Anne Eskild - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Anne Eskild

Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening, Jun 22, 2006

Epidemiology and Infection, 2022

Human Reproduction, Oct 24, 2011

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, May 2, 2013

British Journal of Cancer, Jun 30, 2009

International Journal of Epidemiology, Dec 1, 2001

European Journal of Epidemiology, Aug 6, 2018

It is not known whether increased breast cancer risk caused by menopausal hormone therapy (HT) de... more It is not known whether increased breast cancer risk caused by menopausal hormone therapy (HT) depends on body mass patterns through life. In a prospective study of 483,241 Norwegian women aged 50-69 years at baseline, 7,656 women developed breast cancer during follow-up (2006-2013). We combined baseline information on recalled body mass in childhood/adolescence and current (baseline) body mass index (BMI) to construct mutually exclusive life-course body mass patterns. We assessed associations of current HT use with breast cancer risk according to baseline BMI and life-course patterns of body mass, and estimated relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). Within all levels of baseline BMI, HT use was associated with increased risk. Considering life-course body mass patterns as a single exposure, we used women who "remained at normal weight" through life as the reference, and found that being "overweight as young" was associated with lower risk (hazard ratio (HR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76-0.94), whereas women who "gained weight" had higher risk (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.12-1.28). Compared to never users of HT who were "overweight as young", HT users who either "remained at normal weight" or "gained weight" in adulthood were at higher risk than expected when adding the separate risks (RERI 0.52, 95% CI 0.09-0.95, and RERI 0.37, 95% CI-0.07-0.80), suggesting effect modification. Thus, we found that women who remain at normal weight or gain weight in adulthood may be more susceptible to the risk increasing effect of HT compared to women who were overweight as young.

Human Reproduction, Apr 9, 2018

Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening, Sep 20, 2007

Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening, May 10, 2000

Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, Dec 1, 2010

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2000

Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 2013

The decline in perinatal deaths has been significant in most European countries over the last 40 ... more The decline in perinatal deaths has been significant in most European countries over the last 40 years (1). The magnitude of the decline is similar for early neonatal deaths as for stillbirths (2). In Norway, there has been an 80 percent decline in the fetal death rate in term pregnancies since 1967 (2). There is no longer an increased risk of fetal death in post-term pregnancies (3), except among women more than 35 years old. Also there is no longer an increased risk of fetal death in pregnancies with preeclampsia (4). Thousands of fetal deaths have been prevented. For Norway with 55–60 000 births per year, we have estimated that 16 000 fetal deaths have been prevented during the period 1967–2005 (5). More boys than girls have been prevented from being stillborn (5). How has such success been achieved? The answer is likely to be that the health care system is important; a health care system that provides timely interventions in high-risk pregnancies independent of the pregnant woman’s social and geographical background. For such achievement, diagnostic facilities to identify pregnancies with high risk of fetal death must be available to all pregnant women. In the Nordic countries nearly all deliveries take place at hospitals that are publically owned and financed. Also antenatal services are fully financed through taxes, and almost all pregnant women follow the antenatal program (6–8). High-risk pregnancies are referred to hospitals, and the hospitals have, during the last decades, been equipped with advanced technology for diagnosing fetal distress (9). Concomitant with the introduction of technology in antenatal and obstetric care the rates of intervention have increased. The relatively high cesarean section rate has been a concern for many obstetricians and the benefits have been questioned (10,11). However, along with an increase in cesarean delivery rate from 2 percent to 16 percent during forty years in Norway (www.mfr.no), an 80 percent decline in fetal death rate has been achieved (2). Besides the more widely used technology for diagnosing fetal distress, increasing maternal age and increasing proportions of women with prior cesarean delivery are important determinants of the cesarean delivery rates (9,12). Obstetric interventions because of maternal emotional distress have become increasingly common in the last decade, but have probably little effect on the newborn’s health or on maternal mental health postpartum (13,14). Cesarean delivery is likely to be equally available to all women living in Norway (15). Forty years ago women with high education or a husband with high education had a greater chance of being delivered by cesarean section than those with low education. Nowadays there is no association of education with cesarean delivery (15). Also, the cesarean delivery rate among immigrant women gradually has changed, and the rate changes in accordance with their length of stay in Norway, from the rate in their home country to the mean rate in Norway (16). Consequently, the social disparity in fetal death has decreased. In Norway today there is no social disparity in fetal deaths in term pregnancies (17). This finding suggests that the large reduction in fetal deaths has been most beneficial for women with low socioeconomic status. Screening for maternal preeclampsia and diabetes in antenatal care, increased use of modern fetal diagnostic technology, timely induction of labour and interventions during labor may explain the decline in stillbirth rates. Hence, increased use of diagnostic technology and obstetric interventions may have been important in reducing social disparity in offspring mortality in term pregnancies. It is likely that diagnostic technology used in obstetric care, such as cardiotocography and fetal ultrasonographic examination, provide objective fetal diagnosis. Objective diagnosis is likely to reduce social disparity in treatment. However, the offspring of immigrant women in Norway still have increased perinatal mortality (18). The increased mortality in these women could be explained by inadequate use or access to health care in Norway. Despite the success story of antenatal and obstetric care, the organization and use of health care resources have been questioned in Norway (19). During the last few years, the number of recommended visits in the

Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine, 1994

In order to study differences in progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) between... more In order to study differences in progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) between risk groups, 205 homosexual men and 185 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) were followed from diagnosed seropositivity for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV) for a mean period of 46 months (range 1–88 months). Seven (4%) IVDUs and 55 homosexual men (27%) were diagnosed with AIDS during the follow-up period. The probability of being AIDS-free four years after diagnosed HIV positivity was 0.96 for IVDUs (SE 0.02) and 0.73 (SE 0.04) for homosexual men ( p < 0.001, log rank test). When controlling for age and gender, the relative risk of AIDS progression for homosexual men was 9.1 (3.5–24.1, 95% confidence interval) as compared with IVDUs. Even when 24 months of follow-up time without progression were added for all homosexual men, assuming that the epidemic started two years earlier in this group, the relative risk of progression was 5.4 (2.1–14.4, 95% confidence interval) for homosex...

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2010

Please cite this paper as: Eskild A, Vatten L. Do pregnancies with pre‐eclampsia have smaller pla... more Please cite this paper as: Eskild A, Vatten L. Do pregnancies with pre‐eclampsia have smaller placentas? A population study of 317 688 pregnancies with and without growth restriction in the offspring. BJOG 2010;117:1521–1526.Objective To study whether placental weight is related to pre‐eclampsia risk, independent of offspring birthweight.Design Registry study.Setting Medical Birth Registry of Norway.Population All singleton pregnancies in Norway from 1999 to 2004, 317 688 births.Methods Placental weight was grouped into deciles of placental weight z‐scores. The proportion of pregnancies in each placental weight decile was calculated by maternal pre‐eclampsia status for pregnancies with and without small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) offspring.Main outcome measures Pre‐eclampsia risk (proportions and odds ratios) according to placental weight.Results In pregnancies with SGA offspring, approximately 60% of pregnancies were in the lowest decile of placental weight, 59.9% in pregnanc...

AIDS, 1992

To study the influence of previous or present hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on HIV disease pr... more To study the influence of previous or present hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on HIV disease progression. A prospective study of HIV-positive individuals from HIV diagnosis to diagnosis of AIDS or to the end of the follow-up period on 1 January 1991. Mean follow-up time was 62 months. The study population was recruited from a primary health-care clinic for homosexual men and followed by linkage to the National AIDS Registry. Of 876 individuals who were tested for HIV, 80 were HIV-positive and included for study. Two individuals were lost to follow-up. Differences in progression rates to AIDS according to HBV status at study entry. The adjusted relative risk of progression to AIDS for the 48 subjects who were HBV-antibody-positive at study entry was 3.6 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3-10.1]. A high frequency of receptive anal intercourse was also associated with more rapid HIV disease progression; adjusted relative risk 2.6 (95% CI, 1.1-5.9). Our results suggest that presence of HBV antibodies is associated with more rapid HIV-disease progression.

Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 2011

Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 2012

Objectives. We estimated the associations of parity and offspring birthweight with the risk of s... more Objectives. We estimated the associations of parity and offspring birthweight with the risk of shoulder dystocia, and studied whether the association of offspring birthweight differed by parity. Design. Population‐based register study. Setting. The Medical Birth Registry of Norway was used to identify all deliveries between 1967 and 2006. Population. All vaginal deliveries of a singleton offspring in cephalic presentation during the period 1967–2006 (n=1 914 544). Main outcome measure. Shoulder dystocia at delivery. Results: Shoulder dystocia occurred in 0.68% (13 109/1 914 544) of all deliveries. There was a strong positive association of birthweight with risk of shoulder dystocia, and 75% (9765/13 109) of all cases occurred in deliveries of offspring weighing 4000g or more. The association of birthweight displayed similar patterns across parities, but the association was slightly stronger in parous than in primiparous women. Among first‐time mothers, 0.12% (320/276 614) with offs...

Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 2007

To study patterns of induced abortion versus childbirth related to education among Norwegian and ... more To study patterns of induced abortion versus childbirth related to education among Norwegian and Pakistani women. Population-based study in Oslo, Norway. All women 15-50 years of age of Norwegian (n=94,428) or Pakistani (n=5,390) descent living in Oslo. Induced abortion or child delivery. In Norwegian women with a university education, 15.3% delivered a child and 2.9% had an induced abortion between 2000 and 2002. In women with less than high school education, the figures were 5.3% and 4.3%. Pregnant women with less than high school education were twice as likely to have an induced abortion as women with a university education (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-2.5), after adjustment for age, parity, marital status, and residential area. Among Pakistani women with a university education, 23.0% gave birth and 2.9% had an induced abortion. In Pakistani women with less than high school education, the figures were 20.8% and 2.8%. Among pregnant Pakistani women, those with less than high school education were less likely to have an induced abortion compared to women with a university education (odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-1.1). Childbirth was substantially more common in Pakistani than in Norwegian women living in Oslo. In Norwegian women, low education was associated with lower frequency of child delivery but higher frequency of induced abortion. In Pakistani women, child delivery was not related to education, but induced abortion tended to be more frequent in those with a university education.