Arthur Omari - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Arthur Omari

Smart Grid and Renewable Energy

A thermogravimetric analyzer was used to conduct a kinetic investigation of rice husk pyrolysis. ... more A thermogravimetric analyzer was used to conduct a kinetic investigation of rice husk pyrolysis. The major goal is to investigate the reaction kinetics of rice husk at various heating rates in an inert 99.5 percent nitrogen atmosphere. Kinetics' importance can be explained by the fact that it provides evidence for chemical process mechanisms. Understanding reaction mechanisms can help you figure out the best way to get a reaction to happen. Furthermore, it is of fundamental scientific interest. The samples were heated at different heating rates of 5, 10, 20, and 40 K min −1 from ambient temperature to 973 K. The thermal degradation characteristics and the kinetic parameter were determined. The values show that the activation energy (E a) and pre-exponential factor (A) vary with heating rates and temperature.

Smart Grid and Renewable Energy

A grid connected microgrid connects to the grid at a point of common coupling. Due to the great i... more A grid connected microgrid connects to the grid at a point of common coupling. Due to the great inertia of the grid which accelerates and decelerates the generator when its frequency tends to deviate, the grid connected microgrid operates at a frequency of the infinity bus. Frequency instability is one of the major challenges facing the grid connected microgrid during islanding. The power demand variation causes the variation in rotor speed, resulting to frequency deviation. Frequency can be brought back to standard by varying the power generation to match with the varying load. The performance of the frequency stability control system at Mwenga hydroelectric microgrid has been studied. Through site visitation, the power demand and generation status data were collected and analysed for model preparation. The results of the study indicate that, during islanding, the Mwenga rural electrification project is observed to be subjected to power imbalance which leads to frequency instability. Although the frequency control system tries to keep the system at a nominal frequency by maintaining the continuous balance between generation and varying load demand, however the system still operates with large magnitude of overshoot, undershoot and longer settling time.

Research Article by Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) Vol. ... more Research Article by Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) Vol. 2 Issue 9, September - 2015An estimation of mass and energy balance of an incinerator is an important consideration toward the design and operation of the incineration process. This paper is aimed to study the mass and energy balance of a locally made fixed bed incinerator. The results shows that the total mass rate of 49 kg/h of municipal solid waste and 9.75 kg/h of diesel consumed 458.9 kg/h of air. The incineration process generates 379,287.14 kJ/h with ash and flue gases emissions at a total mass rate of 528.51 kg/h

Journal of Energy Research and Reviews, 2021

Solar can be converted directly into electrical energy by using solar photovoltaic (PV) which con... more Solar can be converted directly into electrical energy by using solar photovoltaic (PV) which convert solar radiation by the photoelectric effect, wind energy can be converted into electrical energy by using alternator coupled with a wind turbine. Solar power system consists of solar panels, solar PV cells and batteries for storing DC energy. Solar energy is available only during the day time whereas wind energy is available throughout the day; it is only depending upon the atmospheric conditions. Wind and solar are complimentary to each other and therefore makes the system more reliable throughout the year. The study at Izazi village, Iringa – Tanzania shows that the available solar energy and wind energy are potential and sufficient for solar-wind hybrid technology. Using the data obtained from NASA for local wind and solar resources for Izazi village Iringa, Tanzania. The simulation using homer analysis software, shows that to reach the minimum cost, the solar PV modules should c...

The characterization of municipal solid waste is important in designing waste management, and was... more The characterization of municipal solid waste is important in designing waste management, and waste to energy systems. This work characterizes the municipal solid waste of Arusha city; the results show that the HHV of municipal solid waste is about 12.42 MJ/kg. Thermo-degradation analysis shows that the municipal solid waste has activation energy ranges between 60 and 70 KJ/mole and preexponential factor ranges between 1.07 x 10 3 to 9.29 x 10 5 (S -1 ). Keywords— characterization, municipal solid waste, energy, incineration

A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Ph... more A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering of the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology

Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2017

ABSTRACT Energy flow analysis and thermal degradation of municipal solid waste was carried out us... more ABSTRACT Energy flow analysis and thermal degradation of municipal solid waste was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry and thermo-gravimetric analyzer at heating rates of 10 K/min, 20 K/min, 30 K/min and 40 K/min in a nitrogen atmosphere and temperatures between 308 K and 1273 K. The activation energy (Ea) is the energy barrier which must be overcome for reaction to occur. Thermal degradation behavior experiments show that the municipal solid waste is less reactive than biomass or coal with activation energy ranging between 205.9 to 260.6kJ/mol. These value are higher than typical wood activation energy which ranges between 50 and 180kJ/mol and coal with a range between 30 and 90 kJ/mol. These value of activation energy can be improved by pretreatment of municipal solid waste. 1 INTRODUCTION The generation of municipal solid waste in cities in developing countries has been in the increase due to city growth. Cities are facing a challenge in solid waste management due to complex composition of waste and poor effective waste handling methods. The challenges include such as difficult of recycling into useful material, poor management of biodegradable waste and inefficient waste management infrstructure (Henry et al., 2006, Kuo et al., 2008). The increase of this wastes may lead to environment degradation if not appropriately managed (Johari et al., 2012). Waste to energy options are better way in managing waste and solving the energy crisis. Cities from developing countries are facing energy crisis where as solutions to waste handling could contribute to availability of energy. Recovery of energy from waste is a problem due to diverse nature of thermal characteristics of the waste (Belgiorno et al., 2003). Some of the thermal characteristics in mention include calorific values, chemical composition, thermal degradation behavior and chemical kinetics. This work contribute to availing the same and compare these with those from biomass and sub-bituminous coal.

This paper presents the study of municipal solid waste (MSW) as a potential source of renewable e... more This paper presents the study of municipal solid waste (MSW) as a potential source of renewable energy in Arusha city. The city of Arusha annual average MSW generated was estimated at 43,772 tonnes. Characterization revealed the main components of MSW to compose of biomass materials such as food, paper and wood waste. Based on the characteristics of the MSW, evaluation was conducted to determine energy potential that would be recovered. Results from proximate analysis of MSW samples showed average calorific value of about 12MJ/kg which indicate annual energy potential of 128.9 GWh. Results indicate there is a substantial energy potential to recover from MSW the largest share being renewable energy. The composition of waste from developing and developed countries was further compared with that of Arusha city. Results indicated that in developing countries characteristics of MSW is mainly composed of food waste as was the case of Arusha city.

International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 2015

The study analysed the strength of selected aluminosilicate soils for possibility of use in brick... more The study analysed the strength of selected aluminosilicate soils for possibility of use in brick manufacturing. The soil samples included in the analysis were from River Natron, Lake Natron, Oldoinyo Lengai, Mto wa Mbu, Lokii and Kisongo. Similarly, trona was used as a catalyst while Holili and Uchira blocks were for comparative strength analysis. The analysis showed that the compressed aluminosilicate bricks are viable option for use as construction material. The achieved compression strength is enough for construction of building blocks for unsheltered single storey houses in low wind areas. The bricks have shown increasing compression strength character with time, within the 7 to 90 days of investigation at room temperature. There exists a good correlation between the maximum compressive strength and the maximum amount of combined aluminosilicates. The higher the amounts of silica and alumina produced a better strength. Comparable results are demonstrated by the composition of U...

An estimation of mass and energy balance of an incinerator is an important consideration toward t... more An estimation of mass and energy balance of an incinerator is an important consideration toward the design and operation of the incineration process. This paper is aimed to study the mass and energy balance of a locally made fixed bed incinerator. The results shows that the total mass rate of 49 kg/h of municipal solid waste and 9.75 kg/h of diesel consumed 458.9 kg/h of air. The incineration process generates 379,287.14 kJ/h with ash and flue gases emissions at a total mass rate of 528.51 kg/h. Keywords—component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words)

Journal of Engineering Research and Reports

In this study, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique was used to develop a model for the... more In this study, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique was used to develop a model for the simulation and flow conditions of the incinerator. The CFD technique are based on subdividing the volume of interest, i.e., the combustion chamber (or other parts of the plant) into a grid of elementary volumes. The relevant equations of conservation (mass, momentum, energy) are then applied to each of those elements, after defining all inputs, outputs and boundary conditions. The resulting system is then integrated from start to finish, after introducing momentum, mass and heat transfer. The objective of the study was to evaluate and optimize the performance of locally available incinerators in Tanzania. The small scale municipal solid waste incinerator modelling was done by using a fluent solver. The case study of the existing incinerator at a Bagamoyo hospital in Tanzania was used as a model and the obtained values were compared with simulated results and other publications for valid...

International Journal of Engineering Research and

Journal of Energy Research and Reviews

Waste resulting from economic activities has been an integral part of every human society. Effect... more Waste resulting from economic activities has been an integral part of every human society. Effective waste management is considered to be consistent with improved quality of life through removal of potential hazards of uncontrolled disposal. Recent years has witnessed a number of sustainable energy recovery technologies developed to divert solid waste destined for landfills. Waste management is a global problem and therefore development of energy recovery technologies and at the same time serving dual purpose in its reduction has become a priority in recent years. The present study reports kinetics properties and thermal behavior of pine sawdust and municipal solid waste (MSW) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thus providing theoretical basis for development of energy recovery technologies. Results of this study have shown that the activation energy of both MSW and pine sawdust varies with temperature. The analysis of pine sawdust shows that it has activation energy (Ea) val...

Alternative Technologies, 2016

A study of energy recovery from municipal solid waste was undertaken. The energy content of the s... more A study of energy recovery from municipal solid waste was undertaken. The energy content of the solid waste is 12MJ/kg. The elemental composition shows that the municipal solid waste contains 50% and 5% of carbon and hydrogen respectively. The energy flow (exothermic and endothermic) and thermal degradation analysis were carried out using differential scanning calorimetry and thermo-gravimetric analyser respectively. Experiments were performed at heating rate of 10 K/min, 20 K/min, 30 K/min and 40 K/min in the nitrogen atmosphere at temperature between room temperature and 1273 K. The thermal degradation kinetic parameters values of activation energy (E a) ranged from 205.9 to 260.6kJ/mol. It has been observed that municipal solid waste is less reactive to combustion as compared to coal and biomass, but its reactivity can be improved through pre-treating process so as to reduce noncombustible materials such as oxygen and ash content. Also pyrolysis and gasification can be used to convert MSW to liquid or gaseous fuel.

In the process of cement production a lot of CO 2 is produced, this leads to environmental pollut... more In the process of cement production a lot of CO 2 is produced, this leads to environmental pollution and contribute to global warming and depletion of ozone layer.Geopolymers are among alternativematerials that are examinedfor the purpose ofreducing the production ofcement for brick manufacturing. Aluminum and silicon-containing compound (aluminosilicate), most likely geological in origin, could react in a polymerization process with an alkaline solution at ambient conditions to create a geopolymer material. Geopolymer technology has the potential to reduce CO 2 emission by 80%, because high temperature calcining applied in cement production is not needed. The primary objective of this study wasto analyse soil samples for development of geopolymer materials suitable for manufacturing construction bricks.Different soil samples were collected from different areas in Arusha. Laboratory analysis was done to identify the physical and chemical properties. Arusha soils have shown better pr...

The study analysed the strength of selected aluminosilicate soils for possibility of use in brick... more The study analysed the strength of selected aluminosilicate soils for possibility of use in brick manufacturing. The soil samples included in the analysis were from River Natron, Lake Natron, Oldoinyo Lengai, Mto wa Mbu, Lokii and Kisongo. Similarly, trona was used as a catalyst while Holili and Uchira blocks were for comparative strength analysis. The analysis showed that the compressed aluminosilicate bricks are viable option for use as construction material. The achieved compression strength is enough for construction of building blocks for unsheltered single storey houses in low wind areas. The bricks have shown increasing compression strength character with time, within the 7 to 90 days of investigation at room temperature. There exists a good correlation between the maximum compressive strength and the maximum amount of combined aluminosilicates. The higher the amounts of silica and alumina produced a better strength. Comparable results are demonstrated by the composition of U...

DESCRIPTION This is the Standard operating procedure for measuring emissions from fixed bed incin... more DESCRIPTION This is the Standard operating procedure for measuring emissions from fixed bed incinerator located at Bagamoyo district Tanzania

Smart Grid and Renewable Energy

A thermogravimetric analyzer was used to conduct a kinetic investigation of rice husk pyrolysis. ... more A thermogravimetric analyzer was used to conduct a kinetic investigation of rice husk pyrolysis. The major goal is to investigate the reaction kinetics of rice husk at various heating rates in an inert 99.5 percent nitrogen atmosphere. Kinetics' importance can be explained by the fact that it provides evidence for chemical process mechanisms. Understanding reaction mechanisms can help you figure out the best way to get a reaction to happen. Furthermore, it is of fundamental scientific interest. The samples were heated at different heating rates of 5, 10, 20, and 40 K min −1 from ambient temperature to 973 K. The thermal degradation characteristics and the kinetic parameter were determined. The values show that the activation energy (E a) and pre-exponential factor (A) vary with heating rates and temperature.

Smart Grid and Renewable Energy

A grid connected microgrid connects to the grid at a point of common coupling. Due to the great i... more A grid connected microgrid connects to the grid at a point of common coupling. Due to the great inertia of the grid which accelerates and decelerates the generator when its frequency tends to deviate, the grid connected microgrid operates at a frequency of the infinity bus. Frequency instability is one of the major challenges facing the grid connected microgrid during islanding. The power demand variation causes the variation in rotor speed, resulting to frequency deviation. Frequency can be brought back to standard by varying the power generation to match with the varying load. The performance of the frequency stability control system at Mwenga hydroelectric microgrid has been studied. Through site visitation, the power demand and generation status data were collected and analysed for model preparation. The results of the study indicate that, during islanding, the Mwenga rural electrification project is observed to be subjected to power imbalance which leads to frequency instability. Although the frequency control system tries to keep the system at a nominal frequency by maintaining the continuous balance between generation and varying load demand, however the system still operates with large magnitude of overshoot, undershoot and longer settling time.

Research Article by Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) Vol. ... more Research Article by Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) Vol. 2 Issue 9, September - 2015An estimation of mass and energy balance of an incinerator is an important consideration toward the design and operation of the incineration process. This paper is aimed to study the mass and energy balance of a locally made fixed bed incinerator. The results shows that the total mass rate of 49 kg/h of municipal solid waste and 9.75 kg/h of diesel consumed 458.9 kg/h of air. The incineration process generates 379,287.14 kJ/h with ash and flue gases emissions at a total mass rate of 528.51 kg/h

Journal of Energy Research and Reviews, 2021

Solar can be converted directly into electrical energy by using solar photovoltaic (PV) which con... more Solar can be converted directly into electrical energy by using solar photovoltaic (PV) which convert solar radiation by the photoelectric effect, wind energy can be converted into electrical energy by using alternator coupled with a wind turbine. Solar power system consists of solar panels, solar PV cells and batteries for storing DC energy. Solar energy is available only during the day time whereas wind energy is available throughout the day; it is only depending upon the atmospheric conditions. Wind and solar are complimentary to each other and therefore makes the system more reliable throughout the year. The study at Izazi village, Iringa – Tanzania shows that the available solar energy and wind energy are potential and sufficient for solar-wind hybrid technology. Using the data obtained from NASA for local wind and solar resources for Izazi village Iringa, Tanzania. The simulation using homer analysis software, shows that to reach the minimum cost, the solar PV modules should c...

The characterization of municipal solid waste is important in designing waste management, and was... more The characterization of municipal solid waste is important in designing waste management, and waste to energy systems. This work characterizes the municipal solid waste of Arusha city; the results show that the HHV of municipal solid waste is about 12.42 MJ/kg. Thermo-degradation analysis shows that the municipal solid waste has activation energy ranges between 60 and 70 KJ/mole and preexponential factor ranges between 1.07 x 10 3 to 9.29 x 10 5 (S -1 ). Keywords— characterization, municipal solid waste, energy, incineration

A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Ph... more A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering of the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology

Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2017

ABSTRACT Energy flow analysis and thermal degradation of municipal solid waste was carried out us... more ABSTRACT Energy flow analysis and thermal degradation of municipal solid waste was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry and thermo-gravimetric analyzer at heating rates of 10 K/min, 20 K/min, 30 K/min and 40 K/min in a nitrogen atmosphere and temperatures between 308 K and 1273 K. The activation energy (Ea) is the energy barrier which must be overcome for reaction to occur. Thermal degradation behavior experiments show that the municipal solid waste is less reactive than biomass or coal with activation energy ranging between 205.9 to 260.6kJ/mol. These value are higher than typical wood activation energy which ranges between 50 and 180kJ/mol and coal with a range between 30 and 90 kJ/mol. These value of activation energy can be improved by pretreatment of municipal solid waste. 1 INTRODUCTION The generation of municipal solid waste in cities in developing countries has been in the increase due to city growth. Cities are facing a challenge in solid waste management due to complex composition of waste and poor effective waste handling methods. The challenges include such as difficult of recycling into useful material, poor management of biodegradable waste and inefficient waste management infrstructure (Henry et al., 2006, Kuo et al., 2008). The increase of this wastes may lead to environment degradation if not appropriately managed (Johari et al., 2012). Waste to energy options are better way in managing waste and solving the energy crisis. Cities from developing countries are facing energy crisis where as solutions to waste handling could contribute to availability of energy. Recovery of energy from waste is a problem due to diverse nature of thermal characteristics of the waste (Belgiorno et al., 2003). Some of the thermal characteristics in mention include calorific values, chemical composition, thermal degradation behavior and chemical kinetics. This work contribute to availing the same and compare these with those from biomass and sub-bituminous coal.

This paper presents the study of municipal solid waste (MSW) as a potential source of renewable e... more This paper presents the study of municipal solid waste (MSW) as a potential source of renewable energy in Arusha city. The city of Arusha annual average MSW generated was estimated at 43,772 tonnes. Characterization revealed the main components of MSW to compose of biomass materials such as food, paper and wood waste. Based on the characteristics of the MSW, evaluation was conducted to determine energy potential that would be recovered. Results from proximate analysis of MSW samples showed average calorific value of about 12MJ/kg which indicate annual energy potential of 128.9 GWh. Results indicate there is a substantial energy potential to recover from MSW the largest share being renewable energy. The composition of waste from developing and developed countries was further compared with that of Arusha city. Results indicated that in developing countries characteristics of MSW is mainly composed of food waste as was the case of Arusha city.

International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 2015

The study analysed the strength of selected aluminosilicate soils for possibility of use in brick... more The study analysed the strength of selected aluminosilicate soils for possibility of use in brick manufacturing. The soil samples included in the analysis were from River Natron, Lake Natron, Oldoinyo Lengai, Mto wa Mbu, Lokii and Kisongo. Similarly, trona was used as a catalyst while Holili and Uchira blocks were for comparative strength analysis. The analysis showed that the compressed aluminosilicate bricks are viable option for use as construction material. The achieved compression strength is enough for construction of building blocks for unsheltered single storey houses in low wind areas. The bricks have shown increasing compression strength character with time, within the 7 to 90 days of investigation at room temperature. There exists a good correlation between the maximum compressive strength and the maximum amount of combined aluminosilicates. The higher the amounts of silica and alumina produced a better strength. Comparable results are demonstrated by the composition of U...

An estimation of mass and energy balance of an incinerator is an important consideration toward t... more An estimation of mass and energy balance of an incinerator is an important consideration toward the design and operation of the incineration process. This paper is aimed to study the mass and energy balance of a locally made fixed bed incinerator. The results shows that the total mass rate of 49 kg/h of municipal solid waste and 9.75 kg/h of diesel consumed 458.9 kg/h of air. The incineration process generates 379,287.14 kJ/h with ash and flue gases emissions at a total mass rate of 528.51 kg/h. Keywords—component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words)

Journal of Engineering Research and Reports

In this study, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique was used to develop a model for the... more In this study, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique was used to develop a model for the simulation and flow conditions of the incinerator. The CFD technique are based on subdividing the volume of interest, i.e., the combustion chamber (or other parts of the plant) into a grid of elementary volumes. The relevant equations of conservation (mass, momentum, energy) are then applied to each of those elements, after defining all inputs, outputs and boundary conditions. The resulting system is then integrated from start to finish, after introducing momentum, mass and heat transfer. The objective of the study was to evaluate and optimize the performance of locally available incinerators in Tanzania. The small scale municipal solid waste incinerator modelling was done by using a fluent solver. The case study of the existing incinerator at a Bagamoyo hospital in Tanzania was used as a model and the obtained values were compared with simulated results and other publications for valid...

International Journal of Engineering Research and

Journal of Energy Research and Reviews

Waste resulting from economic activities has been an integral part of every human society. Effect... more Waste resulting from economic activities has been an integral part of every human society. Effective waste management is considered to be consistent with improved quality of life through removal of potential hazards of uncontrolled disposal. Recent years has witnessed a number of sustainable energy recovery technologies developed to divert solid waste destined for landfills. Waste management is a global problem and therefore development of energy recovery technologies and at the same time serving dual purpose in its reduction has become a priority in recent years. The present study reports kinetics properties and thermal behavior of pine sawdust and municipal solid waste (MSW) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thus providing theoretical basis for development of energy recovery technologies. Results of this study have shown that the activation energy of both MSW and pine sawdust varies with temperature. The analysis of pine sawdust shows that it has activation energy (Ea) val...

Alternative Technologies, 2016

A study of energy recovery from municipal solid waste was undertaken. The energy content of the s... more A study of energy recovery from municipal solid waste was undertaken. The energy content of the solid waste is 12MJ/kg. The elemental composition shows that the municipal solid waste contains 50% and 5% of carbon and hydrogen respectively. The energy flow (exothermic and endothermic) and thermal degradation analysis were carried out using differential scanning calorimetry and thermo-gravimetric analyser respectively. Experiments were performed at heating rate of 10 K/min, 20 K/min, 30 K/min and 40 K/min in the nitrogen atmosphere at temperature between room temperature and 1273 K. The thermal degradation kinetic parameters values of activation energy (E a) ranged from 205.9 to 260.6kJ/mol. It has been observed that municipal solid waste is less reactive to combustion as compared to coal and biomass, but its reactivity can be improved through pre-treating process so as to reduce noncombustible materials such as oxygen and ash content. Also pyrolysis and gasification can be used to convert MSW to liquid or gaseous fuel.

In the process of cement production a lot of CO 2 is produced, this leads to environmental pollut... more In the process of cement production a lot of CO 2 is produced, this leads to environmental pollution and contribute to global warming and depletion of ozone layer.Geopolymers are among alternativematerials that are examinedfor the purpose ofreducing the production ofcement for brick manufacturing. Aluminum and silicon-containing compound (aluminosilicate), most likely geological in origin, could react in a polymerization process with an alkaline solution at ambient conditions to create a geopolymer material. Geopolymer technology has the potential to reduce CO 2 emission by 80%, because high temperature calcining applied in cement production is not needed. The primary objective of this study wasto analyse soil samples for development of geopolymer materials suitable for manufacturing construction bricks.Different soil samples were collected from different areas in Arusha. Laboratory analysis was done to identify the physical and chemical properties. Arusha soils have shown better pr...

The study analysed the strength of selected aluminosilicate soils for possibility of use in brick... more The study analysed the strength of selected aluminosilicate soils for possibility of use in brick manufacturing. The soil samples included in the analysis were from River Natron, Lake Natron, Oldoinyo Lengai, Mto wa Mbu, Lokii and Kisongo. Similarly, trona was used as a catalyst while Holili and Uchira blocks were for comparative strength analysis. The analysis showed that the compressed aluminosilicate bricks are viable option for use as construction material. The achieved compression strength is enough for construction of building blocks for unsheltered single storey houses in low wind areas. The bricks have shown increasing compression strength character with time, within the 7 to 90 days of investigation at room temperature. There exists a good correlation between the maximum compressive strength and the maximum amount of combined aluminosilicates. The higher the amounts of silica and alumina produced a better strength. Comparable results are demonstrated by the composition of U...

DESCRIPTION This is the Standard operating procedure for measuring emissions from fixed bed incin... more DESCRIPTION This is the Standard operating procedure for measuring emissions from fixed bed incinerator located at Bagamoyo district Tanzania