmacy practice and health services research colleagues new to the grant application process, as well as experienced researchers striving to improve their grant review scores. The guidance in this paper is part of ESCP’s commitment to stimulate “innovativ...

Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice

Background General practices in primary care across England are increasingly employing clinical p... more Background General practices in primary care across England are increasingly employing clinical pharmacists to help tackle the workforce crisis and alleviate pressure. Clinical pharmacists can provide administrative and clinical duties, including non-medical prescribing, advice on polypharmacy and medicines optimisation. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of clinical pharmacists in general practice across England, and explore the relationship between the distribution and regional demography. Methods This study used publicly available government database from various sources pertaining to primary care general practice workforce and population demographics of England. The number and distribution of pharmacists working within general practices in England were analysed and compared across practices considering general practitioner (GP), nurse and patient population in the practices, patients age ≥ 65 years and over and the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) score...

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 2021

Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, Apr 20, 2017

The degree of integration of non-dispensing pharmacists in primary care practice and the impact o... more The degree of integration of non-dispensing pharmacists in primary care practice and the impact on health outcomes: a systematic review

Background: In the Netherlands, 5.6 % of acute hospital admissions are medication-related. Almost... more Background: In the Netherlands, 5.6 % of acute hospital admissions are medication-related. Almost half of these admissions are potentially preventable. Reviewing medication in patients at risk in primary care might prevent these hospital admissions. At present, implementation of medication reviews in primary care is suboptimal: pharmacists lack access to patient information, pharmacists are short of clinical knowledge and skills, and working processes of pharmacists (focus on dispensing) and general practitioners (focus on clinical practice) match poorly. Integration of the pharmacist in the primary health care team might improve pharmaceutical care outcomes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of integration of a non-dispensing pharmacist in general practice on the safety of pharmacotherapy in the Netherlands. Methods: The POINT study is a non-randomised controlled intervention study with pre-post comparison in an integrated primary care setting. We compare three differ...

Avoidable medication-related morbidity and mortality is a broadly acknowledged health care proble... more Avoidable medication-related morbidity and mortality is a broadly acknowledged health care problem and is currently inadequately addressed. With the aging population, this problem is expected to increase. Elderly patients often have multimorbidity and use multiple medications, adding to the complexity of pharmacotherapy. As most of pharmacotherapy is initiated or continued in general practice, safety and effectiveness of pharmacotherapy needs to be improved in primary care. Research evidence indicates that community pharmacists can contribute to safe and effective pharmacotherapy, but are hampered to take up their role as pharmaceutical care provider. To make optimal use of their pharmaceutical knowledge, we propose that pharmacists minimize involvement in the dispensing process and focus on pharmaceutical care. These so-called non-dispensing pharmacists (NDPs) can then take integral responsibility for pharmaceutical care, without being distracted by logistics and pharmacy managemen...

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 2021

One year since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid response measures have been implemen... more One year since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid response measures have been implemented internationally to mitigate the spread of the virus. Following rapid and successful pre-clinical and human trials, several vaccines have been authorised for use across Europe through the European Medicines Agency and national regulatory authorities. Clinical trials have shown promising results including important reductions in disease severity, hospitalisation and mortality. In order to maximise the public health benefit of available vaccines, there is a pressing need to vaccinate a large proportion of the population. Internationally, this has prompted coordination of existing services at enormous scale, and development and implementation of novel vaccination strategies to ensure maximum inoculation over the shortest possible timeframe. Pharmacists are being promoted as healthcare professionals that enhance roll-out of COVID-19 vaccination programmes. This paper aims to summarise cur...

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 2020

Background Building research capacity of European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP) members ali... more Background Building research capacity of European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP) members aligns to the organisation’s aim of advancing research. Objective To determine members’ aspirations and needs in research training and practice, and to explore ways in which ESCP could provide support. Setting ESCP’s international membership. Method Cross-sectional survey of members in 2018, followed by focus groups with samples of respondents attending an ESCP symposium. Survey items were: research activities; interests, experience and confidence; and Likert statements on research conduct. Principal component analysis (PCA) clustering of Likert statements from a previous study was used, with scores for each component calculated. Focus groups discussed barriers to research and how ESCP could provide support. Data analysis involved collating and comparing all themes. Main outcome measures Research interest, experience and confidence; attitudinal items; barriers to research; ESCP support. Res...

Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 2018

Background and purpose: Clinical pharmacists who work in the general practice settings bring an i... more Background and purpose: Clinical pharmacists who work in the general practice settings bring an improvement to patient care and outcomes. Postgraduate training for an independent clinical role does not often occur in the primary health care setting. When it does, the design of the curriculum is infrequently based on interprofessional workplace learning principles and it does not always integrate practical experience with classroom-based learning activities. This could lead to situations where clinical pharmacists are insufficiently trained to apply clinical reasoning skills and direct patient care in the general practice setting. Educational activity and setting: A program was designed, including competencies and learning objectives, based on results from focus group interviews with stakeholders and the literature on interprofessional workplace learning. Ten participants were selected for a pilot run of the program and were asked several times for their opinion about the program. Findings: A 15-month training program was offered to pharmacists who became clinical pharmacists with the responsibility to perform patient consultations in general practice. The program was based on interprofessional workplace learning principles and facilitated the participants' skill in connecting the evidence, the patients' perspective and their own professional perspective. The 10 participating pharmacists were satisfied with the program. Discussion and summary: The training program provided increased opportunities to clinical pharmacists to add value in general practice. The training program enabled pharmacists to advance their skills in direct patient care and to improve the alignment between different professionals in the primary care domain. Background and purpose The role of pharmacists is changing and there is a shift from 'dispensing pharmacy' to providing pharmaceutical care. 1 Such developments lead to a demand for more clinical pharmacists in order to support the move away from dispensing activities. 2 Clinical

Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, Jan 20, 2018

To unravel boundary crossing as it relates to professional identity formation in pharmacists tran... more To unravel boundary crossing as it relates to professional identity formation in pharmacists transitioning from a community pharmacy to working as nondispensing clinical pharmacists in general practice, with the aim of optimizing their education. A multiple case study, including two-stage interviews, peer feedback, and individual reflection, that collected data in 2014 and 2015 from eight clinical pharmacists working in general practice in The Netherlands. These pharmacists acted - without a workplace role model - as pharmaceutical care providers in general practices during a 15-month training program. In within-case and cross-case analysis, data were collected regarding pharmacists' role development in practice and perceptions of learning processes, and examined through the lens of professional identity formation and boundary crossing. Analysis of data collected during and after the training program demonstrated that the clinical pharmacists who applied the learning mechanisms ...

Paediatric and Perinatal Drug Therapy, 2008

... perspectives on treatment options Ankie CM Hazen1, Felicity J Smith2, Kevin MG Taylor2, Chris... more ... perspectives on treatment options Ankie CM Hazen1, Felicity J Smith2, Kevin MG Taylor2, Christine Rawcliffe3, Lucy Medcalf3, Simon Keady3 ... Guidance on the use of infliximab for Crohn's disease. NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance 40, Apr 2002. ...

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2014

AimPharmacotherapy might be improved if future pharmacists and physicians receive a joint educati... more AimPharmacotherapy might be improved if future pharmacists and physicians receive a joint educational programme in pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics. This study investigated whether there are differences in the pharmacology and pharmacotherapy knowledge and skills of pharmacy and medical students after their undergraduate training. Differences could serve as a starting point from which to develop joint interdisciplinary educational programmes for better prescribing.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional design, the knowledge and skills of advanced pharmacy and medical students were assessed, using a standardized test with three domains (basic pharmacology knowledge, clinical or applied pharmacology knowledge and pharmacotherapy skills) and eight subdomains (pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, interactions and side‐effects, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification groups, prescribing, prescribing for special groups, drug information, regulations and laws, prescription writing).Results...

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2021

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 2023

Background Guidelines for pharmacy practitioners regarding various clinical pharmacy activities h... more Background Guidelines for pharmacy practitioners regarding various clinical pharmacy activities have been published in a number of countries. There is a need to review the guidelines and identify the scope of activities covered as a prelude to developing internationally acceptable common guidelines. Aim To review the scope of clinical pharmacy guidelines and assess the extent to which these guidelines conform to quality standards as per the AGREE II instrument. Method Medline, Embase, Guideline Central, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Google Scholar and Google (for grey literature) were searched for the period 2010 to January 2023. Guidelines which focused on any health care setting and any clinical pharmacy activity were included. Data were extracted and quality assessed independently by two reviewers using the English version of the AGREE II instrument. Results Thirty-eight guidelines were included, mostly originating from Australia (n = 10), Ireland (n = 8), UK (n = 7) and USA (n = 5). Areas covered included medication reconciliation, medicines optimisation, medication management and transition of care. As per the AGREE II assessment, the highest score was obtained for the scope and purpose domain and the lowest score for rigour of development, mainly due to non-consideration of literature/evidence to inform guideline development. Conclusion Clinical pharmacy guidelines development processes need to focus on all quality domains and should take a systematic approach to guideline development. Guidelines need to further emphasise person-centred care and clinical communication. There is a scope to harmonise the guidelines internationally considering the diverse practices, standards and legislations across different geographies.

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2021

Background: The pharmacy profession has an important role in the frontline healthcare response to... more Background: The pharmacy profession has an important role in the frontline healthcare response to COVID-19 across all settings.
Objective: This study sought to explore the views and experiences of clinical pharmacists in relation to the provision of clinical pharmacy services during COVID-19.
Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with pharmacists working in clinical roles in healthcare settings across Europe. Participants were recruited through professional organisations of clinical and hospitals pharmacists combined with a snowballing technique. The Pharmacy Emergency Preparedness and Response Framework and Disaster Preparedness Framework for pharmacy services were used to generate data which were analysed using the thematic framework method.
Results: Twenty-two participants from 16 European countries described a range of measures to protect patients, public and healthcare staff against virus transmission including developing and disseminating educational materials.
Most described their involvement in aspects of evidence provision such as facilitating clinical trials, gathering and appraising evidence and disseminating clinical information. Many hospital-based pharmacists were reassigned to new roles such as intensive care. Routine clinical services were extensively interrupted and remote forms of communication were used. Most were motivated by a strong sense of professionalism to continue delivering services. A number of facilitators and barriers to prevention, preparedness and response actions were identified which related to uptake of new roles, recognition of pharmacists roles in the healthcare team, information gathering, communication with patients and healthcare professionals, and provision of routine clinical services.
Conclusions: Participants in this multinational qualitative study described a range of service adaptations and adoption of novel roles to prevent and mitigate the public health impact of the pandemic. The study findings may help to inform governments, public health agencies and healthcare systems in harnessing ongoing service provision and adapt to any future interruptions.