T Bouchard - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by T Bouchard

Intelligence, May 1, 2004

The genetics of personality/psychopathology

Oxford University Press eBooks, Apr 4, 2019

The chapter argues that the best evidence supports the contention that psychiatric “conditions” a... more The chapter argues that the best evidence supports the contention that psychiatric “conditions” are not discrete “disorders” but rather dimensional and part of the personality sphere. The personality traits that imply dysfunction are positively correlated, implying a general “p” factor analogous to the “g” factor in the domain of mental ability. There are very many personality traits that can be defined in multiple ways and all are influenced by many genes of very small effect. These facts suggest that the biological causes of variation in personality and psychopathology are likely varied and heterogeneous. We note the seldom discussed fact that the brain is a “kludgy” organ due to the way it evolved. It is likely that explanations of psychopathology will also be “kludgy.” Nevertheless, current research suggests that we are making sure but slow progress.

Current Directions in Psychological Science, Aug 1, 2009

The heritability of human behavioral traits is now well established, due in large measure to clas... more The heritability of human behavioral traits is now well established, due in large measure to classical twin studies. We see little need for further studies of the heritability of individual traits in behavioral science, but the twin study is far from having outlived its usefulness. The existence of pervasive familial influences on behavior means that selection bias is always a concern in any study of the causal effects of environmental circumstances. Twin samples continue to provide new opportunities to identify causal effects with appropriate genetic and shared environmental controls. We discuss environmental studies of discordant twin pairs and twin studies of genetic and environmental transactions in this context.

Genetic Influence on Social Attitudes: Another Challenge to Psychology From Behavior Genetics

Behavior genetics principles: Perspectives in development, personality, and psychopathology., 2004

Organizer

Page 1. Acknowledgements Organizer: Douglas K. Detterman Case Western Reserve University Advisory... more Page 1. Acknowledgements Organizer: Douglas K. Detterman Case Western Reserve University Advisory Committee: ... 3:00-3:30 (19) Gilmore Symbol-Digit Substitution 3:00-3:30 (37) Nyborg IQ and g: Sex differences 3:30-3:45 – Break 3:30-3:45 – Break 3:30-3:45 – Break ...

Science, 1994

The idea that genetic factors influence behavior, including personality, is very old. The most co... more The idea that genetic factors influence behavior, including personality, is very old. The most compelling evidence has always been, as Darwin (1) noted, the successful domestication of animals. So in regard to mental qualities, their transmission is manifest in our dogs, horses and other domestic animals. Besides special tastes and habits, general intelligence, courage, bad and good tempers, etc., are certainly transmitted.

Creativity, Heritability, Familiarity: Which Word Does Not Belong?

Psychological Inquiry, 1993

(1993). Creativity, Heritability, Familiarity: Which Word Does Not Belong? Psychological Inquiry:... more (1993). Creativity, Heritability, Familiarity: Which Word Does Not Belong? Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 235-237.

Inteligencia: lo que sabemos y lo que desconocemos

Personality and Individual Differences, 1999

Historically, authoritarian attitudes have been attributed to in¯uences within the rearing enviro... more Historically, authoritarian attitudes have been attributed to in¯uences within the rearing environment, based on the incorrect assumption that similarity between family members demonstrates cultural transmission. To unconfound environmental and genetic in¯uences, this paper examines right-wing authoritarianism [RWA; Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. Winnipeg: University of Ottowa; Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of freedom. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers] employing data from 39 monozygotic and 38 dizygotic adult reared apart twin pairs and 423 monozygotic and 434 dizygotic adult reared together twin pairs. Genetic factors accounted for about 50% and unshared environment for 35% of the phenotypic variance; either common environment or assortative mating could explain the remaining reliable variance. Similarity in cognitive ability did not underlie the twin correlations on authoritarianism. Purportedly relevant environmental variables from the Moos and Moos Family Environmental Scale (FES), the Block Environment Questionnaire (BEQ) and the MISTRA life history were associated with RWA scores for individuals reared by biological relatives; among adoptees, however, these variables are unrelated to RWA scores.

Personality and Individual Differences, 1993

Genetic influences on job satisfaction and work values

Personality and Individual Differences, 1994

... WORK VALUES RICHARD D. ARVEY,&amp;#x27;&amp;#x27;* BRIAN P. MCCALL,1 THOMAS J... more ... WORK VALUES RICHARD D. ARVEY,&amp;#x27;&amp;#x27;* BRIAN P. MCCALL,1 THOMAS J. BOUCHARD JR,z PAUL TAUBMAN3 and MARCIE A. CAVANAUGH ... twins who were reared together, a common design used by researchers in behavioral genetics (Heath, Neale, Hewitt, Eaves Fulker ...

The similiarity of facial expressions in response to emotion-inducing films in reared-apart twins

Psychological Medicine, 2007

BackgroundWhile the role of genetic factors in self-report measures of emotion has been frequentl... more BackgroundWhile the role of genetic factors in self-report measures of emotion has been frequently studied, we know little about the degree to which genetic factors influence emotional facial expressions.MethodTwenty-eight pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart were shown three emotion-inducing films and their facial responses recorded. These recordings were blindly scored by trained raters. Ranked correlations between twins were calculated controlling for age and sex.ResultsTwin pairs were significantly correlated for facial expressions of general positive emotions, happiness, surprise and anger, but not for general negative emotions, sadness, or disgust or average emotional intensity. MZ pairs (n=18) were more correlated than DZ pairs (n=10) for most but not all emotional expressions.ConclusionsSince these twin pairs had minimal contact with each other prior to testing, these results support significant genetic effects on ...

Intelligence, 2004

This is a gem of a book and a fitting honor to a distinguished scientist and scholar. The editor ... more This is a gem of a book and a fitting honor to a distinguished scientist and scholar. The editor cites Detterman (1998) who, in an honorary issue of the journal Intelligence, asserted that Jensen will never receive the acclaim he deserves from the standard array of professional organizations. Perhaps things have changed. In 2003, Jensen received a Lifetime Distinguished Contribution Award from the International Society for the Study of Individual Differences, only the second time the Society has made such an award in its 20-year history. Also in 2003, Jensen received Kistler Prize from the Foundation for the Future (). The first three recipients of the Kistler prize were E.O. Wilson, Richard Dawkins, and Luigi Cavalli-Sforza. Very distinguished company indeed! Arthur Jensen has single-handedly reinvigorated the scientific study of human intelligence and his magnum opus-The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability (Jensen, 1998) (henceforth, SMA)-will remain a definitive work for many years to come. As Jensen has shown, g lies at the nexus of a large set of causal empirical relationships that encompass every aspect of human life, from birth to death. This nexus links psychology to biology, genetics, neuroscience, sociology, demography, the humanities, and the arts. There is an emerging discipline called the Epidemiology of Human Intelligence. The book under review follows the Bell Curve (Herrnstein & Murray, 1994) and SMA in helping lay the foundations of that discipline. The first step in an epidemiological investigation is adequate delineation of the constructs under investigation. In chap. 1, John Carroll, in one of the last publications of his exceptionally distinguished career, fulfills this requirement beautifully and concisely, laying out the factorial foundations of g and special mental abilities. The second step is explication of the biology of the construct under study. The next five chapters begin this task by laying out the biology of g and describing numerous fascinating findings. The MRI studies linking IQ to brain size, for example, firmly establish a finding that only a few years ago Steven J. Gould told us was completely implausible. The third step is sociological and the next three chapters lay out the demography of g (geographic, race, and sex differences). The fourth step in an epidemiological study is explication of the causal network. The next seven chapters deal with the g nexus (genius, mental retardation, training, education, jobs, life, and crime). Dean Keith Simonton's chapter on 'Genius and g' is pure gold. Linda Gottfredson's chapter on 'g, jobs and life' is a major tour de force with the section on health literacy introducing the reader to a body of work that will eventually form the foundations of the practice of health psychology (more epidemiology). Along these lines, a chapter dealing with the brilliant epidemiological work of Ian Deary's group in Edinburgh linking data from the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey to later life outcomes would have Intelligence 32 (2004) 215 -219 Nuffield Council on Bioethics, F. (2002). Genetics and human behaviour: The ethical context. Enfield, England: Nuffield Council on Bioethics.

American Psychologist, 1996

In the fall of 1994, the publication of Herrnstein and Murray's book The Bell Curve sparked a new... more In the fall of 1994, the publication of Herrnstein and Murray's book The Bell Curve sparked a new round of debate about the meaning of intelligence test scores and the nature of intelligence. The debate was characterized by strong assertions as well as by strong feelings. Unfortunately, those assertions often revealed serious misunderstandings of what has (and has not) been demonstrated by scientific research in this field. Although a great deal is now known, the issues remain complex and in many cases still unresolved. Another unfortunate aspect of the debate was that many participants made little effort to distinguish scientific issues from political ones. Research findings were often assessed not so much on their merits or their scientific standing as on their supposed political implications. In such a climate, individuals who wish to make their own judgments find it hard to know what to believe. Reviewing the intelligence debate at its meeting of November 1994, the Board of Scientific Affairs (BSA) of the American Psychological Association (APA) concluded that there was urgent need for an authoritative report on these issues-one that all sides could use as a basis for discussion. Acting by unanimous vote, BSA established a Task Force charged with preparing such a report. Ulric Neisser, Professor of Psychology at Emory University and a member of BSA, was appointed Chair. The APA Board on the Advancement of Psychology in the Public Interest, which was consulted extensively during this process, nominated one member of the Task Force," the Committee on Psychological Tests and Assessment nominated another," a third was nominated by the Council of Representatives. Other members were chosen by an extended consultative process, with the aim of representing a broad range of expertise and opinion. The Task Force met twice, in January and March of 1995. Between and after these meetings, drafts of the various sections were circulated, revised, and revised yet again. Disputes were resolved by discussion. As a result, the report presented here has the unanimous support of the entire Task Force. This is a "Report of a Task Force Established by the American Psychological Association." The Task Force appreciates the contributions of many members of the APA Board of Scientific Affairs (BSA) and the APA Board for the Advancement of Psychology in the Public Interest (BAPPI), who made helpful comments on a preliminary draft of this report. We also wish to acknowledge the indispensable logistical support of the APA Science Directorate during the preparation of the report itself.

Twin Research, 1999

This report presents findings for the Intrinsic (IR) and Extrinsic (ER) religiousness scales from... more This report presents findings for the Intrinsic (IR) and Extrinsic (ER) religiousness scales from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. The scales were shown to be internally consistent, sufficiently distinct from the scales of the California Psychological Inventory and the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire and unrelated to a number of measures of response style to justify treating them as distinct traits. The I scales also showed considerable evidence of construct validity in its correlations with religious fundamentalism and authoritarianism as assessed by the MMPI and Altemeyer's Right-Wing Authoritarianism scale. Data on IR and ER from 35 pairs of monozygotic twins reared apart (MZA) and 37 pairs of dizygotic twins reared apart (DZA) were fitted to a biometric model and demonstrated significant heritability (0.43 and 0.39), with a model containing genetic plus environmental factors fitting significantly better than a model containing only an environmental compo...

When kin correlations are not squared

Science, 1990

In response to a number of inquiries concerming the proportion of genetic variance in IQ explaine... more In response to a number of inquiries concerming the proportion of genetic variance in IQ explained by the MZA [monozygotic] correlation, we have prepared the following explanation (Articles, 12 Oct., p. 223). It is a common misunderstanding that the intraclass correlation is squared to estimate the proportion of variance explained by genetic factors. Familial correlations represent components of variance; they are not squared (1). The reason that the intraclass correlation is not squared in our application is that the quantity to be estimated is the proportion of variance in twin A's IQ that is associated with twin A's genotype, and not the proportion of variance in twin A's IQ associated with twins B's IQ. In the latter case, an observed intraclass of 0.70 would be squared to yield an estimate of 0.49 for the proportion ofIQ variance shared by the two twins. In the former case, however, the observed phenotypes are imperfect indicators of the underlying genotypes, so that the correlation itself provides a direct estimate ofthe proportion ofIQ variance shared with the unobserved genotype. The situation is analogous to the estimation of reliability in psychometrics whereby the correlation between two parallel forms of a test provides a direct estimate of the proportion of observed test score variance associated with unobserved true score variance (that is, the reliability of the test) (2). THOMAS J. BoUCHARD, JR. Department ofPsychology, and Institute ofHuman Genetics, University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 DAVID T. LYKKEN Department ofPsychology, University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis MATTHEw MCGUE Department ofPsychology, and Institute ofHuman Genetics, University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis NANCY L. SEGAL AuKE TELLEGEN Department ofPsychology, University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis Frazil Ice