Bikram Dhara - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Bikram Dhara

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

De Gruyter eBooks, Dec 5, 2022

De Gruyter eBooks, Dec 5, 2022

Currently, multiple vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are in clinical trials. In O... more Currently, multiple vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are in clinical trials. In Oct-Nov 2020, 1078 individuals in West Bengal surveyed to evaluate possible acceptance rates, affordability and factors affecting the acceptance of a vaccine for COVID-19. Of these, 77.27 percent of respondents reported that they would be very or very likely to take a vaccine for COVID-19, 5.3 percent don’t want to take vaccine and 12.24 don’t know about their decision. In that 58 percent respondents want to take Indian Vaccine; 19 percent respondents want to take foreign vaccine. Other respondents can take any vaccine. The affordability, 40 percent respondents want a vaccine bellow 500 INR, 25 percent respondents want a vaccine of 500-1000 INR. 11 percent respondents want vaccine of over 1000 INR.

Microbes and Microbial Biotechnology for Green Remediation

Microbes and Microbial Biotechnology for Green Remediation

The human ether-ago go related gene (hERG) potassium channel assumes the focal part for directing... more The human ether-ago go related gene (hERG) potassium channel assumes the focal part for directing cardiac sensitivity; heart activity like repolarization adequately controlling the QT time interval electrocardiogram, that is communicated within our heart, different cerebrum areas, endocrine cells, smooth muscle cells, and a vast range of growth cell line isola tes. Procured adversity or benefits changing in hERG could cause perilous "long" or "short" QT conditions, independently & the unusual weakness of hERG to impede by a various extent of medications underlies an acquired LQTS, an issue that slopes individual s to dangerous cardiovascular arrhythmias. Interestingly, a decrease in hERG flows because of either hereditary deformities or unfriendly drug impacts can promote obtained long QT disorders described by activity likely prolongation, lengthening of the QT i nterval on a superficial level of ECG and an expanded danger for "torsade de points" Arrhythmias & unexpected death are two side effects of the non-antiarrhythmic compound have incited the recall of certain popular drugs. Statistics on the working of hERG channel restraint give critical experiences into the sub-atomic elements that decide state voltage, and use-dependency of hERG current block. Regardless, creating evidence traps hERG in an assortment of physiological and over-the-top cycles. Propels in understanding the underlying premise of hERG gating, its traffic to the cell surface, and the atomic architecture engaged with drug-block of hERG, are giving the establishment to reasonable treatment and counteraction of hERG related long QT disorder. This su rvey sums up the ebb and flows information on hERG capacity and brokenness, and the spaces of progressing research. Here we discuss the current knowledge of other effects of the hERG potassium channel beyond prolonged QT syndrome.

In December 2019, the city of Wuhan in China witnessed the first episode of Coronavirus Disease 2... more In December 2019, the city of Wuhan in China witnessed the first episode of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), brought on bySevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV- 2). And after more than two years, it has become a global pandemic,crossing boundaries and spreading across countries and continents. Many nations have reported different Waves of COVID-19. As perWorld Health Organization (WHO), confirmed cases of COVID-19, as of 9th February 2022, stood at 396,558,014 with 5,745,032deaths globally and increasing with every passing hour. Various SARS CoV-2 variants have been recognized and categorized by theWHO as Variants of Interest (VOIs) and Variants of Concern (VOCs).There is no stopping the rise in the number of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients throughout the world, despite authorities announcing andfollowing strict precaution, containment, and preventive measures. Antiviral therapeutic approaches have proven to be merely supportiveand have shown limited efficacy. ...

International healthcare research journal, Feb 16, 2022

In the current era, COVID-19 has become the most familiar term in the whole world. It is caused b... more In the current era, COVID-19 has become the most familiar term in the whole world. It is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 which is a mutated congener of SARS COV and MERS COV. As per epidemiological studies, 83959 cases have been recorded only in China with 4637 deaths. More than 215 countries including Korea, Iran, Italy, Germany, Algeria, South Africa, Senegal, Nigeria etc have recorded over nine million deaths due to this pandemic. Diagnosis of COVID-19 can be carried out by several ways like identifying the increased level of lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase, alanine and aspartate dehydrogenase in blood. IgG and IgM antibody detection is a key parameter in detection of SARS CoV-2. The real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction or RT-qPCR test is so far considered the most reliable diagnostic method. Recently, two current approaches get widely used in diagnosis for SARS CoV-2 namely “FELUDA” and “SHERLOCK” offering a cheap and less time taking procedure for the detection of SARS CoV-2. In FELUDA a protein called FnCas9 and a guide RNA (g RNA) helps in recognizing the viral gene which is contained by the sample whereas SHERLOK is associated with Cas12 protein.

World is facing the pandemicity of COVID 19. There are various types of mutations occurring in th... more World is facing the pandemicity of COVID 19. There are various types of mutations occurring in the genomics of SARS-Cov 2. COVID 19 vaccination has been already started. Common Vaccines are Pfizer, Moderna, Jassen, Sinovac, Covidshield, Covaxin, Sputnik V. In India, Covidshield and Covaxin have been majorly administered. Some people have taken Sputnik V also. We have proposed a Protocol of Analyzing the Breakthrough of COVID 19 infection Incidence Rate, Severity and Mortality among the COVID 19 Vaccinated Population of West Bengal, India and a State of the Art Systematic Review on using mask as a preventive measure against COVID 19 pandemic. This study will help to analyze the vaccine effectiveness and duration of effectiveness among the population of West Bengal. The systematic analysis of using mask will give a broader picture towards protective measures against COVID 19

Cell and Tissue Biology, 2021

Recently, metallic nanoparticles have gained attention for its potential as antibacterial agent. ... more Recently, metallic nanoparticles have gained attention for its potential as antibacterial agent. However, because of the risk it poses towards environment, biologically synthesised nanoparticles have got the preference. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from edible mushrooms are considered to be cost effective and eco-friendly. In this study, we found that biologically synthesised AgNPs from the water extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus exhibited less cytotoxic effect on mitotic chromosomes of Allium cepa root meristem, when compared to chemically synthesised AgNPs. The synthetic AgNPs possesses high genotoxic effect including spindle disruption, sticky metaphase chromosomes, multipolarity, early and late anaphase etc. Results also prove that these biologically synthesised AgNPs possess better antimicrobial properties than the chemically synthesized one against both the gram-positive (Bacillus, Staphylococcus) and the gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella).

The novel corona virus causing Covid-19 was first detected in the city of Wuhan, China in Decembe... more The novel corona virus causing Covid-19 was first detected in the city of Wuhan, China in December, 2019. In matter of months Covid-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The focus of this research includes the probable factors that might have played an important role in the spread of this infection causing a global threat. In this study we dealt with the South Asian countries namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan. Data on the demography of the countries, the climatic and geographical conditions, the socio-economic statuses, GDP being in the forefront, was collected and compared with Covid-19 related data such as total number of positive, recovered and death cases, etc. to determine if there was any significant correlation. The wide range of correlations observed can curve the path for the future research to understand the factors behind the spread of the communicable disease, analyzing the dynamics of the future biological threats to mank...

ABSTRACTOverviewCurrently, multiple vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are in clini... more ABSTRACTOverviewCurrently, multiple vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are in clinical trials. In Oct-Nov 2020, 1078 individuals in West Bengal surveyed to evaluate possible acceptance rates, affordability and factors affecting the acceptance of a vaccine for COVID-19.Result77.27 percent of respondents reported that they would be very or very likely to take a vaccine for COVID-19, 5.3 percent don’t want to take vaccine and 12.24 don’t know about their decision. In that 58 percent respondents want to take Indian Vaccine; 19 percent respondents want to take foreign vaccine. Other respondents can take any vaccine. The affordability, 40 percent respondents want a vaccine bellow 500 INR, 25 percent respondents want a vaccine of 500-1000 INR. 11 percent respondents want vaccine of over 1000 INR.Method of StudyThe google form is prepared with the questions on acceptance and affordability of vaccines. The form is circulated digitally among the people and then we have collected...

This cross sectional prospective study will be presented through a survey which will be prepared ... more This cross sectional prospective study will be presented through a survey which will be prepared in the google form stating all the respective study questions. The google form will be circulated among the 1000 people from West-Bengal. After completion of the respective survey, all the information will be analyzed. How many people want to take the vaccine and how many people don’t want to take the vaccine are the main criteria of this study. The survey will be in English Language which will be very easy and understandable. In the demographic analysis, age, gender and educational qualification will be analyzed. According to our research project, from this research our team will analyze how many people want to take vaccine and how many don’t want. Then our team will analyze that which age group is more interested towards the vaccine than other groups. Moreover, Groups are based on age, gender and educational qualification.

Australasian Plant Pathology, 2020

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a nutritious domesticated vegetable which belongs to Cucurbitace... more Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a nutritious domesticated vegetable which belongs to Cucurbitaceae family. India ranks 30th in global cucumber production and its total output is 1,61,000 metric tons annually. In the investigation a different kind of leaf spot disease was observed on 2 months old cucumber leaves samples from cucumber fields in Baruipur, West Bengal, India (Latitude: N 22°22.262′, Longitude: E 88°24.5086′). The spots appeared were large, greyish brown in colour surrounded by a yellow to brownish halo, measuring 2 × 1 cm in average. These lesions expanded gradually from circular to angular spots ultimately resulting in necrosis and defoliation. The isolated fungus showed greyish black to dark olive mycelial growth. Microscopic characterization revealed straight to slightly curved conidia and distoseptate with a distinctly protruding basal hilum. Through microscopic observation and ITS sequencing the organism was identified to be Exserohilum rostratum. E. rostratum was previously known for causing blight disease in maize as well as human immune system diseases. E. rostratum, E. longirostratum and E. mcginnisii are identified as human pathogens. Koch's postulates were carried out and distinct symptoms were observed in cucumber. As because there is no such record, this is the first time the host pathogen combination is separated in India.

The world is amidst a public health crisis as the pandemic has shook us to the core. The COVID-19... more The world is amidst a public health crisis as the pandemic has shook us to the core. The COVID-19 caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 is of zoonotic origin and this tries to explain what could have been the possible proximal origins for the disease in humans. Our review aims at addressing the question like what structural or genomic vicissitude enabled the viral outbreak across genera and so efficiently infect the human populace across the globe. We also try to discuss the prospect of drug repurposing and scope for vaccine development considering the rapid genome modification of the virus. Another finding lies into the action of pre-existing drugs when they are applied in combination and probably that shades some light on the therapeutic approaches. Several investigation have been performed but we are still in search of a novel antiviral drug. With that vision, our focus shifted on the evaluation of existing drugs with positive response against the novel corona virus. We also try discuss...

Medicinal plants are a popular term that everyone can use to describe plants that are useful intr... more Medicinal plants are a popular term that everyone can use to describe plants that are useful intreating a variety of conditions that are not treatable by allopathic treatment. Among these, birthcontrol and, at the same time, growing human fertility have both become serious issues in recentyears. This review provides up-to-date information on medicinal plants that have beenscientifically proven to have anti-fertility properties. The botanical name, family, parts used, andchemical elements present in plants are all included in this study. Despite the fast advancementand dissemination of modern medicine and surgery, traditional practices retain their appeal andconfidence. Traditional herbal treatments have been shown to have anti-fertility effects innumerous research.The purpose of this review is to highlight research on plant-based antifertility. This article may aid researchers in identifying therapeutic herbs that have anti-fertilityproperties.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

De Gruyter eBooks, Dec 5, 2022

De Gruyter eBooks, Dec 5, 2022

Currently, multiple vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are in clinical trials. In O... more Currently, multiple vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are in clinical trials. In Oct-Nov 2020, 1078 individuals in West Bengal surveyed to evaluate possible acceptance rates, affordability and factors affecting the acceptance of a vaccine for COVID-19. Of these, 77.27 percent of respondents reported that they would be very or very likely to take a vaccine for COVID-19, 5.3 percent don’t want to take vaccine and 12.24 don’t know about their decision. In that 58 percent respondents want to take Indian Vaccine; 19 percent respondents want to take foreign vaccine. Other respondents can take any vaccine. The affordability, 40 percent respondents want a vaccine bellow 500 INR, 25 percent respondents want a vaccine of 500-1000 INR. 11 percent respondents want vaccine of over 1000 INR.

Microbes and Microbial Biotechnology for Green Remediation

Microbes and Microbial Biotechnology for Green Remediation

The human ether-ago go related gene (hERG) potassium channel assumes the focal part for directing... more The human ether-ago go related gene (hERG) potassium channel assumes the focal part for directing cardiac sensitivity; heart activity like repolarization adequately controlling the QT time interval electrocardiogram, that is communicated within our heart, different cerebrum areas, endocrine cells, smooth muscle cells, and a vast range of growth cell line isola tes. Procured adversity or benefits changing in hERG could cause perilous "long" or "short" QT conditions, independently & the unusual weakness of hERG to impede by a various extent of medications underlies an acquired LQTS, an issue that slopes individual s to dangerous cardiovascular arrhythmias. Interestingly, a decrease in hERG flows because of either hereditary deformities or unfriendly drug impacts can promote obtained long QT disorders described by activity likely prolongation, lengthening of the QT i nterval on a superficial level of ECG and an expanded danger for "torsade de points" Arrhythmias & unexpected death are two side effects of the non-antiarrhythmic compound have incited the recall of certain popular drugs. Statistics on the working of hERG channel restraint give critical experiences into the sub-atomic elements that decide state voltage, and use-dependency of hERG current block. Regardless, creating evidence traps hERG in an assortment of physiological and over-the-top cycles. Propels in understanding the underlying premise of hERG gating, its traffic to the cell surface, and the atomic architecture engaged with drug-block of hERG, are giving the establishment to reasonable treatment and counteraction of hERG related long QT disorder. This su rvey sums up the ebb and flows information on hERG capacity and brokenness, and the spaces of progressing research. Here we discuss the current knowledge of other effects of the hERG potassium channel beyond prolonged QT syndrome.

In December 2019, the city of Wuhan in China witnessed the first episode of Coronavirus Disease 2... more In December 2019, the city of Wuhan in China witnessed the first episode of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), brought on bySevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV- 2). And after more than two years, it has become a global pandemic,crossing boundaries and spreading across countries and continents. Many nations have reported different Waves of COVID-19. As perWorld Health Organization (WHO), confirmed cases of COVID-19, as of 9th February 2022, stood at 396,558,014 with 5,745,032deaths globally and increasing with every passing hour. Various SARS CoV-2 variants have been recognized and categorized by theWHO as Variants of Interest (VOIs) and Variants of Concern (VOCs).There is no stopping the rise in the number of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients throughout the world, despite authorities announcing andfollowing strict precaution, containment, and preventive measures. Antiviral therapeutic approaches have proven to be merely supportiveand have shown limited efficacy. ...

International healthcare research journal, Feb 16, 2022

In the current era, COVID-19 has become the most familiar term in the whole world. It is caused b... more In the current era, COVID-19 has become the most familiar term in the whole world. It is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 which is a mutated congener of SARS COV and MERS COV. As per epidemiological studies, 83959 cases have been recorded only in China with 4637 deaths. More than 215 countries including Korea, Iran, Italy, Germany, Algeria, South Africa, Senegal, Nigeria etc have recorded over nine million deaths due to this pandemic. Diagnosis of COVID-19 can be carried out by several ways like identifying the increased level of lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase, alanine and aspartate dehydrogenase in blood. IgG and IgM antibody detection is a key parameter in detection of SARS CoV-2. The real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction or RT-qPCR test is so far considered the most reliable diagnostic method. Recently, two current approaches get widely used in diagnosis for SARS CoV-2 namely “FELUDA” and “SHERLOCK” offering a cheap and less time taking procedure for the detection of SARS CoV-2. In FELUDA a protein called FnCas9 and a guide RNA (g RNA) helps in recognizing the viral gene which is contained by the sample whereas SHERLOK is associated with Cas12 protein.

World is facing the pandemicity of COVID 19. There are various types of mutations occurring in th... more World is facing the pandemicity of COVID 19. There are various types of mutations occurring in the genomics of SARS-Cov 2. COVID 19 vaccination has been already started. Common Vaccines are Pfizer, Moderna, Jassen, Sinovac, Covidshield, Covaxin, Sputnik V. In India, Covidshield and Covaxin have been majorly administered. Some people have taken Sputnik V also. We have proposed a Protocol of Analyzing the Breakthrough of COVID 19 infection Incidence Rate, Severity and Mortality among the COVID 19 Vaccinated Population of West Bengal, India and a State of the Art Systematic Review on using mask as a preventive measure against COVID 19 pandemic. This study will help to analyze the vaccine effectiveness and duration of effectiveness among the population of West Bengal. The systematic analysis of using mask will give a broader picture towards protective measures against COVID 19

Cell and Tissue Biology, 2021

Recently, metallic nanoparticles have gained attention for its potential as antibacterial agent. ... more Recently, metallic nanoparticles have gained attention for its potential as antibacterial agent. However, because of the risk it poses towards environment, biologically synthesised nanoparticles have got the preference. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from edible mushrooms are considered to be cost effective and eco-friendly. In this study, we found that biologically synthesised AgNPs from the water extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus exhibited less cytotoxic effect on mitotic chromosomes of Allium cepa root meristem, when compared to chemically synthesised AgNPs. The synthetic AgNPs possesses high genotoxic effect including spindle disruption, sticky metaphase chromosomes, multipolarity, early and late anaphase etc. Results also prove that these biologically synthesised AgNPs possess better antimicrobial properties than the chemically synthesized one against both the gram-positive (Bacillus, Staphylococcus) and the gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella).

The novel corona virus causing Covid-19 was first detected in the city of Wuhan, China in Decembe... more The novel corona virus causing Covid-19 was first detected in the city of Wuhan, China in December, 2019. In matter of months Covid-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The focus of this research includes the probable factors that might have played an important role in the spread of this infection causing a global threat. In this study we dealt with the South Asian countries namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan. Data on the demography of the countries, the climatic and geographical conditions, the socio-economic statuses, GDP being in the forefront, was collected and compared with Covid-19 related data such as total number of positive, recovered and death cases, etc. to determine if there was any significant correlation. The wide range of correlations observed can curve the path for the future research to understand the factors behind the spread of the communicable disease, analyzing the dynamics of the future biological threats to mank...

ABSTRACTOverviewCurrently, multiple vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are in clini... more ABSTRACTOverviewCurrently, multiple vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are in clinical trials. In Oct-Nov 2020, 1078 individuals in West Bengal surveyed to evaluate possible acceptance rates, affordability and factors affecting the acceptance of a vaccine for COVID-19.Result77.27 percent of respondents reported that they would be very or very likely to take a vaccine for COVID-19, 5.3 percent don’t want to take vaccine and 12.24 don’t know about their decision. In that 58 percent respondents want to take Indian Vaccine; 19 percent respondents want to take foreign vaccine. Other respondents can take any vaccine. The affordability, 40 percent respondents want a vaccine bellow 500 INR, 25 percent respondents want a vaccine of 500-1000 INR. 11 percent respondents want vaccine of over 1000 INR.Method of StudyThe google form is prepared with the questions on acceptance and affordability of vaccines. The form is circulated digitally among the people and then we have collected...

This cross sectional prospective study will be presented through a survey which will be prepared ... more This cross sectional prospective study will be presented through a survey which will be prepared in the google form stating all the respective study questions. The google form will be circulated among the 1000 people from West-Bengal. After completion of the respective survey, all the information will be analyzed. How many people want to take the vaccine and how many people don’t want to take the vaccine are the main criteria of this study. The survey will be in English Language which will be very easy and understandable. In the demographic analysis, age, gender and educational qualification will be analyzed. According to our research project, from this research our team will analyze how many people want to take vaccine and how many don’t want. Then our team will analyze that which age group is more interested towards the vaccine than other groups. Moreover, Groups are based on age, gender and educational qualification.

Australasian Plant Pathology, 2020

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a nutritious domesticated vegetable which belongs to Cucurbitace... more Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a nutritious domesticated vegetable which belongs to Cucurbitaceae family. India ranks 30th in global cucumber production and its total output is 1,61,000 metric tons annually. In the investigation a different kind of leaf spot disease was observed on 2 months old cucumber leaves samples from cucumber fields in Baruipur, West Bengal, India (Latitude: N 22°22.262′, Longitude: E 88°24.5086′). The spots appeared were large, greyish brown in colour surrounded by a yellow to brownish halo, measuring 2 × 1 cm in average. These lesions expanded gradually from circular to angular spots ultimately resulting in necrosis and defoliation. The isolated fungus showed greyish black to dark olive mycelial growth. Microscopic characterization revealed straight to slightly curved conidia and distoseptate with a distinctly protruding basal hilum. Through microscopic observation and ITS sequencing the organism was identified to be Exserohilum rostratum. E. rostratum was previously known for causing blight disease in maize as well as human immune system diseases. E. rostratum, E. longirostratum and E. mcginnisii are identified as human pathogens. Koch's postulates were carried out and distinct symptoms were observed in cucumber. As because there is no such record, this is the first time the host pathogen combination is separated in India.

The world is amidst a public health crisis as the pandemic has shook us to the core. The COVID-19... more The world is amidst a public health crisis as the pandemic has shook us to the core. The COVID-19 caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 is of zoonotic origin and this tries to explain what could have been the possible proximal origins for the disease in humans. Our review aims at addressing the question like what structural or genomic vicissitude enabled the viral outbreak across genera and so efficiently infect the human populace across the globe. We also try to discuss the prospect of drug repurposing and scope for vaccine development considering the rapid genome modification of the virus. Another finding lies into the action of pre-existing drugs when they are applied in combination and probably that shades some light on the therapeutic approaches. Several investigation have been performed but we are still in search of a novel antiviral drug. With that vision, our focus shifted on the evaluation of existing drugs with positive response against the novel corona virus. We also try discuss...

Medicinal plants are a popular term that everyone can use to describe plants that are useful intr... more Medicinal plants are a popular term that everyone can use to describe plants that are useful intreating a variety of conditions that are not treatable by allopathic treatment. Among these, birthcontrol and, at the same time, growing human fertility have both become serious issues in recentyears. This review provides up-to-date information on medicinal plants that have beenscientifically proven to have anti-fertility properties. The botanical name, family, parts used, andchemical elements present in plants are all included in this study. Despite the fast advancementand dissemination of modern medicine and surgery, traditional practices retain their appeal andconfidence. Traditional herbal treatments have been shown to have anti-fertility effects innumerous research.The purpose of this review is to highlight research on plant-based antifertility. This article may aid researchers in identifying therapeutic herbs that have anti-fertilityproperties.