Aziz Ahmed - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Aziz Ahmed

Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 2016

Plants are rich source of medicinally important compounds such as phenolics compounds and flavano... more Plants are rich source of medicinally important compounds such as phenolics compounds and flavanoid used as antioxidant and have chemo-preventive role against the risk of oxidative stress-related diseases. Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. ( Asteraceae ) have medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, anticancer, immunomodulatory and pesticidal activities. Phytochemical investigation was carried out with hexane, chloroform, methanol and ethanol extract. six extracting solvents, methanol, ethanol, aqueous methanol (80% v/v), aqueous ethanol (80% v/v), aqueous methanol (70% v/v) and aqueous ethanol (70% v/v) were applied for their efficacy to extract antioxidants from air-dried, sun-dried and oven-dried roots of Saussurea costus. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the extracting ability of each of the solvents. The aqueous solvents were found superior in their ability to extract the antioxidants and aqueous ethanol was re...

Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2020

© 2020 This paper investigates the net section tension strength of bolted connections in ultra-hi... more © 2020 This paper investigates the net section tension strength of bolted connections in ultra-high strength sheet steel (yield stress greater than 1000 MPa) under various fire scenarios through laboratory testing. The specimens are tested at room (ambient) temperature and elevated temperatures up to 700 °C, and are subjected to air or water cooling from temperatures as high as 1000 °C. The degradations of the tensile strength at elevated temperatures are much more severe than design code predictions. Substantial recovery of the tensile strength is feasible using water cooling if the steel has been exposed to 1000 °C, by almost 90%. Based on finite element analyses incorporating tensile fracture simulation, the paper determines that elongation at fracture is the most relevant parameter of material ductility for a structural steel connection. Tension fractures in very low ductility materials tend to be inclined to the loading direction of the bolted connection. This paper also examines the alternative formulae for determining the net section tension strength of a stagger bolted connection. Their accuracy is verified through the use of a certain geometry, which eliminates any potential errors due to the use of incorrect material tensile strength in the calculations. Cochrane's original formula is confirmed to be significantly more accurate than the simplified version used in the literature and some design codes, for the tested specimens.

Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 2019

Context: Cells are protected from cellular harm by antioxidant compounds. These compounds secure ... more Context: Cells are protected from cellular harm by antioxidant compounds. These compounds secure cells from h Cells are protected from cellular harm by antioxidant compounds. These compounds secure cells from harmful free radicals which initiated oxidative stretch. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell (Schropulariaceae) have medicinal properties, such as sedative, tranquilizing, antioxidant and memory-enhancing effects. Objective: To determine the total phenolic content and concentrations of flavonoids and also in vitro antioxidant activity in methanol extract of shoot culture from leaves explants of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell supplemented with various combinations of auxin and cytokinin hormone. Material and method: Murashige and Skoog (MS) media was selected for the experiment and different concentration of auxin and cytokinin were added in media. Leaves explants were inoculated on media for callus initiation. Indirect shoot formation occurred on calli of leaf explants after subculture. Total phenolic, flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity and ferric reducing power of the shoot cultures are quantitatively estimated by UV spectroscopy. Result: The highest content of total phenolics (3.14g/100g d.w.) and flavonoids (0.565 g/100g d.w.) were obtained in shoots regenerated on the MS medium supplemented with BA (2mg/lit) and IAA (1mg/lit). Shoot culture on MS medium supplemented with BA (2mg/lit) and IAA (1mg/lit) showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (85.31%), highest H2O2 scavenging activity (75.31%) and highest ferric reducing power (25.3µg/g). Discussion and conclusion: Excellent in vitro antioxidant activity was given by extract of Shoot culture on MS medium supplemented with BA (2mg/lit) and IAA (1mg/lit). So they can be used as natural antioxidants after isolation and purification.

International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2019

Objectives: Quantitative analysis of callus biomass, total phenolic and flavonoid content and det... more Objectives: Quantitative analysis of callus biomass, total phenolic and flavonoid content and determination of antioxidant activity were performed in leaves calli of Achyranthes aspera L. supplemented with various combinations of auxin and cytokinin hormone. Material and method: Leaves calli with different concentrations and combination of auxins and cytokinins like 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) were initiated. During the maintenance of the calli, the sub-culturing was routinely done after every three week. The 60 days old callus was used to preparation of extracts. Result and conclusion: Maximum callus biomass was observed in leaves calli supplemented with 2,4-D (2.1 mg/l) + BAP (0.5mg/l). Highest total phenolics and flavonoids content were reported in leaves calli on the MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (1.5 mg/l) + IAA (0.5mg/l). Highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (85.31%), H2O2 scavenging activity (75.31%) and ferric reducing power (25.3µg/g) were observed in calli supplemented with 2,4-D (1.5 mg/l) + IAA (0.5mg/l). Excellent in vitro antioxidant activity was given by extract of callus culture on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (1.5 mg/l) + IAA (0.5mg/l). So they can be used as natural antioxidants after isolation and purification.

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 2019

Herbs have been utilized as restorative medicines since the start of development and a few subsid... more Herbs have been utilized as restorative medicines since the start of development and a few subsidiaries (eg, headache medicine, reserpine, and digitalis) have moved toward becoming pillars of human pharmacotherapy. For cardiovascular ailments, natural medications have been utilized in patients with congestive heart disappointment, systolic hypertension, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, cerebral deficiency, venous inadequacy, and arrhythmia. Be that as it may, numerous home grown cures utilized today have not experienced cautious logical appraisal, and some can possibly make genuine lethal impacts and real medication tranquilize communications. With the high commonness of home grown use in the United States today, clinicians must ask about such wellbeing rehearses for cardiovascular ailment and be educated about the potential for advantage and mischief. Proceeding with research is important to clarify the pharmacological exercises of the numerous home grown cures currently being utilized to treat cardiovascular sicknesses. Since the start of human progress, herbs have been a necessary piece of society, esteemed for both their culinary and restorative properties. Natural medication has made numerous commitments to business tranquilize arrangements fabricated today including ephedrine from Ephedra sinica (mama huang), digitoxin from Digitalis purpurea (foxglove), salicin (the wellspring of ibuprofen) from Salix Alba (willow bark), and reserpine from Rauwolfia serpentina (snakeroot), to give some examples. A normally happening β-adrenergic blocking operator with halfway agonism has been distinguished in a home grown remedy. The ongoing disclosure of the antineoplastic medication paclitaxel from Taxus brevifolia (pacific yew tree) focuses on the job of plants as a proceeding with asset for current drug.

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 2019

This paper investigates the effect of bolt threads on the initial stiffness of double-shear bolte... more This paper investigates the effect of bolt threads on the initial stiffness of double-shear bolted connections through experimental tests and numerical analyses. Eight specimens composed of 4.7 mm and 8 mm thick structural steel plates with a bolt diameter of 20 mm having varying end distances are studied. The present finite element analysis demonstrates that, as the threads cut into the connected plate, they reduce the initial stiffness of the bolted connection, which is the reason why many finite element models in the literature could not reasonably match the load-displacement curves of tested bolted connection specimens. Comparisons against alternative models are presented, and the model incorporating bolt threads are found to be best able to mimic the actual load-displacement response up to the ultimate load.

Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2019

Non-structural components contribute significantly to the lateral stiffness of a cold-formed stee... more Non-structural components contribute significantly to the lateral stiffness of a cold-formed steel (CFS) building structure, but are cumbersome to model explicitly in the structural analysis. They are therefore commonly ignored in a 3D structural analysis, and their benefits are lost to the design. This paper proposes an efficient modelling method that enables practical and accurate 3D elastic analysis of a multistorey CFS building structure to study its lateral behaviour within the serviceability limit state. Each shear or gravity wall is represented by an equivalent shear modulus four-node orthotropic shell element, which incorporates the lateral stiffness (or flexibility) contributions of all components including sheathing, braces and fasteners as present in the wall. The equivalent shear modulus is determined from the experimental test of a representative wall panel, or from the analysis of a finely detailed finite element model of the panel. The resulting two-storey building model, which has much fewer degrees of freedom compared to conventional models, is verified against full-scale shake table test results with respect to the natural period, the peak storey drift and the peak floor acceleration at two different construction phases. This paper demonstrates that the proposed modelling method not only saves analysis time considerably through the drastic reduction of degrees of freedom, but also compares favourably against a published modelling method in terms of accuracy and modelling efforts.

Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2019

This paper investigates the effects of bolt threads on the initial and final stiffnesses of doubl... more This paper investigates the effects of bolt threads on the initial and final stiffnesses of double-shear bolted connections through laboratory tests and finite element (FE) analyses. Nineteen specimens composed of 4.7 mm and 8.0 mm thick structural steel plates with bolt diameters of 20 mm and 30 mm having varying end distances are studied. The investigation, which involves shank and thread bolted connections, has found that the threads reduce the initial stiffness but increase the final stiffness. The FE analysis shows that the reduction in the initial stiffness is due to the bolt threads cutting into the connected plate, increasing the initial displacement. However, the same factor moderates the softening behaviour of a thread bolted connection as it approaches its ultimate capacity. The FE simulation shows that in certain cases this newly discovered phenomenon is caused by the threads restraining the crimpling of the plate material downstream of it. The present modelling technique significantly improves the simulation results of bolted connections tested by independent researchers, compared to their own modelling techniques including that which attempts to simulate the thread effects by reducing the diameter of the bolt model. The "elastic" stiffness values obtained from the present laboratory tests are compared against the Eurocode's provision based on the ASTM definition, and ad hoc stiffness formulae are proposed for shank and thread bolted connections.

Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2019

This paper investigates the behaviour and strength of structural steel bolted connections whose f... more This paper investigates the behaviour and strength of structural steel bolted connections whose failure modes involve shear yielding and/or fracture. Such failure modes include the shear-out (or tearout) and the block shear failure modes. The use of shear failure planes corresponding to the bolt diameter is shown to result in significant overestimations of the ultimate capacities for bolted connections with reduced or no hole clearance. In contrast, the use of the effective (or active) shear planes are consistently accurate for the specimens with standard, oversize or no clearance bolt holes. The paper points out that the location of fracture initiation can be easily misidentified by a superficial inspection of the deformed and fractured state of the bolt hole. The paper also explains that the ultimate shear-out capacity of a steel bolted connection can be reached without fracture due to geometric changes downstream of the bolt, provided the reduction in resistance is not offset by strain hardening. The explanation is demonstrated through a finite element analysis that does not simulate fracture, but is able to accurately determine the ultimate shear-out capacity of a high-strength steel specimen tested by independent researchers.

Discovery Phytomedicine, 2016

Calotropis gigantea Linn is a well known medicinal herb commonly known as milk weed and has been ... more Calotropis gigantea Linn is a well known medicinal herb commonly known as milk weed and has been used in Unani, Ayurveda and Siddha system of medicine for years. It is a native of India, China and Malaysia and it is distributed in almost all over world. All parts of the plant have been used as medicine as well as an important ingredient in a number of Unani formulations used for the treatment of various ailments. In classical Unani literature it is mentioned to have anthelmintic, appetizer, anti flatulence, astringent, tonic, expectorant, emetic, diaphoretic, anti inflammatory, sedative, wound healer, antidote and digestive properties and used in asthma, stomach ache, cholera, amenorrhea and toothache. Phytochemical constituents include giganteol, α and β calotropeol, β-amyrin, giganteol and isogiganteol etc. Calotropis gigantea has been reported for its anti asthmatic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, wound healing, antiinflammatory, antidiarrhoeal, hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic activities. In this manuscript the articles published from 2004-2016 were reviewed. Well known scientific search engines viz. Pub med, Medline, Google scholar, and Science Direct were used to retrieve online literature. All referred studies published in peer reviewed indexed journals were included. For Unani literature classical text and manuscripts were referred.

McGuire Woods LLP A new method for making pulp out of agricultural residue Suite 1800 includes ha... more McGuire Woods LLP A new method for making pulp out of agricultural residue Suite 1800 includes harvesting certain portion of plant Stalk. The har 1750 Tysons Boulevard Vested plant Stalk is bailed, transported and Stored. At the McLean, VA 22102 (US) mill, the plant Stalk is chopped and goes through pulping process. The pulp is used to make varieties of papers with or (21) Appl. No.: 10/463,346 without blending other wood based pulp.

As a part of the National Fire Plan, the USDA Forest Service is conducting research to reduce the... more As a part of the National Fire Plan, the USDA Forest Service is conducting research to reduce the severity of forest fires through effective utilization of low-or no-value logging residues and forest thinnings. This report explores the effect of pro cessing on the physical properties of the fibrous material and flat fiberboard panels made from small-diameter lodgepole pine treetops processed with the bark. Delimbed treetops were chipped and fiberized with water using commercial equipment, di gested with hot water and/or small amounts of chemical additives, refined in a disk refiner, and hot-pressed to make flat panels. To observe only the effects of water and additives on fiber bonding, adhesive resin was not used. We evaluated the effects of processing variables (digester temperature, refining level, and sodium hydroxide content) on fiber length, freeness, fines content, and shive content. Fiber quality was related to mechanical properties of the flat panels. The mechanical properties of the resinfree fiberboard surpassed the minimum standards for commercial hardboard. We conclude that small-diameter lodgepole pine treetops with bark are well-suited for the production of structural boards. This research is part of a larger program for developing three-dimensional geometries for engineered fiberboard products. The forest floor of many National and private forests in the Western United States is covered by large amounts of densely packed small-diameter material and dry residue from harvesting or thinning operations (Fig. 1). This material has accumulated because it has low, no, or even negative value for products given current processing or utilization technology. The dry or semiarid conditions in the West cause the material to decompose slowly, increasing the fuel load for forest fires. After decades of effective forest fire prevention and an accu mulation of forest biomass, forest fires have become an in creasing hazard (USDA Forest Serv. 2004). The private sector could be an outlet for this material and could reduce the fuel load if there were economical processes that could handle this material and produce value-added products. This paper discusses the effects of processing variables on the properties of fiber made from lodgepole pine treetops and the relationship of fiber properties to fiberboard panel prop erties. The goal is to develop a simple and economic means to reduce forest residue into a bondable fibrous material for use in three-dimensional engineered fiberboard structural appli cations.

Advances in Environmental Biology

Participatory oriented actions were taken in district Tharparkar to combat desertification effect... more Participatory oriented actions were taken in district Tharparkar to combat desertification effects through conservation of Commiphora wightii, an endangered medicinal plant and protection of local biodiversity. Synergies of various stakeholders at different levels were integrated to strengthen local ecosystem conservation project in Nagarparkar area of district Tharparkar. Indigenous communities were actively involved in in-situ Commiphora wightii proliferation, plantation and awareness raising activities. In addition, local community groups played key role in wildlife protection measures. Optimistic results were achieved in conservation activities such as exemplary participation of green guards – group ofnative motivated individuals, developed a better relationship and coordination with public, private departments and organizations to promote sustainable use of local natural resources and plantation of 4250 Commiphora wightii (three and half months old) were carried out through veg...

Pakistan Journal of Botany

The study was carried out to assess the virulence of 4 local and 3 exotic entomopathogenic fungal... more The study was carried out to assess the virulence of 4 local and 3 exotic entomopathogenic fungal strains against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) under laboratory and screen house conditions. According to LC50 and LT50 values, four strains viz., Lecanicillium lecanii (PDRL922), Paecilomyces lilacinus (PDRL812), Beauveria bassiana (PDRL1187) and Metarhizium anisopliae (PDRL526) are found to be effective against the mustard aphid. The strain PDRL711 of M. anisopliae was found less effective, whereas, strains PDRL738 of M. anisopliae and PDRL1029 of L. lecanii were found avirulent. Based on the lab bioassays, each entomopathogenic fungal strain was used @ 10 7 c.f.u. ml -1 to evaluate its efficacy against mustard aphid infestation on canola plants under screen house conditions. Data showed a non-significant reduction in efficacy of different strains under screen house conditions as compared to lab bioassays. Strain PDRL922 reduced its efficacy from 98 to 83%, strain PDRL812 from...

Leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Callistemon viminalis on hydrodistilation, gave 1.40 % and... more Leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Callistemon viminalis on hydrodistilation, gave 1.40 % and 0.80% w/w an oil dried weight basis, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the oils resulted in the identification of 18 and 7 constituents, repectively, representing 99.31% and 98.07%, respectively, of the oil. γ-terpinene (71.36%) and o-cymene (17.63%) were the major components of E. camaldulensis. While 1,8-cineole (61.51%) and α-pinene (21.53%) were the major components of C. viminalis. From the results; E. camaldulensis and C. viminalis leaf oils from Malaysia have great potential and can be utilized as cheap sources for the commercial isolation of γ-terpinene and 1,8-cineole.

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 2010

Toxoplasma gondii infection has been diagnosed in pigs all over the world. Economical losses are ... more Toxoplasma gondii infection has been diagnosed in pigs all over the world. Economical losses are generally related to reproductive disorders. Toxoplasma infection is also a matter of public health because tissue cysts of the parasite may remain in pork and pork products, and become sources of human infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma infection in certified and non-certified pig breeding farms in the Toledo microregion, in the State of Paraná, Brazil which includes the cities of Toledo, Nova Santa Rosa, Sao José das Palmeiras and Sao Pedro do Iguaçu. Relative frequency of infection was 13.4%, independently of the type of farm. Logistic regression analysis showed that the following factors were associated with infection: absence of workers exclusive for each area of the farm, access of other animals to feeders and drinkers, lack of lids in drinkers, lack of rodent control measures, mean piglet number and weig...

Virology Journal, 2011

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of chronic hepatitis worldwide and its subtypes/geno... more Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of chronic hepatitis worldwide and its subtypes/genotypes are clinically important for clinical management and vaccine development. The present study describes frequency distribution of different HCV genotypes and their treatment status in HCV RNA positive patients from district Swat. A total of 185 HCV infected sera were analyzed by molecular genotyping assay. The most prevalent genotype was 3a (34.1%), followed by 2a (8.1%), 3b (7%) and 1a (5.4%). The samples found untypable by the present method of genotypes was 37.8% while, patients with mixed genotype infections were 7.6%. More than 80% of untypable cases were from those HCV patients who had received interferon plus ribavirin standard therapy in the past and either were non-responders and were relapsed thereafter or were under treatment. In conclusion, genotype 3a is the most prevalent HCV genotype in the region. A high prevalence rate of untypable genotypes is present in treated pat...

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 2011

Understanding biological mechanisms underlying adverse birth outcomes in developing countries: pr... more Understanding biological mechanisms underlying adverse birth outcomes in developing countries: protocol for a prospective cohort (AMANHI bio-banking) study Objectives The AMANHI study aims to seek for biomarkers as predictors of important pregnancy-related outcomes, and establish a biobank in developing countries for future research as new methods and technologies become available. Methods AMANHI is using harmonised protocols to enrol 3000 women in early pregnancies (8-19 weeks of gestation) for population-based follow-up in pregnancy up to 42 days postpartum in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Tanzania, with collection taking place between August 2014 and June 2016. Urine pregnancy tests will be used to confirm reported or suspected pregnancies for screening ultrasound by trained sonographers to accurately date the pregnancy. Trained study field workers will collect very detailed phenotypic and epidemiological data from the pregnant woman and her family at scheduled home visits during pregnancy (enrolment, 24-28 weeks, 32-36 weeks & 38+ weeks) and postpartum (days 0-6 or 42-60). Trained phlebotomists will collect maternal and umbilical blood samples, centrifuge and obtain aliquots of serum, plasma and the buffy coat for storage. They will also measure HbA1C and collect a dried spot sample of whole blood. Maternal urine samples will also be collected and stored, alongside placenta, umbilical cord tissue and membrane samples, which will both be frozen and prepared for histology examination. Maternal and newborn stool (for microbiota) as well as paternal and newborn saliva samples (for DNA extraction) will also be collected. All samples will be stored at-80°C in the biobank in each of the three sites. These samples will be linked to numerous epidemiological and phenotypic data with unique study identification numbers. Importance of the study AMANHI biobank proves that biobanking is feasible to implement in LMICs, but recognises that biobank creation is only the first step in addressing current global challenges.

Abstract: The present study describes the Length-Weight relationship (LWR), relative condition fa... more Abstract: The present study describes the Length-Weight relationship (LWR), relative condition factor (k) and dietary maltose of the Nile tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) to determine the growth pattern. Five isonitrogenous and isocarloric experimental diets ...

Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 2016

Plants are rich source of medicinally important compounds such as phenolics compounds and flavano... more Plants are rich source of medicinally important compounds such as phenolics compounds and flavanoid used as antioxidant and have chemo-preventive role against the risk of oxidative stress-related diseases. Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. ( Asteraceae ) have medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, anticancer, immunomodulatory and pesticidal activities. Phytochemical investigation was carried out with hexane, chloroform, methanol and ethanol extract. six extracting solvents, methanol, ethanol, aqueous methanol (80% v/v), aqueous ethanol (80% v/v), aqueous methanol (70% v/v) and aqueous ethanol (70% v/v) were applied for their efficacy to extract antioxidants from air-dried, sun-dried and oven-dried roots of Saussurea costus. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the extracting ability of each of the solvents. The aqueous solvents were found superior in their ability to extract the antioxidants and aqueous ethanol was re...

Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2020

© 2020 This paper investigates the net section tension strength of bolted connections in ultra-hi... more © 2020 This paper investigates the net section tension strength of bolted connections in ultra-high strength sheet steel (yield stress greater than 1000 MPa) under various fire scenarios through laboratory testing. The specimens are tested at room (ambient) temperature and elevated temperatures up to 700 °C, and are subjected to air or water cooling from temperatures as high as 1000 °C. The degradations of the tensile strength at elevated temperatures are much more severe than design code predictions. Substantial recovery of the tensile strength is feasible using water cooling if the steel has been exposed to 1000 °C, by almost 90%. Based on finite element analyses incorporating tensile fracture simulation, the paper determines that elongation at fracture is the most relevant parameter of material ductility for a structural steel connection. Tension fractures in very low ductility materials tend to be inclined to the loading direction of the bolted connection. This paper also examines the alternative formulae for determining the net section tension strength of a stagger bolted connection. Their accuracy is verified through the use of a certain geometry, which eliminates any potential errors due to the use of incorrect material tensile strength in the calculations. Cochrane's original formula is confirmed to be significantly more accurate than the simplified version used in the literature and some design codes, for the tested specimens.

Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 2019

Context: Cells are protected from cellular harm by antioxidant compounds. These compounds secure ... more Context: Cells are protected from cellular harm by antioxidant compounds. These compounds secure cells from h Cells are protected from cellular harm by antioxidant compounds. These compounds secure cells from harmful free radicals which initiated oxidative stretch. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell (Schropulariaceae) have medicinal properties, such as sedative, tranquilizing, antioxidant and memory-enhancing effects. Objective: To determine the total phenolic content and concentrations of flavonoids and also in vitro antioxidant activity in methanol extract of shoot culture from leaves explants of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell supplemented with various combinations of auxin and cytokinin hormone. Material and method: Murashige and Skoog (MS) media was selected for the experiment and different concentration of auxin and cytokinin were added in media. Leaves explants were inoculated on media for callus initiation. Indirect shoot formation occurred on calli of leaf explants after subculture. Total phenolic, flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity and ferric reducing power of the shoot cultures are quantitatively estimated by UV spectroscopy. Result: The highest content of total phenolics (3.14g/100g d.w.) and flavonoids (0.565 g/100g d.w.) were obtained in shoots regenerated on the MS medium supplemented with BA (2mg/lit) and IAA (1mg/lit). Shoot culture on MS medium supplemented with BA (2mg/lit) and IAA (1mg/lit) showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (85.31%), highest H2O2 scavenging activity (75.31%) and highest ferric reducing power (25.3µg/g). Discussion and conclusion: Excellent in vitro antioxidant activity was given by extract of Shoot culture on MS medium supplemented with BA (2mg/lit) and IAA (1mg/lit). So they can be used as natural antioxidants after isolation and purification.

International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2019

Objectives: Quantitative analysis of callus biomass, total phenolic and flavonoid content and det... more Objectives: Quantitative analysis of callus biomass, total phenolic and flavonoid content and determination of antioxidant activity were performed in leaves calli of Achyranthes aspera L. supplemented with various combinations of auxin and cytokinin hormone. Material and method: Leaves calli with different concentrations and combination of auxins and cytokinins like 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) were initiated. During the maintenance of the calli, the sub-culturing was routinely done after every three week. The 60 days old callus was used to preparation of extracts. Result and conclusion: Maximum callus biomass was observed in leaves calli supplemented with 2,4-D (2.1 mg/l) + BAP (0.5mg/l). Highest total phenolics and flavonoids content were reported in leaves calli on the MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (1.5 mg/l) + IAA (0.5mg/l). Highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (85.31%), H2O2 scavenging activity (75.31%) and ferric reducing power (25.3µg/g) were observed in calli supplemented with 2,4-D (1.5 mg/l) + IAA (0.5mg/l). Excellent in vitro antioxidant activity was given by extract of callus culture on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (1.5 mg/l) + IAA (0.5mg/l). So they can be used as natural antioxidants after isolation and purification.

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 2019

Herbs have been utilized as restorative medicines since the start of development and a few subsid... more Herbs have been utilized as restorative medicines since the start of development and a few subsidiaries (eg, headache medicine, reserpine, and digitalis) have moved toward becoming pillars of human pharmacotherapy. For cardiovascular ailments, natural medications have been utilized in patients with congestive heart disappointment, systolic hypertension, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, cerebral deficiency, venous inadequacy, and arrhythmia. Be that as it may, numerous home grown cures utilized today have not experienced cautious logical appraisal, and some can possibly make genuine lethal impacts and real medication tranquilize communications. With the high commonness of home grown use in the United States today, clinicians must ask about such wellbeing rehearses for cardiovascular ailment and be educated about the potential for advantage and mischief. Proceeding with research is important to clarify the pharmacological exercises of the numerous home grown cures currently being utilized to treat cardiovascular sicknesses. Since the start of human progress, herbs have been a necessary piece of society, esteemed for both their culinary and restorative properties. Natural medication has made numerous commitments to business tranquilize arrangements fabricated today including ephedrine from Ephedra sinica (mama huang), digitoxin from Digitalis purpurea (foxglove), salicin (the wellspring of ibuprofen) from Salix Alba (willow bark), and reserpine from Rauwolfia serpentina (snakeroot), to give some examples. A normally happening β-adrenergic blocking operator with halfway agonism has been distinguished in a home grown remedy. The ongoing disclosure of the antineoplastic medication paclitaxel from Taxus brevifolia (pacific yew tree) focuses on the job of plants as a proceeding with asset for current drug.

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 2019

This paper investigates the effect of bolt threads on the initial stiffness of double-shear bolte... more This paper investigates the effect of bolt threads on the initial stiffness of double-shear bolted connections through experimental tests and numerical analyses. Eight specimens composed of 4.7 mm and 8 mm thick structural steel plates with a bolt diameter of 20 mm having varying end distances are studied. The present finite element analysis demonstrates that, as the threads cut into the connected plate, they reduce the initial stiffness of the bolted connection, which is the reason why many finite element models in the literature could not reasonably match the load-displacement curves of tested bolted connection specimens. Comparisons against alternative models are presented, and the model incorporating bolt threads are found to be best able to mimic the actual load-displacement response up to the ultimate load.

Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2019

Non-structural components contribute significantly to the lateral stiffness of a cold-formed stee... more Non-structural components contribute significantly to the lateral stiffness of a cold-formed steel (CFS) building structure, but are cumbersome to model explicitly in the structural analysis. They are therefore commonly ignored in a 3D structural analysis, and their benefits are lost to the design. This paper proposes an efficient modelling method that enables practical and accurate 3D elastic analysis of a multistorey CFS building structure to study its lateral behaviour within the serviceability limit state. Each shear or gravity wall is represented by an equivalent shear modulus four-node orthotropic shell element, which incorporates the lateral stiffness (or flexibility) contributions of all components including sheathing, braces and fasteners as present in the wall. The equivalent shear modulus is determined from the experimental test of a representative wall panel, or from the analysis of a finely detailed finite element model of the panel. The resulting two-storey building model, which has much fewer degrees of freedom compared to conventional models, is verified against full-scale shake table test results with respect to the natural period, the peak storey drift and the peak floor acceleration at two different construction phases. This paper demonstrates that the proposed modelling method not only saves analysis time considerably through the drastic reduction of degrees of freedom, but also compares favourably against a published modelling method in terms of accuracy and modelling efforts.

Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2019

This paper investigates the effects of bolt threads on the initial and final stiffnesses of doubl... more This paper investigates the effects of bolt threads on the initial and final stiffnesses of double-shear bolted connections through laboratory tests and finite element (FE) analyses. Nineteen specimens composed of 4.7 mm and 8.0 mm thick structural steel plates with bolt diameters of 20 mm and 30 mm having varying end distances are studied. The investigation, which involves shank and thread bolted connections, has found that the threads reduce the initial stiffness but increase the final stiffness. The FE analysis shows that the reduction in the initial stiffness is due to the bolt threads cutting into the connected plate, increasing the initial displacement. However, the same factor moderates the softening behaviour of a thread bolted connection as it approaches its ultimate capacity. The FE simulation shows that in certain cases this newly discovered phenomenon is caused by the threads restraining the crimpling of the plate material downstream of it. The present modelling technique significantly improves the simulation results of bolted connections tested by independent researchers, compared to their own modelling techniques including that which attempts to simulate the thread effects by reducing the diameter of the bolt model. The "elastic" stiffness values obtained from the present laboratory tests are compared against the Eurocode's provision based on the ASTM definition, and ad hoc stiffness formulae are proposed for shank and thread bolted connections.

Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2019

This paper investigates the behaviour and strength of structural steel bolted connections whose f... more This paper investigates the behaviour and strength of structural steel bolted connections whose failure modes involve shear yielding and/or fracture. Such failure modes include the shear-out (or tearout) and the block shear failure modes. The use of shear failure planes corresponding to the bolt diameter is shown to result in significant overestimations of the ultimate capacities for bolted connections with reduced or no hole clearance. In contrast, the use of the effective (or active) shear planes are consistently accurate for the specimens with standard, oversize or no clearance bolt holes. The paper points out that the location of fracture initiation can be easily misidentified by a superficial inspection of the deformed and fractured state of the bolt hole. The paper also explains that the ultimate shear-out capacity of a steel bolted connection can be reached without fracture due to geometric changes downstream of the bolt, provided the reduction in resistance is not offset by strain hardening. The explanation is demonstrated through a finite element analysis that does not simulate fracture, but is able to accurately determine the ultimate shear-out capacity of a high-strength steel specimen tested by independent researchers.

Discovery Phytomedicine, 2016

Calotropis gigantea Linn is a well known medicinal herb commonly known as milk weed and has been ... more Calotropis gigantea Linn is a well known medicinal herb commonly known as milk weed and has been used in Unani, Ayurveda and Siddha system of medicine for years. It is a native of India, China and Malaysia and it is distributed in almost all over world. All parts of the plant have been used as medicine as well as an important ingredient in a number of Unani formulations used for the treatment of various ailments. In classical Unani literature it is mentioned to have anthelmintic, appetizer, anti flatulence, astringent, tonic, expectorant, emetic, diaphoretic, anti inflammatory, sedative, wound healer, antidote and digestive properties and used in asthma, stomach ache, cholera, amenorrhea and toothache. Phytochemical constituents include giganteol, α and β calotropeol, β-amyrin, giganteol and isogiganteol etc. Calotropis gigantea has been reported for its anti asthmatic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, wound healing, antiinflammatory, antidiarrhoeal, hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic activities. In this manuscript the articles published from 2004-2016 were reviewed. Well known scientific search engines viz. Pub med, Medline, Google scholar, and Science Direct were used to retrieve online literature. All referred studies published in peer reviewed indexed journals were included. For Unani literature classical text and manuscripts were referred.

McGuire Woods LLP A new method for making pulp out of agricultural residue Suite 1800 includes ha... more McGuire Woods LLP A new method for making pulp out of agricultural residue Suite 1800 includes harvesting certain portion of plant Stalk. The har 1750 Tysons Boulevard Vested plant Stalk is bailed, transported and Stored. At the McLean, VA 22102 (US) mill, the plant Stalk is chopped and goes through pulping process. The pulp is used to make varieties of papers with or (21) Appl. No.: 10/463,346 without blending other wood based pulp.

As a part of the National Fire Plan, the USDA Forest Service is conducting research to reduce the... more As a part of the National Fire Plan, the USDA Forest Service is conducting research to reduce the severity of forest fires through effective utilization of low-or no-value logging residues and forest thinnings. This report explores the effect of pro cessing on the physical properties of the fibrous material and flat fiberboard panels made from small-diameter lodgepole pine treetops processed with the bark. Delimbed treetops were chipped and fiberized with water using commercial equipment, di gested with hot water and/or small amounts of chemical additives, refined in a disk refiner, and hot-pressed to make flat panels. To observe only the effects of water and additives on fiber bonding, adhesive resin was not used. We evaluated the effects of processing variables (digester temperature, refining level, and sodium hydroxide content) on fiber length, freeness, fines content, and shive content. Fiber quality was related to mechanical properties of the flat panels. The mechanical properties of the resinfree fiberboard surpassed the minimum standards for commercial hardboard. We conclude that small-diameter lodgepole pine treetops with bark are well-suited for the production of structural boards. This research is part of a larger program for developing three-dimensional geometries for engineered fiberboard products. The forest floor of many National and private forests in the Western United States is covered by large amounts of densely packed small-diameter material and dry residue from harvesting or thinning operations (Fig. 1). This material has accumulated because it has low, no, or even negative value for products given current processing or utilization technology. The dry or semiarid conditions in the West cause the material to decompose slowly, increasing the fuel load for forest fires. After decades of effective forest fire prevention and an accu mulation of forest biomass, forest fires have become an in creasing hazard (USDA Forest Serv. 2004). The private sector could be an outlet for this material and could reduce the fuel load if there were economical processes that could handle this material and produce value-added products. This paper discusses the effects of processing variables on the properties of fiber made from lodgepole pine treetops and the relationship of fiber properties to fiberboard panel prop erties. The goal is to develop a simple and economic means to reduce forest residue into a bondable fibrous material for use in three-dimensional engineered fiberboard structural appli cations.

Advances in Environmental Biology

Participatory oriented actions were taken in district Tharparkar to combat desertification effect... more Participatory oriented actions were taken in district Tharparkar to combat desertification effects through conservation of Commiphora wightii, an endangered medicinal plant and protection of local biodiversity. Synergies of various stakeholders at different levels were integrated to strengthen local ecosystem conservation project in Nagarparkar area of district Tharparkar. Indigenous communities were actively involved in in-situ Commiphora wightii proliferation, plantation and awareness raising activities. In addition, local community groups played key role in wildlife protection measures. Optimistic results were achieved in conservation activities such as exemplary participation of green guards – group ofnative motivated individuals, developed a better relationship and coordination with public, private departments and organizations to promote sustainable use of local natural resources and plantation of 4250 Commiphora wightii (three and half months old) were carried out through veg...

Pakistan Journal of Botany

The study was carried out to assess the virulence of 4 local and 3 exotic entomopathogenic fungal... more The study was carried out to assess the virulence of 4 local and 3 exotic entomopathogenic fungal strains against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) under laboratory and screen house conditions. According to LC50 and LT50 values, four strains viz., Lecanicillium lecanii (PDRL922), Paecilomyces lilacinus (PDRL812), Beauveria bassiana (PDRL1187) and Metarhizium anisopliae (PDRL526) are found to be effective against the mustard aphid. The strain PDRL711 of M. anisopliae was found less effective, whereas, strains PDRL738 of M. anisopliae and PDRL1029 of L. lecanii were found avirulent. Based on the lab bioassays, each entomopathogenic fungal strain was used @ 10 7 c.f.u. ml -1 to evaluate its efficacy against mustard aphid infestation on canola plants under screen house conditions. Data showed a non-significant reduction in efficacy of different strains under screen house conditions as compared to lab bioassays. Strain PDRL922 reduced its efficacy from 98 to 83%, strain PDRL812 from...

Leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Callistemon viminalis on hydrodistilation, gave 1.40 % and... more Leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Callistemon viminalis on hydrodistilation, gave 1.40 % and 0.80% w/w an oil dried weight basis, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the oils resulted in the identification of 18 and 7 constituents, repectively, representing 99.31% and 98.07%, respectively, of the oil. γ-terpinene (71.36%) and o-cymene (17.63%) were the major components of E. camaldulensis. While 1,8-cineole (61.51%) and α-pinene (21.53%) were the major components of C. viminalis. From the results; E. camaldulensis and C. viminalis leaf oils from Malaysia have great potential and can be utilized as cheap sources for the commercial isolation of γ-terpinene and 1,8-cineole.

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 2010

Toxoplasma gondii infection has been diagnosed in pigs all over the world. Economical losses are ... more Toxoplasma gondii infection has been diagnosed in pigs all over the world. Economical losses are generally related to reproductive disorders. Toxoplasma infection is also a matter of public health because tissue cysts of the parasite may remain in pork and pork products, and become sources of human infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma infection in certified and non-certified pig breeding farms in the Toledo microregion, in the State of Paraná, Brazil which includes the cities of Toledo, Nova Santa Rosa, Sao José das Palmeiras and Sao Pedro do Iguaçu. Relative frequency of infection was 13.4%, independently of the type of farm. Logistic regression analysis showed that the following factors were associated with infection: absence of workers exclusive for each area of the farm, access of other animals to feeders and drinkers, lack of lids in drinkers, lack of rodent control measures, mean piglet number and weig...

Virology Journal, 2011

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of chronic hepatitis worldwide and its subtypes/geno... more Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of chronic hepatitis worldwide and its subtypes/genotypes are clinically important for clinical management and vaccine development. The present study describes frequency distribution of different HCV genotypes and their treatment status in HCV RNA positive patients from district Swat. A total of 185 HCV infected sera were analyzed by molecular genotyping assay. The most prevalent genotype was 3a (34.1%), followed by 2a (8.1%), 3b (7%) and 1a (5.4%). The samples found untypable by the present method of genotypes was 37.8% while, patients with mixed genotype infections were 7.6%. More than 80% of untypable cases were from those HCV patients who had received interferon plus ribavirin standard therapy in the past and either were non-responders and were relapsed thereafter or were under treatment. In conclusion, genotype 3a is the most prevalent HCV genotype in the region. A high prevalence rate of untypable genotypes is present in treated pat...

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 2011

Understanding biological mechanisms underlying adverse birth outcomes in developing countries: pr... more Understanding biological mechanisms underlying adverse birth outcomes in developing countries: protocol for a prospective cohort (AMANHI bio-banking) study Objectives The AMANHI study aims to seek for biomarkers as predictors of important pregnancy-related outcomes, and establish a biobank in developing countries for future research as new methods and technologies become available. Methods AMANHI is using harmonised protocols to enrol 3000 women in early pregnancies (8-19 weeks of gestation) for population-based follow-up in pregnancy up to 42 days postpartum in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Tanzania, with collection taking place between August 2014 and June 2016. Urine pregnancy tests will be used to confirm reported or suspected pregnancies for screening ultrasound by trained sonographers to accurately date the pregnancy. Trained study field workers will collect very detailed phenotypic and epidemiological data from the pregnant woman and her family at scheduled home visits during pregnancy (enrolment, 24-28 weeks, 32-36 weeks & 38+ weeks) and postpartum (days 0-6 or 42-60). Trained phlebotomists will collect maternal and umbilical blood samples, centrifuge and obtain aliquots of serum, plasma and the buffy coat for storage. They will also measure HbA1C and collect a dried spot sample of whole blood. Maternal urine samples will also be collected and stored, alongside placenta, umbilical cord tissue and membrane samples, which will both be frozen and prepared for histology examination. Maternal and newborn stool (for microbiota) as well as paternal and newborn saliva samples (for DNA extraction) will also be collected. All samples will be stored at-80°C in the biobank in each of the three sites. These samples will be linked to numerous epidemiological and phenotypic data with unique study identification numbers. Importance of the study AMANHI biobank proves that biobanking is feasible to implement in LMICs, but recognises that biobank creation is only the first step in addressing current global challenges.

Abstract: The present study describes the Length-Weight relationship (LWR), relative condition fa... more Abstract: The present study describes the Length-Weight relationship (LWR), relative condition factor (k) and dietary maltose of the Nile tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) to determine the growth pattern. Five isonitrogenous and isocarloric experimental diets ...