Rozita Arshad - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Rozita Arshad
Journal of Governance and Development, Jul 8, 2024
E3S Web of Conferences
State-owned enterprises in Zimbabwe often take long to report their financial statements due to u... more State-owned enterprises in Zimbabwe often take long to report their financial statements due to unfunded policy mandates, weak governance, and a lack of capacity of governments to oversee the enterprises/parastatals. Information systems can help improve the operation of state enterprises and expedite financial reporting by interfacing e-governance and corporate governance. This paper aims to present a systematic empirical literature review to examine the role of corporate governance in the timeliness of financial reporting and opportunities of e-Corporate Governance in State-owned enterprises. Specifically, the proposed study’s motivation aroused from vast literature focusing on the role of corporate governance in the timeliness of financial reporting and opportunities of e-Corporate Governance in State-owned enterprises. The study reviewed some of the articles for literature that deliver robust suggestions on the timeliness of financial reporting and opportunities of e-Corporate Go...
Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial, Nov 30, 2022
The inclusivity of students with disabilities into the mainstream education is getting more atten... more The inclusivity of students with disabilities into the mainstream education is getting more attention when all institutions of higher learning, public and private, are expected to implement the disability inclusion policy. Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) has been supporting the potential of students with disabilities by offering academic programmes. This study examines the policy regarding inclusivity for people/students with disabilities and services provided. Using a qualitative approach, the primary data were obtained through the interviews with the officer of Student Affairs Department (HEP) and three disabled students. Responses were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic approach. HEP was selected since the Department involves with students affairs and provides services for students with disabilities. A focus group discussion was held with the three students, taking different programmes, and having different type of impairments. The study found that: (a) UUM has adopted the PWD Guideline by the Ministry of Education; (b) UUM supports the
The Malaysian government has implemented various economic development programmes since after the ... more The Malaysian government has implemented various economic development programmes since after the independence. The main goal is to increase the overall populations' socio-economic levels which should lead to improved standard of living, well-being and quality of life. Unfortunately, in most cases quality of life is been misinterpreted and been associated with other concepts such as standard of living and well-being. Hence, it is usually believed that when the standard of living of the low income households is improved, their well-being and the quality of life have also improved. This paper is to explore the indicators of quality of life form the perspective of low income households in rural areas and to analyse the achievement of quality of life among them. It is also determine whether improve in economic achievement promotes improved in quality of life. The findings discover that many low income households who participated in the socio-economic development programmes organized ...
Malaysia introduced the Youth Societies and Youth Development Act 2007 (YSYDA 2007) and gazetted ... more Malaysia introduced the Youth Societies and Youth Development Act 2007 (YSYDA 2007) and gazetted it in July 2007. It is an Act to facilitate the development of youth in Malaysia from the aspects of education, research, and human resource. Therefore, this paper examines the efforts of the Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) as a national human rights institution (NHRI), playing an important role in the mainstream efforts to ensure the protection and promotion of youth rights. This paper is a qualitative research paper in which it is more exploratory in nature and possibly leading to the development of concepts and theories. This paper presents the outcome of the historical and interview approaches as to find out how and why SUHAKAM has come to take its present form. In addition, this paper also summarises the efforts and roles played by SUHAKAM, pursuant to the protection of youth rights
Service quality is an essential component of successful organizations as it leads to efficiency a... more Service quality is an essential component of successful organizations as it leads to efficiency and effectiveness in discharging responsibilities thus increasing the level of employee's accountability. In the education sector and to be precise in a school system, teachers as public servants are expected to demonstrate high level commitmentin the teaching and learning process as this enhances quality service delivery towards attaining academic excellence. The paper argued that when there is quality service delivery the level of teacher's commitment will be greater thereby increasing the level of accountability which also leads to accomplishing educational policy goals of ensuring quality educational output. Using quantitative research approach, data was collected from a sample of 194 respondents and analyzed using confirmatory structural equation modeling. The results showed that the hypothesized positive relationship between service quality and educational accountability is ...
Lack of awareness and understanding of youth development law amongst youth and policy makers is q... more Lack of awareness and understanding of youth development law amongst youth and policy makers is quite significant. Among the reasons that have been identified to be the root cause of this weakness is due to the failure or less priority given by the youth societies and related organization which are responsible in providing quality programmes for youth. In light of the above gap, the paper examines youth awareness on youth development law from the perspective of policy makers and youth themselves. This is a social-legal study, which involves two types of data collection; first, interviews with 53 policy makers/management from ministries, youth departments, youth agencies and societies; and result from a survey amongst Malaysian youth amounting to 4703. This study found that a majority of the respondents (the policy makers from ministries, state youth departments, youth societies and agencies) agreed that youth in Malaysia have a very low awareness or knowledge of the law relating to ...
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-No... more This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The latest attempt by the Malaysian government to restructure its water sector has managed to pro... more The latest attempt by the Malaysian government to restructure its water sector has managed to promulgate two important acts, the Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) Act (Act 654) and the Water Services Industry Act (WSIA/Act 655); these also complicate the governing of water services and water resources in the country as they affect the sovereignty of a state's land and water issues. In Malaysia's federated system of governance, water resources are placed fully within the purview of each State's government, as stated in the Waters Act 1920 (Revised 1989), while water services are straddled across the purview of both the State and Federal government (Water Supply Enactment 1955). Any reforms will remain problematic unless further analysis is carried out on the available legislation that directly impacts said reform, particularly the Waters Act and Water Supply Enactment. For example, when the Waters Act stipulates "the entire property in and control of all rivers in any State is vested solely in the Ruler of that State", it is clear that the Federal Government has no authority whatsoever over water resources of any states. The Water Supply Enactment 1955 (adopted by several States) further empowers the state's water supply authorities to supply water to domestic and commercial consumers. Other legislation that has been enacted to govern land and water issues in the country include the Geological Act 1974 on groundwater abstraction and the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (incorporating all amendments up to 1st January 2006) on some aspects of the environmental impact of groundwater abstraction. While these legislations seemed to provide adequate coverage on the governance of groundwater abstraction; treatment, distribution and wastewater management, which form the water supply value chain in the country, are not covered. Similarly, the Sewerage Services Act 1993 covers only wastewater governance issues rather than the whole value chain or process. The fact that upon independence in 1957 the Malaysian constitution accorded separate jurisdiction for the state and federal authorities on land and water issues has given rise to various points of contention when dealing with water policy reform, particularly the role, power and ownership of water resources between the state and the federal governments. In conclusion, the problems observed in Malaysia's water services industry reform are mainly with regard to legislation. In-depth analysis of how the SPAN Act and WSIA impact available legislation and how these legislations can create an integrated water resource management system that works on both Federal and State levels are crucial. It is thus fundamental for legal regimes for water resources to support the legal regimes for water services. Only then, will the Federal government be able to take appropriate steps in restructuring the country's water governance in its entirety. The authors acknowledge the research grant provided by the Ministry of Education Malaysia under the Long Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS) 203/PKT/6726002 and those who have took part and provided us with information for this study. The authors also thank the panel of reviewers who provided us with constructive comments in the preparation of this commentary.
International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2016
This paper examines youth knowledge on the law of youth development in Malaysia. Knowing the law ... more This paper examines youth knowledge on the law of youth development in Malaysia. Knowing the law is an added value to youth because they can assist the government in developing youth programmes and activities. This study is a socio-legal study. A survey has been conducted among youth in Malaysia to investigate their awareness on the law of youth development. 267 youths has responded to the survey. The findings show that about 70% of respondents agree that Malaysia has laws which protect the interest of youth. However, less than 50% of respondents have knowledge that about the Youth Societies and Youth Development Act 2007 which states main policies relating to youth development. The overall finding shows that less than 60% respondents are aware about youth policy. It is suggested that more promotion and activities be initiated to improve awareness concerning law and regulations among youth in Malaysia.
Background: Public's access to safe and quality drinking water is an issue promised to be... more Background: Public's access to safe and quality drinking water is an issue promised to be addressed under the Government Transformation Program in line with its National Water Policy in Malaysia. The quality of drinking water the public expects to be provided is one that is safe, protected, of acceptable standards in compliance with World Health Organisation's standard and affordable. Despite various reforms made over the years, the water sector in the country continues to face problems; mainly due to the lack of investments in maintaining and upgrading existing water infrastructure. Purpose of study: The main objective of this paper is to discuss the use of socioeconomic cost analysis when calculating the cost of water for public's consumption in Malaysia. Sources of evidence: The socioeconomic cost analysis is proposed to be carried out using Roth's 10 Full Cost Recovery (FCR) method covering costs related to operation and maintenance, c apital, resource, social, environmental preventive, and long run margin. The FCR method takes into account public's willingness and affordability to pay as well as the other costs related to water processes. 409 Main argument: The total cost of water, for cons umers or industry, is usually comprised of several elements, such as flat tariffs, block tariffs, subsidies, and volumetric pricing through metering. It is argued that tariffs and prices rarely reflected the true "Full Cost Recovery (FCR) of water, which they are in favour of implementing as a policy. This means that the concept of FCR has to be reconsidered, particularly taking into account the other socio economic factors involved. Conclusion: It is concluded that the FCR method may provide the fair formula in calculating water pricing for the public.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014
This conceptual paper examines the implementations of some of the innovations in governance strat... more This conceptual paper examines the implementations of some of the innovations in governance strategies and its impact in Malaysia. Innovations of governance strategies are divided into technological and non-technological. The technological innovations focused on the implementation of e-government in Malaysia, whilst non-technological innovations are Look East Policy (LEP), reducing bureaucratic red tape and counter service innovations. Factors that determined the success or failure of these implementations are discussed by analysing the current situation from the time the strategy has been implemented.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014
Metagovernance is a concept of governance that is often found in macro management but is often vi... more Metagovernance is a concept of governance that is often found in macro management but is often visible. Government and metagovernance are often associated with one another but the latter is a more defined version of government. The article looks at various efficient ways of metagoverning and views the problems associated with this method of governance. Governance in maintaining the UNESCO World Heritage Site status for the city of George Town is covered as a way where metagovernance is applied.
International Journal of Management Studies (IJMS), 2005
This case study analyses the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of the Feder... more This case study analyses the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of the Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA). The Kedah branch was chosen as the subject of this study. The result of the analysis shows that the management of marketing communication of Kedah FAMA could be further improved. There are several problems faced by Kedah FAMA in managing promotion activities and marketing communication in this state. Problems that have been identified include ineffective marketing communication ...
International Journal of Management Studies (IJMS), 2005
This case study analyses the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of the Feder... more This case study analyses the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of the Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA). The Kedah branch was chosen as the subject of this study. The result of the analysis shows that the management of marketing communication of Kedah FAMA could be further improved. There are several problems faced by Kedah FAMA in managing promotion activities and marketing communication in this state. Problems that have been identified include ineffective marketing communication ...
Social safety Nets (SSNs) are the form of government intervention to assist the “needy” groups in... more Social safety Nets (SSNs) are the form of government intervention to assist the “needy” groups including the single mothers.SSNs should be established as a mechanism that can be used to alleviate poverty, especially among single mothers. However, the barrier that restricts SSNs as mechanism to improve the quality of life for single mothers is a failure of service delivery functions. The single mothers can be empowered through good delivery system of SSNs because it can support their social development. Basically, SSNs is used as short term supporting system to generate independent nature of life and consciousness among women (single mothers).Thus this study aims to explore how the delivery of SSNs services or assistance to single mothers operates and whether SSNs empowered them.
Journal of Public Management Research, Dec 20, 2017
There has been an increased awareness from mass media, employers, educationalists, and researcher... more There has been an increased awareness from mass media, employers, educationalists, and researchers lately on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS), as a prerequisite for the 21st century workforce. HOTS have portrayed a huge industry demand and the major goal of every educational institutions in providing education is to foster problem solving, critical thinking, and innovative skills among the students. Without a doubt, teachers are the most valuable resource accessible to all schools that shoulder the responsibility of molding and shaping students as individuals toward producing modern workforce who are good critical thinkers, creative, competent communicators and good problem solvers. Hence, the purpose of HOTS Training Program is to develop and improve the job-related knowledge, skills, and abilities to enhance teachers' performance and ultimately improve student learning.
Journal of Governance and Development, Jul 8, 2024
E3S Web of Conferences
State-owned enterprises in Zimbabwe often take long to report their financial statements due to u... more State-owned enterprises in Zimbabwe often take long to report their financial statements due to unfunded policy mandates, weak governance, and a lack of capacity of governments to oversee the enterprises/parastatals. Information systems can help improve the operation of state enterprises and expedite financial reporting by interfacing e-governance and corporate governance. This paper aims to present a systematic empirical literature review to examine the role of corporate governance in the timeliness of financial reporting and opportunities of e-Corporate Governance in State-owned enterprises. Specifically, the proposed study’s motivation aroused from vast literature focusing on the role of corporate governance in the timeliness of financial reporting and opportunities of e-Corporate Governance in State-owned enterprises. The study reviewed some of the articles for literature that deliver robust suggestions on the timeliness of financial reporting and opportunities of e-Corporate Go...
Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial, Nov 30, 2022
The inclusivity of students with disabilities into the mainstream education is getting more atten... more The inclusivity of students with disabilities into the mainstream education is getting more attention when all institutions of higher learning, public and private, are expected to implement the disability inclusion policy. Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) has been supporting the potential of students with disabilities by offering academic programmes. This study examines the policy regarding inclusivity for people/students with disabilities and services provided. Using a qualitative approach, the primary data were obtained through the interviews with the officer of Student Affairs Department (HEP) and three disabled students. Responses were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic approach. HEP was selected since the Department involves with students affairs and provides services for students with disabilities. A focus group discussion was held with the three students, taking different programmes, and having different type of impairments. The study found that: (a) UUM has adopted the PWD Guideline by the Ministry of Education; (b) UUM supports the
The Malaysian government has implemented various economic development programmes since after the ... more The Malaysian government has implemented various economic development programmes since after the independence. The main goal is to increase the overall populations' socio-economic levels which should lead to improved standard of living, well-being and quality of life. Unfortunately, in most cases quality of life is been misinterpreted and been associated with other concepts such as standard of living and well-being. Hence, it is usually believed that when the standard of living of the low income households is improved, their well-being and the quality of life have also improved. This paper is to explore the indicators of quality of life form the perspective of low income households in rural areas and to analyse the achievement of quality of life among them. It is also determine whether improve in economic achievement promotes improved in quality of life. The findings discover that many low income households who participated in the socio-economic development programmes organized ...
Malaysia introduced the Youth Societies and Youth Development Act 2007 (YSYDA 2007) and gazetted ... more Malaysia introduced the Youth Societies and Youth Development Act 2007 (YSYDA 2007) and gazetted it in July 2007. It is an Act to facilitate the development of youth in Malaysia from the aspects of education, research, and human resource. Therefore, this paper examines the efforts of the Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) as a national human rights institution (NHRI), playing an important role in the mainstream efforts to ensure the protection and promotion of youth rights. This paper is a qualitative research paper in which it is more exploratory in nature and possibly leading to the development of concepts and theories. This paper presents the outcome of the historical and interview approaches as to find out how and why SUHAKAM has come to take its present form. In addition, this paper also summarises the efforts and roles played by SUHAKAM, pursuant to the protection of youth rights
Service quality is an essential component of successful organizations as it leads to efficiency a... more Service quality is an essential component of successful organizations as it leads to efficiency and effectiveness in discharging responsibilities thus increasing the level of employee's accountability. In the education sector and to be precise in a school system, teachers as public servants are expected to demonstrate high level commitmentin the teaching and learning process as this enhances quality service delivery towards attaining academic excellence. The paper argued that when there is quality service delivery the level of teacher's commitment will be greater thereby increasing the level of accountability which also leads to accomplishing educational policy goals of ensuring quality educational output. Using quantitative research approach, data was collected from a sample of 194 respondents and analyzed using confirmatory structural equation modeling. The results showed that the hypothesized positive relationship between service quality and educational accountability is ...
Lack of awareness and understanding of youth development law amongst youth and policy makers is q... more Lack of awareness and understanding of youth development law amongst youth and policy makers is quite significant. Among the reasons that have been identified to be the root cause of this weakness is due to the failure or less priority given by the youth societies and related organization which are responsible in providing quality programmes for youth. In light of the above gap, the paper examines youth awareness on youth development law from the perspective of policy makers and youth themselves. This is a social-legal study, which involves two types of data collection; first, interviews with 53 policy makers/management from ministries, youth departments, youth agencies and societies; and result from a survey amongst Malaysian youth amounting to 4703. This study found that a majority of the respondents (the policy makers from ministries, state youth departments, youth societies and agencies) agreed that youth in Malaysia have a very low awareness or knowledge of the law relating to ...
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-No... more This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The latest attempt by the Malaysian government to restructure its water sector has managed to pro... more The latest attempt by the Malaysian government to restructure its water sector has managed to promulgate two important acts, the Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) Act (Act 654) and the Water Services Industry Act (WSIA/Act 655); these also complicate the governing of water services and water resources in the country as they affect the sovereignty of a state's land and water issues. In Malaysia's federated system of governance, water resources are placed fully within the purview of each State's government, as stated in the Waters Act 1920 (Revised 1989), while water services are straddled across the purview of both the State and Federal government (Water Supply Enactment 1955). Any reforms will remain problematic unless further analysis is carried out on the available legislation that directly impacts said reform, particularly the Waters Act and Water Supply Enactment. For example, when the Waters Act stipulates "the entire property in and control of all rivers in any State is vested solely in the Ruler of that State", it is clear that the Federal Government has no authority whatsoever over water resources of any states. The Water Supply Enactment 1955 (adopted by several States) further empowers the state's water supply authorities to supply water to domestic and commercial consumers. Other legislation that has been enacted to govern land and water issues in the country include the Geological Act 1974 on groundwater abstraction and the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (incorporating all amendments up to 1st January 2006) on some aspects of the environmental impact of groundwater abstraction. While these legislations seemed to provide adequate coverage on the governance of groundwater abstraction; treatment, distribution and wastewater management, which form the water supply value chain in the country, are not covered. Similarly, the Sewerage Services Act 1993 covers only wastewater governance issues rather than the whole value chain or process. The fact that upon independence in 1957 the Malaysian constitution accorded separate jurisdiction for the state and federal authorities on land and water issues has given rise to various points of contention when dealing with water policy reform, particularly the role, power and ownership of water resources between the state and the federal governments. In conclusion, the problems observed in Malaysia's water services industry reform are mainly with regard to legislation. In-depth analysis of how the SPAN Act and WSIA impact available legislation and how these legislations can create an integrated water resource management system that works on both Federal and State levels are crucial. It is thus fundamental for legal regimes for water resources to support the legal regimes for water services. Only then, will the Federal government be able to take appropriate steps in restructuring the country's water governance in its entirety. The authors acknowledge the research grant provided by the Ministry of Education Malaysia under the Long Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS) 203/PKT/6726002 and those who have took part and provided us with information for this study. The authors also thank the panel of reviewers who provided us with constructive comments in the preparation of this commentary.
International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2016
This paper examines youth knowledge on the law of youth development in Malaysia. Knowing the law ... more This paper examines youth knowledge on the law of youth development in Malaysia. Knowing the law is an added value to youth because they can assist the government in developing youth programmes and activities. This study is a socio-legal study. A survey has been conducted among youth in Malaysia to investigate their awareness on the law of youth development. 267 youths has responded to the survey. The findings show that about 70% of respondents agree that Malaysia has laws which protect the interest of youth. However, less than 50% of respondents have knowledge that about the Youth Societies and Youth Development Act 2007 which states main policies relating to youth development. The overall finding shows that less than 60% respondents are aware about youth policy. It is suggested that more promotion and activities be initiated to improve awareness concerning law and regulations among youth in Malaysia.
Background: Public's access to safe and quality drinking water is an issue promised to be... more Background: Public's access to safe and quality drinking water is an issue promised to be addressed under the Government Transformation Program in line with its National Water Policy in Malaysia. The quality of drinking water the public expects to be provided is one that is safe, protected, of acceptable standards in compliance with World Health Organisation's standard and affordable. Despite various reforms made over the years, the water sector in the country continues to face problems; mainly due to the lack of investments in maintaining and upgrading existing water infrastructure. Purpose of study: The main objective of this paper is to discuss the use of socioeconomic cost analysis when calculating the cost of water for public's consumption in Malaysia. Sources of evidence: The socioeconomic cost analysis is proposed to be carried out using Roth's 10 Full Cost Recovery (FCR) method covering costs related to operation and maintenance, c apital, resource, social, environmental preventive, and long run margin. The FCR method takes into account public's willingness and affordability to pay as well as the other costs related to water processes. 409 Main argument: The total cost of water, for cons umers or industry, is usually comprised of several elements, such as flat tariffs, block tariffs, subsidies, and volumetric pricing through metering. It is argued that tariffs and prices rarely reflected the true "Full Cost Recovery (FCR) of water, which they are in favour of implementing as a policy. This means that the concept of FCR has to be reconsidered, particularly taking into account the other socio economic factors involved. Conclusion: It is concluded that the FCR method may provide the fair formula in calculating water pricing for the public.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014
This conceptual paper examines the implementations of some of the innovations in governance strat... more This conceptual paper examines the implementations of some of the innovations in governance strategies and its impact in Malaysia. Innovations of governance strategies are divided into technological and non-technological. The technological innovations focused on the implementation of e-government in Malaysia, whilst non-technological innovations are Look East Policy (LEP), reducing bureaucratic red tape and counter service innovations. Factors that determined the success or failure of these implementations are discussed by analysing the current situation from the time the strategy has been implemented.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014
Metagovernance is a concept of governance that is often found in macro management but is often vi... more Metagovernance is a concept of governance that is often found in macro management but is often visible. Government and metagovernance are often associated with one another but the latter is a more defined version of government. The article looks at various efficient ways of metagoverning and views the problems associated with this method of governance. Governance in maintaining the UNESCO World Heritage Site status for the city of George Town is covered as a way where metagovernance is applied.
International Journal of Management Studies (IJMS), 2005
This case study analyses the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of the Feder... more This case study analyses the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of the Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA). The Kedah branch was chosen as the subject of this study. The result of the analysis shows that the management of marketing communication of Kedah FAMA could be further improved. There are several problems faced by Kedah FAMA in managing promotion activities and marketing communication in this state. Problems that have been identified include ineffective marketing communication ...
International Journal of Management Studies (IJMS), 2005
This case study analyses the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of the Feder... more This case study analyses the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of the Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA). The Kedah branch was chosen as the subject of this study. The result of the analysis shows that the management of marketing communication of Kedah FAMA could be further improved. There are several problems faced by Kedah FAMA in managing promotion activities and marketing communication in this state. Problems that have been identified include ineffective marketing communication ...
Social safety Nets (SSNs) are the form of government intervention to assist the “needy” groups in... more Social safety Nets (SSNs) are the form of government intervention to assist the “needy” groups including the single mothers.SSNs should be established as a mechanism that can be used to alleviate poverty, especially among single mothers. However, the barrier that restricts SSNs as mechanism to improve the quality of life for single mothers is a failure of service delivery functions. The single mothers can be empowered through good delivery system of SSNs because it can support their social development. Basically, SSNs is used as short term supporting system to generate independent nature of life and consciousness among women (single mothers).Thus this study aims to explore how the delivery of SSNs services or assistance to single mothers operates and whether SSNs empowered them.
Journal of Public Management Research, Dec 20, 2017
There has been an increased awareness from mass media, employers, educationalists, and researcher... more There has been an increased awareness from mass media, employers, educationalists, and researchers lately on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS), as a prerequisite for the 21st century workforce. HOTS have portrayed a huge industry demand and the major goal of every educational institutions in providing education is to foster problem solving, critical thinking, and innovative skills among the students. Without a doubt, teachers are the most valuable resource accessible to all schools that shoulder the responsibility of molding and shaping students as individuals toward producing modern workforce who are good critical thinkers, creative, competent communicators and good problem solvers. Hence, the purpose of HOTS Training Program is to develop and improve the job-related knowledge, skills, and abilities to enhance teachers' performance and ultimately improve student learning.