Biswadeep Das - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Biswadeep Das
International Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 2020
Background. Acute bacterial meningitis is one of the significant infectious diseases that add an ... more Background. Acute bacterial meningitis is one of the significant infectious diseases that add an immense burden to the health system. Proper management of meningitis is an invincible need to overcome the severe consequences. Objectives. The aim of the study is detection of the etiological agents of acute bacterial meningitis by PCR. Methods. Total 267 CSF samples collected from suspected bacterial meningitis cases were processed for the detection of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, E. coli and Group B streptococci by conventional and molecular diagnosis method. CSF was inoculated on Blood, chocolate and MacConkey agar plates and incubated at 37 °C for 24-48 hrs. Bacteria grown were identified by Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF). Multiplex PCR of the enlisted bacteria was performed using DNA extracted from CSF by DNA extraction kit (Qiagen, USA). Results. 5 (1.87%) out of the total 267 CSF samples were culture positive (3 S. pneumon...
Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) has been used for a long time as a folk medicine for treating ... more Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) has been used for a long time as a folk medicine for treating multiple diseases in several parts of the world without rendering any undesired toxicity. In this study, I. obliquus polysaccharides (IOP) were extracted and assessed to determine their anti-tumorigenic potential in human lung cancer cell lines NCI-H23 and A549 using cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays. MTT assay revealed a significant reduction in the cell viability (p < 0.05) for NCI-H23 and A549 cell lines exposed to IOP (5-200 µg/mL) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 of 100 µg/mL for both cell lines. Cell lines exposed to 50 and 100 µg/mL of IOP were further analyzed. IOP arrested the cancer cell growth at G0/G1 stage that can further implicate an antiproliferative effect in cancer cells. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was detected using DCFH-DA dye demonstrated increased levels of ROS generation (p < 0.05). Assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential using JC-1 dye exhibited decreased membrane potential, characterized by the low dye-intake, as shown by flow cytometry. In addition, Annexin-V/FITC analysis using flow cytometry demonstrated a significantly increased number of apoptotic cells (p < 0.05) in both cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. These results showed that IOP can induce apoptosis in both tumor cell lines, and therefore might be considered as an effective anti-tumor agent that could be further exploited in clinical settings.
Heliyon, 2021
Chaga mushroom is one of the promising beneficial mushrooms thriving in the colder parts of North... more Chaga mushroom is one of the promising beneficial mushrooms thriving in the colder parts of Northern hemisphere. Chaga polysaccharides (IOP) have been reported to enhance immune response and alleviate oxidative stress during development. However, the effects of IOP on the genotoxicity in model organisms are yet to be clarified. In this study, IOP was extracted using hot water extraction method, followed by GC analysis. Zebrafish embryos (12 h post fertilization, hpf) were exposed to transient UVB (12 J/m 2 /s, 305-310nm) for 10 s using a UV hybridisation chamber, followed by IOP treatment (2.5 mg/mL) at 24 hpf for up to 7 days post fertilization (dpf). The genotoxic effects were assessed using acridine orange staining, alkaline comet assay, and qRT-PCR for screening DNA repair genes. Significant reduction in DNA damage and amelioration of the deformed structures in the IOP-treated zebrafish exposed to UVB (p < 0.05) was observed at 5 dpf and thereafter. The relative mRNA expressions of XRCC-5, XRCC-6, RAD51, and GADD45 were significantly upregulated, whereas p53 and BAX were downregulated in IOP-treated UVB-exposed zebrafish compared to UVB-exposed zebrafish. ELISA analysis revealed significantly decreased expression of XRCC5 and RAD51 in UVB-exposed compared to IOP-treated UVBexposed and control zebrafish (7 dpf). However, p53 and BAX levels were high in UVB-exposed zebrafish, indicating higher apoptosis. Pathway analysis demonstrated coordinated regulation of DNA repair genes; p53 playing a pivotal role in regulating the expression of BAX, thereby promoting apoptosis in UVB-exposed zebrafish. Overall, IOP treatment ameliorated the genotoxic effects in UVB-exposed zebrafish by enhanced expression of DNA repair genes, which assisted in normal development. The study delineated the efficacy of IOP in mitigating UV-induced DNA damage in zebrafish.
BackgroundChaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) is one of the most promising antioxidants with incre... more BackgroundChaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) is one of the most promising antioxidants with incredible health-promoting effects. Chaga polysaccharides (IOP) have been reported to enhance immune response and alleviate oxidative stress during development. However, the effects of IOP on the genotoxicity in model organisms are yet to be clarified.MethodsZebrafish embryos (12 hours post fertilization, hpf) were exposed to transient UVB (12 J/m2/s, 310 nm) for 10 secs using a UV hybridisation chamber, followed by IOP treatment (2.5 mg/mL) at 24 hpf for up to 7 days post fertilization (dpf). The genotoxic effects were assessed using acridine orange staining, alkaline comet assay, and qRT-PCR for screening DNA repair genes.ResultsWe found significant reduction in DNA damage and amelioration of the deformed structures in the IOP-treated zebrafish exposed to UVB (p < 0.05) at 5 dpf and thereafter. In addition, the relative mRNA expressions of XRCC-5, XRCC-6, RAD51, P53, and GADD45 were sig...
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2016
Methods & Materials: A retrospective analysis of case histories of patients with a clinical diagn... more Methods & Materials: A retrospective analysis of case histories of patients with a clinical diagnosis of ARIs complicated with community-acquired pneumonia in children. Age of children ranged from one month to five years. Patients were treated in viral diseases branch of municipal children's infectious diseases hospital in Astana. Patient's data of antibacterial records were analyzed in outpatient stage in order to monitor antibiotic therapy. We developed an antibiotic map which includes the data on antibiotics obtained before entering the hospital for the last 3 months, indicating the dose and duration of outpatient treatment, as well as antibiotics that the patient received in the hospital, the dose and duration. This card was put into practice in the hospital from 2009. This allows us to track the quantitative and qualitative characterization of antibacterial therapy in hospital. Statistical data calculation was performed using Excel 2010 software and SPSS Statistics 20.0. Results: We analyzed 395 cases patients in the viral disease branch with a clinical diagnosis of ARIs complicated with community-acquired pneumonia. The average age of studied patients was-20.48 +-13.95 months. The antibacterial card was revealed that 57 (14.4%) patients out of 395 got antibiotics before hospitalization. At the time of admission, the period from the beginning of illness averaged-3.2+2.1 days. Among the antibiotics the most commonly used were semi-synthetic aminopenicillin (40.3%), inhibitor protected semi-synthetic aminopenicillin (17.5%), macrolides (15.6%) 2-generation cephalosporins (12.3%), 3rd-generation cephalosporins (8.7%). During the appointment of antibacterial therapy, physician will base on the obtained data in order to avoid irrational use of antibiotics. Conclusion: The use of antibacterial cards, with the aim of monitoring of used antibiotics in the hospital, allowed to improve the quality of the causal treatment, to reduce significantly the time of the patient's stay in hospital and to reduce drug polypharmacy.
Journal of vector borne diseases
Neurology India, 2006
Figure 2: (A) Saggital T2 sequence showing resolution of epidural hematoma. (B) Axial T1 (Fat sat... more Figure 2: (A) Saggital T2 sequence showing resolution of epidural hematoma. (B) Axial T1 (Fat sat) sequence showing resolution of hematoma compressing the spinal cord. [4] Methylprednisolone has been used occasionally with good results and its beneficial effects evolve around the membrane-stabilizing effect and the ability to suppress lipid perioxidation and hydrolysis and inflammatory chain reaction at the injury site. [5]
Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2012
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arthritogenic alphavirus, is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes of... more Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arthritogenic alphavirus, is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes of genus Aedes, mainly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The resurgence of CHIKV in different parts of India is a point of major public health concern. In 2010, chikungunya outbreaks with high epidemic magnitude were recorded in coastal areas of Orissa, Eastern India, affecting more than 15,000 people coupled with severe arthralgia and prolonged morbidites. Detailed entomological, serological and molecular investigation of this unprecendented outbreak was carried out by collecting and studying 1359 mosquito samples belonging to A. albopictus, A. aegypti, A. vittatus, A. edwardsii and Culex species and 220 patients serum from the affected areas. In this study, CHIKV specific IgM capture-ELISA and reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) were done to detect recent infection of CHIKV in serum samples and adult mosquitoes collected from the affected areas. The high maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) (15.2) in A. albopictus mosquitoes indicated that it was the principal vector involved in transmission of CHIKV in Orissa. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CHIKV strains involved in the outbreak belonged to the Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) group within the East, Central and South African (ECSA) genotype. Genetic characterization of envelope glycoprotein (E1 and E2) genes revealed that all the CHIKV isolates from Orissa had the E1-A226V mutation that enhances viral dissemination and transmissibility by A. albopictus mosquitoes along with E2-L210Q and E2-I211T mutations, which play an epistatic role with E1-A226V mutation in adaptation of CHIKV to A. albopictus by increasing its midgut infectivity, thereby favoring its vectorial capacity. Our results showed the involvement of A. albopictus vector in the recent outbreaks in Orissa and circulation of IOL strains of ECSA genotype of CHIKV with E1-A226V, E2-L210Q and E2-I211T mutations in vectors and patients serum.
Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 2004
Journal of Surface Science and Technology, 1997
The potential usefulness of cationic polyelectrolytes in treating river water used for drinking p... more The potential usefulness of cationic polyelectrolytes in treating river water used for drinking purposes was investigated with particular focus on the removal of turbidity. A series of experiments were carried out using four commercial polyelectrolytes such as Magnafloc, Richfloc, 950C and 950 Cap. The efficacy of the process was first examined with demineralised water of known artificially produced turbidity. The optimum pH, concentration of reagents in clarification and the conditions affecting the interaction between the reagents and the turbid particles in water were investigated. Rapid coagulation removing some heavy metal ions and colour, was obtained by the use of fine magnetite particles as carriers. The reagent 950C was found to be superior compared to other reagents. It was possible to reduce the turbidity of the river water from 236 NTU to 3.6 at 5.0 mg/L of reagent concentration in conjunction with Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and magnetite particles in a period of five minutes.
Vectors and Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases [Working Title]
Mosquitoes thrive mostly in the tropics and act as the vectors of some of the most debilitating h... more Mosquitoes thrive mostly in the tropics and act as the vectors of some of the most debilitating human diseases caused by bioagents. Among the plethora of mosquitoes, Aedes transmit arboviruses, which have caused large-scale outbreaks throughout the world. Stegomyia is the most important subgenus of Aedes, which includes Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus vectors that are widespread and transmit a wide variety of arbovirus belonging to Togaviridae with the genus Alphavirus (Sindbis virus, equine encephalitis viruses, chikungunya virus), Flaviviridae with the genus Flavivirus (yellow fever virus, dengue 1-4 viruses, West Nile virus, Japanese and St. Louis encephalitis/SLE-viruses) and the Bunyaviridae with the genera Bunyavirus (California Group), and Phlebovirus (Rift Valley fever). In India, dengue and chikungunya are the most important arboviral diseases transmitted by Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in recent time. Chikungunya and dengue are acute debilitating arthritogenic and hemorrhagic (dengue) disease, caused by enveloped single-stranded RNA virus belonging to Alphavirus and Flavivirus, respectively. In this chapter, we will comprehensively delineate the taxonomy of Aedes mosquitoes, their geographical distribution, evolutionary biology of chikungunya and dengue viruses, mechanism of transmission, and proposed vector control strategies against Aedes mosquitoes.
Acta tropica, 2014
Anopheles annularis is one of the major vectors of malaria in Odisha, India. The present study wa... more Anopheles annularis is one of the major vectors of malaria in Odisha, India. The present study was undertaken to determine the vectorial capacity and assess the genetic diversity of An. annularis collected from different endemic regions of Odisha. Mosquitoes were collected from thirteen endemic districts using standard entomological collection methods from 2009 to 2011. Sibling species of An. annularis were identified by PCR-RFLP and sequencing of D3 region of 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) region. Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoite rate and human blood fed percentage (HBF) were estimated by multiplex PCR using Pf and human specific primers. Genetic diversity of An. annularis was estimated by ISSR markers. Out of 1647 An. annularis collected, 1353 (82.15%) were collected by mechanical aspirators and 294 (17.85%) by light trap. 49 (2.97%) were positive for human blood and 18 (1.09%) were positive for Pf sporozoite. PCR-RFLP and sequencing analyses detected only An annularis A in the stu...
PLoS ONE, 2014
Background: Aedes albopictus has recently been implicated as a major vector in the emergence of d... more Background: Aedes albopictus has recently been implicated as a major vector in the emergence of dengue and chikungunya in several parts of India, like Orissa, which is gradually gaining endemicity for arboviral diseases. Ae. albopictus is further known to be naturally infected with Wolbachia (maternally inherited bacterium), which causes cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in mosquitoes leading to sperm-egg incompatibility inducing the death of embryo. Knowledge of genetic diversity of Ae. albopictus, along with revealing the type of Wolbachia infection in Ae. albopictus is important to explore the genetic and biological characteristics of Ae. albopictus, prior to exploring the uses of CI-based vector control strategies. In this study, we assessed the population genetic structure and the pattern of Wolbachia infection in Ae. albopictus mosquitoes of Orissa. Methods and Results: Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were collected from 15 districts representing the four physiographical regions of Orissa from 2010-2012, analyzed for genetic variability at seven microsatellite loci and genotyped for Wolbachia strain detection using wsp gene primers. Most microsatellite markers were successfully amplified and were polymorphic, showing moderate genetic structure among all geographic populations (F ST = 0.088). Genetic diversity was high (F ST = 0.168) in Coastal Plains populations when compared with other populations, which was also evident from cluster analyses that showed most Coastal Plains populations consisted of a separate genetic cluster. Genotyping analyses revealed that Wolbachia-infected Ae. albopictus field populations of Orissa were mostly superinfected with wAlbA and wAlbB strains. Wolbachia superinfection was more pronounced in the Coastal Plain populations. Conclusion: High genetic structure and Wolbachia superinfection, observed in the Coastal Plain populations of Orissa suggested it to be genetically and biologically more unique than other populations, and hence could influence their vectorial attributes. Such high genetic diversity observed among Coastal Plains populations could be attributed to multiple introductions of Ae. albopictus in this region.
Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2013
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection has caught attention yet again as it rages around the globe a... more Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection has caught attention yet again as it rages around the globe affecting millions of people. The virus caused epidemic outbreaks affecting more than 15,000 people in Odisha, Eastern India since 2010. In this study, complete genetic characterization of E2 gene of CHIKV circulating in Odisha from 2010 to 2011 was performed by virus isolation, RT-PCR, molecular phylogenetics and bioinformatics methods. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the circulation of Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) strains of ECSA genotype of CHIKV in Odisha. Several mutations were detected in the E2 gene, viz. E2-R82G, E2-L210Q, E2-I211T, E2-V229I and E2-S375T which had various adaptive roles during the evolution of CHIKV. The CHIKV E2 peptide ⁵⁷KTDDSHD⁶³ was predicted to be the most probable T-cell epitope and peptide ⁸⁴FVRTSAPCT⁹² predicted to be the common T and B cell epitope having high antigenicity. The amino acid positions 356-379 and 365-385 were predicted to be transmembrane helical domains and indicated E2 protein anchorage in intracellular membranes for effective interaction with the host receptors. Positive selection pressure was observed in five specific sites, 210, 211, 318, 375, and 377 which were observed to be fixed advantageously in most viral isolates. Structural modeling revealed that E2 gene of CHIKV was composed of 3 domains and the major adaptive mutations were detected in domain B, which can modulate binding of CHIKV to host cells, while the transmembrane domain in domain C and the epitopes were located in domain A, which was found to be most conserved. This is the first report from Eastern India demonstrating a predictive approach to the genetic variations, epitopic regions and the transmembrane helices of the E2 region. The results of this study, combined with other published observations, will expand our knowledge about the E2 region of CHIKV which can be exploited to develop control measures against CHIKV.
Heliyon, 2021
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06003.].
Food Science & Nutrition
The novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) has caused large‐scale global outbreaks and mainly mediates ho... more The novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) has caused large‐scale global outbreaks and mainly mediates host cell entry through the interaction of its spike (S) protein with the human angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE‐2) receptor. As there is no effective treatment for SARS‐CoV‐2 to date, it is imperative to explore the efficacy of new compounds that possess potential antiviral activity. In this study, we assessed the potential binding interaction of the beneficial components of Chaga mushroom, a natural anti‐inflammatory and immune booster with that of the SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor‐binding domain (RBD) using molecular docking, MD simulation, and phylogenetic analysis. Beta glycan, betulinic acid, and galactomannan constituents of Chaga mushroom exhibited strong binding interaction (−7.4 to −8.6 kcal/mol) forming multivalent hydrogen and non‐polar bonds with the viral S1‐carboxy‐terminal domain of the RBD. Specifically, the best interacting sites for beta glycan comprised ASN‐440, SER 373, TRP‐436, ASN‐343, and ARG 509 with average binding energy of −8.4 kcal/mol. The best interacting sites of galactomannan included ASN‐437, SER 373, TRP‐436, ASN‐343, and ALA 344 with a mean binding energy of −7.4 kcal/mol;and the best interacting sites of betulinic acid were ASN‐437, SER 373, TRP‐436, PHE 342, ARG 509, and ALA 344 that strongly interacted with the S‐protein (ΔG = −8.1 kcal/mol). The docking results were also compared with an S‐protein binding analog, NAG and depicted similar binding affinities compared with that of the ligands (−8.67 kcal/mol). In addition, phylogenetic analysis using global isolates depicted that the current SARS‐CoV‐2 isolates possessed a furin cleavage site (NSPRRA) in the RBD, which was absent in the previous isolates that indicated increased efficacy of the present virus for enhanced infection through increased interaction with ACE‐2. The results showed that Chaga could be an effective natural antiviral that can supplement the current anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Food Science & Nutrition is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Science of The Total Environment
Increasing demand for magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NP) due to their extensive use in diff... more Increasing demand for magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NP) due to their extensive use in different physical and biological applications has raised concern on their biocompatibility and toxicity to human health and ecological safety. This has instigated quest for detailed information on their toxicity mechanism, along with ecofriendly synthesis as a potential solution. This study explores the toxicity of MgO NP at the molecular level using embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio) and depicts the green synthesis of MgO (G-MgO) NP using the extract from a medicinal plant Calotropis gigantea. Synthesized G-MgO NP were characterized using microscopy, spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Stable 55 ± 10 nm sized MgO NP were generated with a zeta potential of 45 ± 15 mV and hydrodynamic size 110 ± 20 nm. UV-Vis spectrum showed a standard peak at 357 nm. Comparative cellular toxicity analysis showed higher biocompatibility of G-MgO NP compared to MgO NP with reference to the morphological changes, notochord development, and heartbeat rate in embryonic zebrafish LC50 of G-MgO NP was 520 μg/mL compared to 410 μg/mL of MgO NP. Molecular toxicity investigation revealed that the toxic effects of MgO NP was mainly due to the influential dysregulation in oxidative stress leading to apoptosis because of the accumulation and internalization of nanoparticles and their interaction with cellular proteins like Sod1 and p53, thereby affecting structural integrity and functionality. The study delineated the nanotoxicity of MgO NP and suggests the adoption and use of new green methodology for future production.
Aquaculture
Abstract The middle of the twenty-first century will witness an enormous challenge for providing ... more Abstract The middle of the twenty-first century will witness an enormous challenge for providing food and livelihood to the entire world population, which is significantly increasing globally. Aquaculture development has been the focus of several countries in recent time owing to its huge contribution to food industry. The importance of aquaculture extends to providing food, employment, new health-care products, agricultural products, and many others. Since 1961, the annual worldwide growth of fish consumption has increased twice in comparison to population growth, indicating that the fisheries sector is crucial in meeting FAO's goal for a world without hunger and malnutrition. However, traditional aquaculture practices are insufficient in meeting the needs of the ever-increasing human population. Nanotechnology is an upcoming strategy for boosting aquaculture production through the advent and application of novel nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and similar compounds. Because of their extraordinarily small size, nano-based feed supplements such as Nano-863, dietary selenium, zinc, and copper nanoparticles can be easily absorbed inside the cells and can thus enhance fish growth performance. Nanoparticles derived from chitosan, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), zinc oxide, and silica have been widely utilized for the development of effective nano-delivery agents for promoting fish health and in packaging industries for increasing the storage life of seafood. In addition, nano-emulsions comprising different immiscible liquids are now being used for the coating of surfaces and are upcoming strategies to protect the fishing equipment and other fish harvesting tools. Nevertheless, nanotechnology has also certain limitations of use in terms of toxicity, environmental biodegradability, and others, which have been summarized in the present review, in addition to the potential benefits in aquaculture production.
Chemical Research in Toxicology
The investigation of the biocompatibility of potential and commercially available dental material... more The investigation of the biocompatibility of potential and commercially available dental material is a major challenge in dental science. This study demonstrates that the zebrafish model is a novel in vivo model for investigating the biocompatibility of dental materials. Two commercially available dental materials, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine, were assessed for their biocompatibility. The biocompatibility analysis was performed in embryonic zebrafish with the help of standard toxicity assays measuring essential parameters such as survivability and hatching. The mechanistic and comparative analysis of toxicity was performed by oxidative stress analysis by measuring ROS induction and apoptosis in zebrafish exposed to dental materials at different concentrations. The molecular investigation at the protein level was done by a computational approach using in silico molecular docking and pathway analysis. The toxicity analysis showed a significant reduction in hatching and survivability rates along with morphological malformations with an increase in the concentration of exposed materials. ROS and apoptosis assay results revealed a greater biocompatibility of Biodentine as compared to that of MTA which was concentration-dependent. In silico analysis showed the significant role of the tricalcium silicate-protein ( Sod1, tp53, RUNX2B) interaction in an exhibition of toxicity. The study provides a new vision and standard in dental material sciences for assessing the biocompatibility of potential novel and commercially available dental materials.
International Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 2020
Background. Acute bacterial meningitis is one of the significant infectious diseases that add an ... more Background. Acute bacterial meningitis is one of the significant infectious diseases that add an immense burden to the health system. Proper management of meningitis is an invincible need to overcome the severe consequences. Objectives. The aim of the study is detection of the etiological agents of acute bacterial meningitis by PCR. Methods. Total 267 CSF samples collected from suspected bacterial meningitis cases were processed for the detection of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, E. coli and Group B streptococci by conventional and molecular diagnosis method. CSF was inoculated on Blood, chocolate and MacConkey agar plates and incubated at 37 °C for 24-48 hrs. Bacteria grown were identified by Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF). Multiplex PCR of the enlisted bacteria was performed using DNA extracted from CSF by DNA extraction kit (Qiagen, USA). Results. 5 (1.87%) out of the total 267 CSF samples were culture positive (3 S. pneumon...
Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) has been used for a long time as a folk medicine for treating ... more Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) has been used for a long time as a folk medicine for treating multiple diseases in several parts of the world without rendering any undesired toxicity. In this study, I. obliquus polysaccharides (IOP) were extracted and assessed to determine their anti-tumorigenic potential in human lung cancer cell lines NCI-H23 and A549 using cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays. MTT assay revealed a significant reduction in the cell viability (p < 0.05) for NCI-H23 and A549 cell lines exposed to IOP (5-200 µg/mL) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 of 100 µg/mL for both cell lines. Cell lines exposed to 50 and 100 µg/mL of IOP were further analyzed. IOP arrested the cancer cell growth at G0/G1 stage that can further implicate an antiproliferative effect in cancer cells. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was detected using DCFH-DA dye demonstrated increased levels of ROS generation (p < 0.05). Assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential using JC-1 dye exhibited decreased membrane potential, characterized by the low dye-intake, as shown by flow cytometry. In addition, Annexin-V/FITC analysis using flow cytometry demonstrated a significantly increased number of apoptotic cells (p < 0.05) in both cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. These results showed that IOP can induce apoptosis in both tumor cell lines, and therefore might be considered as an effective anti-tumor agent that could be further exploited in clinical settings.
Heliyon, 2021
Chaga mushroom is one of the promising beneficial mushrooms thriving in the colder parts of North... more Chaga mushroom is one of the promising beneficial mushrooms thriving in the colder parts of Northern hemisphere. Chaga polysaccharides (IOP) have been reported to enhance immune response and alleviate oxidative stress during development. However, the effects of IOP on the genotoxicity in model organisms are yet to be clarified. In this study, IOP was extracted using hot water extraction method, followed by GC analysis. Zebrafish embryos (12 h post fertilization, hpf) were exposed to transient UVB (12 J/m 2 /s, 305-310nm) for 10 s using a UV hybridisation chamber, followed by IOP treatment (2.5 mg/mL) at 24 hpf for up to 7 days post fertilization (dpf). The genotoxic effects were assessed using acridine orange staining, alkaline comet assay, and qRT-PCR for screening DNA repair genes. Significant reduction in DNA damage and amelioration of the deformed structures in the IOP-treated zebrafish exposed to UVB (p < 0.05) was observed at 5 dpf and thereafter. The relative mRNA expressions of XRCC-5, XRCC-6, RAD51, and GADD45 were significantly upregulated, whereas p53 and BAX were downregulated in IOP-treated UVB-exposed zebrafish compared to UVB-exposed zebrafish. ELISA analysis revealed significantly decreased expression of XRCC5 and RAD51 in UVB-exposed compared to IOP-treated UVBexposed and control zebrafish (7 dpf). However, p53 and BAX levels were high in UVB-exposed zebrafish, indicating higher apoptosis. Pathway analysis demonstrated coordinated regulation of DNA repair genes; p53 playing a pivotal role in regulating the expression of BAX, thereby promoting apoptosis in UVB-exposed zebrafish. Overall, IOP treatment ameliorated the genotoxic effects in UVB-exposed zebrafish by enhanced expression of DNA repair genes, which assisted in normal development. The study delineated the efficacy of IOP in mitigating UV-induced DNA damage in zebrafish.
BackgroundChaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) is one of the most promising antioxidants with incre... more BackgroundChaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) is one of the most promising antioxidants with incredible health-promoting effects. Chaga polysaccharides (IOP) have been reported to enhance immune response and alleviate oxidative stress during development. However, the effects of IOP on the genotoxicity in model organisms are yet to be clarified.MethodsZebrafish embryos (12 hours post fertilization, hpf) were exposed to transient UVB (12 J/m2/s, 310 nm) for 10 secs using a UV hybridisation chamber, followed by IOP treatment (2.5 mg/mL) at 24 hpf for up to 7 days post fertilization (dpf). The genotoxic effects were assessed using acridine orange staining, alkaline comet assay, and qRT-PCR for screening DNA repair genes.ResultsWe found significant reduction in DNA damage and amelioration of the deformed structures in the IOP-treated zebrafish exposed to UVB (p < 0.05) at 5 dpf and thereafter. In addition, the relative mRNA expressions of XRCC-5, XRCC-6, RAD51, P53, and GADD45 were sig...
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2016
Methods & Materials: A retrospective analysis of case histories of patients with a clinical diagn... more Methods & Materials: A retrospective analysis of case histories of patients with a clinical diagnosis of ARIs complicated with community-acquired pneumonia in children. Age of children ranged from one month to five years. Patients were treated in viral diseases branch of municipal children's infectious diseases hospital in Astana. Patient's data of antibacterial records were analyzed in outpatient stage in order to monitor antibiotic therapy. We developed an antibiotic map which includes the data on antibiotics obtained before entering the hospital for the last 3 months, indicating the dose and duration of outpatient treatment, as well as antibiotics that the patient received in the hospital, the dose and duration. This card was put into practice in the hospital from 2009. This allows us to track the quantitative and qualitative characterization of antibacterial therapy in hospital. Statistical data calculation was performed using Excel 2010 software and SPSS Statistics 20.0. Results: We analyzed 395 cases patients in the viral disease branch with a clinical diagnosis of ARIs complicated with community-acquired pneumonia. The average age of studied patients was-20.48 +-13.95 months. The antibacterial card was revealed that 57 (14.4%) patients out of 395 got antibiotics before hospitalization. At the time of admission, the period from the beginning of illness averaged-3.2+2.1 days. Among the antibiotics the most commonly used were semi-synthetic aminopenicillin (40.3%), inhibitor protected semi-synthetic aminopenicillin (17.5%), macrolides (15.6%) 2-generation cephalosporins (12.3%), 3rd-generation cephalosporins (8.7%). During the appointment of antibacterial therapy, physician will base on the obtained data in order to avoid irrational use of antibiotics. Conclusion: The use of antibacterial cards, with the aim of monitoring of used antibiotics in the hospital, allowed to improve the quality of the causal treatment, to reduce significantly the time of the patient's stay in hospital and to reduce drug polypharmacy.
Journal of vector borne diseases
Neurology India, 2006
Figure 2: (A) Saggital T2 sequence showing resolution of epidural hematoma. (B) Axial T1 (Fat sat... more Figure 2: (A) Saggital T2 sequence showing resolution of epidural hematoma. (B) Axial T1 (Fat sat) sequence showing resolution of hematoma compressing the spinal cord. [4] Methylprednisolone has been used occasionally with good results and its beneficial effects evolve around the membrane-stabilizing effect and the ability to suppress lipid perioxidation and hydrolysis and inflammatory chain reaction at the injury site. [5]
Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2012
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arthritogenic alphavirus, is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes of... more Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arthritogenic alphavirus, is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes of genus Aedes, mainly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The resurgence of CHIKV in different parts of India is a point of major public health concern. In 2010, chikungunya outbreaks with high epidemic magnitude were recorded in coastal areas of Orissa, Eastern India, affecting more than 15,000 people coupled with severe arthralgia and prolonged morbidites. Detailed entomological, serological and molecular investigation of this unprecendented outbreak was carried out by collecting and studying 1359 mosquito samples belonging to A. albopictus, A. aegypti, A. vittatus, A. edwardsii and Culex species and 220 patients serum from the affected areas. In this study, CHIKV specific IgM capture-ELISA and reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) were done to detect recent infection of CHIKV in serum samples and adult mosquitoes collected from the affected areas. The high maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) (15.2) in A. albopictus mosquitoes indicated that it was the principal vector involved in transmission of CHIKV in Orissa. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CHIKV strains involved in the outbreak belonged to the Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) group within the East, Central and South African (ECSA) genotype. Genetic characterization of envelope glycoprotein (E1 and E2) genes revealed that all the CHIKV isolates from Orissa had the E1-A226V mutation that enhances viral dissemination and transmissibility by A. albopictus mosquitoes along with E2-L210Q and E2-I211T mutations, which play an epistatic role with E1-A226V mutation in adaptation of CHIKV to A. albopictus by increasing its midgut infectivity, thereby favoring its vectorial capacity. Our results showed the involvement of A. albopictus vector in the recent outbreaks in Orissa and circulation of IOL strains of ECSA genotype of CHIKV with E1-A226V, E2-L210Q and E2-I211T mutations in vectors and patients serum.
Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 2004
Journal of Surface Science and Technology, 1997
The potential usefulness of cationic polyelectrolytes in treating river water used for drinking p... more The potential usefulness of cationic polyelectrolytes in treating river water used for drinking purposes was investigated with particular focus on the removal of turbidity. A series of experiments were carried out using four commercial polyelectrolytes such as Magnafloc, Richfloc, 950C and 950 Cap. The efficacy of the process was first examined with demineralised water of known artificially produced turbidity. The optimum pH, concentration of reagents in clarification and the conditions affecting the interaction between the reagents and the turbid particles in water were investigated. Rapid coagulation removing some heavy metal ions and colour, was obtained by the use of fine magnetite particles as carriers. The reagent 950C was found to be superior compared to other reagents. It was possible to reduce the turbidity of the river water from 236 NTU to 3.6 at 5.0 mg/L of reagent concentration in conjunction with Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and magnetite particles in a period of five minutes.
Vectors and Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases [Working Title]
Mosquitoes thrive mostly in the tropics and act as the vectors of some of the most debilitating h... more Mosquitoes thrive mostly in the tropics and act as the vectors of some of the most debilitating human diseases caused by bioagents. Among the plethora of mosquitoes, Aedes transmit arboviruses, which have caused large-scale outbreaks throughout the world. Stegomyia is the most important subgenus of Aedes, which includes Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus vectors that are widespread and transmit a wide variety of arbovirus belonging to Togaviridae with the genus Alphavirus (Sindbis virus, equine encephalitis viruses, chikungunya virus), Flaviviridae with the genus Flavivirus (yellow fever virus, dengue 1-4 viruses, West Nile virus, Japanese and St. Louis encephalitis/SLE-viruses) and the Bunyaviridae with the genera Bunyavirus (California Group), and Phlebovirus (Rift Valley fever). In India, dengue and chikungunya are the most important arboviral diseases transmitted by Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in recent time. Chikungunya and dengue are acute debilitating arthritogenic and hemorrhagic (dengue) disease, caused by enveloped single-stranded RNA virus belonging to Alphavirus and Flavivirus, respectively. In this chapter, we will comprehensively delineate the taxonomy of Aedes mosquitoes, their geographical distribution, evolutionary biology of chikungunya and dengue viruses, mechanism of transmission, and proposed vector control strategies against Aedes mosquitoes.
Acta tropica, 2014
Anopheles annularis is one of the major vectors of malaria in Odisha, India. The present study wa... more Anopheles annularis is one of the major vectors of malaria in Odisha, India. The present study was undertaken to determine the vectorial capacity and assess the genetic diversity of An. annularis collected from different endemic regions of Odisha. Mosquitoes were collected from thirteen endemic districts using standard entomological collection methods from 2009 to 2011. Sibling species of An. annularis were identified by PCR-RFLP and sequencing of D3 region of 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) region. Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoite rate and human blood fed percentage (HBF) were estimated by multiplex PCR using Pf and human specific primers. Genetic diversity of An. annularis was estimated by ISSR markers. Out of 1647 An. annularis collected, 1353 (82.15%) were collected by mechanical aspirators and 294 (17.85%) by light trap. 49 (2.97%) were positive for human blood and 18 (1.09%) were positive for Pf sporozoite. PCR-RFLP and sequencing analyses detected only An annularis A in the stu...
PLoS ONE, 2014
Background: Aedes albopictus has recently been implicated as a major vector in the emergence of d... more Background: Aedes albopictus has recently been implicated as a major vector in the emergence of dengue and chikungunya in several parts of India, like Orissa, which is gradually gaining endemicity for arboviral diseases. Ae. albopictus is further known to be naturally infected with Wolbachia (maternally inherited bacterium), which causes cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in mosquitoes leading to sperm-egg incompatibility inducing the death of embryo. Knowledge of genetic diversity of Ae. albopictus, along with revealing the type of Wolbachia infection in Ae. albopictus is important to explore the genetic and biological characteristics of Ae. albopictus, prior to exploring the uses of CI-based vector control strategies. In this study, we assessed the population genetic structure and the pattern of Wolbachia infection in Ae. albopictus mosquitoes of Orissa. Methods and Results: Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were collected from 15 districts representing the four physiographical regions of Orissa from 2010-2012, analyzed for genetic variability at seven microsatellite loci and genotyped for Wolbachia strain detection using wsp gene primers. Most microsatellite markers were successfully amplified and were polymorphic, showing moderate genetic structure among all geographic populations (F ST = 0.088). Genetic diversity was high (F ST = 0.168) in Coastal Plains populations when compared with other populations, which was also evident from cluster analyses that showed most Coastal Plains populations consisted of a separate genetic cluster. Genotyping analyses revealed that Wolbachia-infected Ae. albopictus field populations of Orissa were mostly superinfected with wAlbA and wAlbB strains. Wolbachia superinfection was more pronounced in the Coastal Plain populations. Conclusion: High genetic structure and Wolbachia superinfection, observed in the Coastal Plain populations of Orissa suggested it to be genetically and biologically more unique than other populations, and hence could influence their vectorial attributes. Such high genetic diversity observed among Coastal Plains populations could be attributed to multiple introductions of Ae. albopictus in this region.
Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2013
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection has caught attention yet again as it rages around the globe a... more Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection has caught attention yet again as it rages around the globe affecting millions of people. The virus caused epidemic outbreaks affecting more than 15,000 people in Odisha, Eastern India since 2010. In this study, complete genetic characterization of E2 gene of CHIKV circulating in Odisha from 2010 to 2011 was performed by virus isolation, RT-PCR, molecular phylogenetics and bioinformatics methods. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the circulation of Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) strains of ECSA genotype of CHIKV in Odisha. Several mutations were detected in the E2 gene, viz. E2-R82G, E2-L210Q, E2-I211T, E2-V229I and E2-S375T which had various adaptive roles during the evolution of CHIKV. The CHIKV E2 peptide ⁵⁷KTDDSHD⁶³ was predicted to be the most probable T-cell epitope and peptide ⁸⁴FVRTSAPCT⁹² predicted to be the common T and B cell epitope having high antigenicity. The amino acid positions 356-379 and 365-385 were predicted to be transmembrane helical domains and indicated E2 protein anchorage in intracellular membranes for effective interaction with the host receptors. Positive selection pressure was observed in five specific sites, 210, 211, 318, 375, and 377 which were observed to be fixed advantageously in most viral isolates. Structural modeling revealed that E2 gene of CHIKV was composed of 3 domains and the major adaptive mutations were detected in domain B, which can modulate binding of CHIKV to host cells, while the transmembrane domain in domain C and the epitopes were located in domain A, which was found to be most conserved. This is the first report from Eastern India demonstrating a predictive approach to the genetic variations, epitopic regions and the transmembrane helices of the E2 region. The results of this study, combined with other published observations, will expand our knowledge about the E2 region of CHIKV which can be exploited to develop control measures against CHIKV.
Heliyon, 2021
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06003.].
Food Science & Nutrition
The novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) has caused large‐scale global outbreaks and mainly mediates ho... more The novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) has caused large‐scale global outbreaks and mainly mediates host cell entry through the interaction of its spike (S) protein with the human angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE‐2) receptor. As there is no effective treatment for SARS‐CoV‐2 to date, it is imperative to explore the efficacy of new compounds that possess potential antiviral activity. In this study, we assessed the potential binding interaction of the beneficial components of Chaga mushroom, a natural anti‐inflammatory and immune booster with that of the SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor‐binding domain (RBD) using molecular docking, MD simulation, and phylogenetic analysis. Beta glycan, betulinic acid, and galactomannan constituents of Chaga mushroom exhibited strong binding interaction (−7.4 to −8.6 kcal/mol) forming multivalent hydrogen and non‐polar bonds with the viral S1‐carboxy‐terminal domain of the RBD. Specifically, the best interacting sites for beta glycan comprised ASN‐440, SER 373, TRP‐436, ASN‐343, and ARG 509 with average binding energy of −8.4 kcal/mol. The best interacting sites of galactomannan included ASN‐437, SER 373, TRP‐436, ASN‐343, and ALA 344 with a mean binding energy of −7.4 kcal/mol;and the best interacting sites of betulinic acid were ASN‐437, SER 373, TRP‐436, PHE 342, ARG 509, and ALA 344 that strongly interacted with the S‐protein (ΔG = −8.1 kcal/mol). The docking results were also compared with an S‐protein binding analog, NAG and depicted similar binding affinities compared with that of the ligands (−8.67 kcal/mol). In addition, phylogenetic analysis using global isolates depicted that the current SARS‐CoV‐2 isolates possessed a furin cleavage site (NSPRRA) in the RBD, which was absent in the previous isolates that indicated increased efficacy of the present virus for enhanced infection through increased interaction with ACE‐2. The results showed that Chaga could be an effective natural antiviral that can supplement the current anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Food Science & Nutrition is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Science of The Total Environment
Increasing demand for magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NP) due to their extensive use in diff... more Increasing demand for magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NP) due to their extensive use in different physical and biological applications has raised concern on their biocompatibility and toxicity to human health and ecological safety. This has instigated quest for detailed information on their toxicity mechanism, along with ecofriendly synthesis as a potential solution. This study explores the toxicity of MgO NP at the molecular level using embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio) and depicts the green synthesis of MgO (G-MgO) NP using the extract from a medicinal plant Calotropis gigantea. Synthesized G-MgO NP were characterized using microscopy, spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Stable 55 ± 10 nm sized MgO NP were generated with a zeta potential of 45 ± 15 mV and hydrodynamic size 110 ± 20 nm. UV-Vis spectrum showed a standard peak at 357 nm. Comparative cellular toxicity analysis showed higher biocompatibility of G-MgO NP compared to MgO NP with reference to the morphological changes, notochord development, and heartbeat rate in embryonic zebrafish LC50 of G-MgO NP was 520 μg/mL compared to 410 μg/mL of MgO NP. Molecular toxicity investigation revealed that the toxic effects of MgO NP was mainly due to the influential dysregulation in oxidative stress leading to apoptosis because of the accumulation and internalization of nanoparticles and their interaction with cellular proteins like Sod1 and p53, thereby affecting structural integrity and functionality. The study delineated the nanotoxicity of MgO NP and suggests the adoption and use of new green methodology for future production.
Aquaculture
Abstract The middle of the twenty-first century will witness an enormous challenge for providing ... more Abstract The middle of the twenty-first century will witness an enormous challenge for providing food and livelihood to the entire world population, which is significantly increasing globally. Aquaculture development has been the focus of several countries in recent time owing to its huge contribution to food industry. The importance of aquaculture extends to providing food, employment, new health-care products, agricultural products, and many others. Since 1961, the annual worldwide growth of fish consumption has increased twice in comparison to population growth, indicating that the fisheries sector is crucial in meeting FAO's goal for a world without hunger and malnutrition. However, traditional aquaculture practices are insufficient in meeting the needs of the ever-increasing human population. Nanotechnology is an upcoming strategy for boosting aquaculture production through the advent and application of novel nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and similar compounds. Because of their extraordinarily small size, nano-based feed supplements such as Nano-863, dietary selenium, zinc, and copper nanoparticles can be easily absorbed inside the cells and can thus enhance fish growth performance. Nanoparticles derived from chitosan, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), zinc oxide, and silica have been widely utilized for the development of effective nano-delivery agents for promoting fish health and in packaging industries for increasing the storage life of seafood. In addition, nano-emulsions comprising different immiscible liquids are now being used for the coating of surfaces and are upcoming strategies to protect the fishing equipment and other fish harvesting tools. Nevertheless, nanotechnology has also certain limitations of use in terms of toxicity, environmental biodegradability, and others, which have been summarized in the present review, in addition to the potential benefits in aquaculture production.
Chemical Research in Toxicology
The investigation of the biocompatibility of potential and commercially available dental material... more The investigation of the biocompatibility of potential and commercially available dental material is a major challenge in dental science. This study demonstrates that the zebrafish model is a novel in vivo model for investigating the biocompatibility of dental materials. Two commercially available dental materials, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine, were assessed for their biocompatibility. The biocompatibility analysis was performed in embryonic zebrafish with the help of standard toxicity assays measuring essential parameters such as survivability and hatching. The mechanistic and comparative analysis of toxicity was performed by oxidative stress analysis by measuring ROS induction and apoptosis in zebrafish exposed to dental materials at different concentrations. The molecular investigation at the protein level was done by a computational approach using in silico molecular docking and pathway analysis. The toxicity analysis showed a significant reduction in hatching and survivability rates along with morphological malformations with an increase in the concentration of exposed materials. ROS and apoptosis assay results revealed a greater biocompatibility of Biodentine as compared to that of MTA which was concentration-dependent. In silico analysis showed the significant role of the tricalcium silicate-protein ( Sod1, tp53, RUNX2B) interaction in an exhibition of toxicity. The study provides a new vision and standard in dental material sciences for assessing the biocompatibility of potential novel and commercially available dental materials.