Luqman Buchori - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Luqman Buchori

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, Aug 1, 2017

Biodiesel synthesis through transesterification of soybean oil with methanol on hybrid catalytic-... more Biodiesel synthesis through transesterification of soybean oil with methanol on hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor over sulphated zinc oxide (SO4 2-/ZnO) active acid catalyst was investigated. This research was aimed to study effects of Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) and the catalyst diameter on performance of the hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor for biodiesel synthesis. The amount (20.2 g) of active sulphated zinc oxide solid acid catalysts was loaded into discharge zone of the reactor. The WHSV and the catalyst diameter were varied between 1.55 to 1.546 min-1 and 3, 5, and 7 mm, respectively. The molar ratio of methanol to oil as reactants of 15:1 is fed to the reactor, while operating condition of the reactor was kept at reaction temperature of 65 o C and ambient pressure. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) component in biodiesel product was identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the FAME yield decreases with increasing WHSV. It was found that the optimum FAME yield was achieved of 56.91 % at WHSV of 0.895 min-1 and catalyst diameter of 5 mm and reaction time of 1.25 min. It can be concluded that the biodiesel synthesis using the hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor system exhibited promising the FAME yield.

MATEC web of conferences, 2018

This research is aimed to study the effect of catalyst pellet-diameter and catalyst basicity on t... more This research is aimed to study the effect of catalyst pellet-diameter and catalyst basicity on the transesterification process of soybean oil into biodiesel over a hybrid catalyticplasma reactor. Various catalyst diameters (3, 5, and 7 mm) were tested in this reaction system. Catalyst basicity was also examined by comparing fresh and used catalyst as well as with and without K2O promoter. All catalysts testing were performed in a hybrid plasma-catalytic reactor (dielectric barrier discharge-DBD type). From the results, the synergistic effects roles of the catalyst and the plasma in the transesterification process are important, in which the energetic electrons within plasma assist the reaction on the catalyst surface by an exciting bonded electron. The catalyst basicity was influenced by the composition of CaO on the catalyst as well as roles of the alkaline K2O promoter. Catalyst basicity is important in producing biodiesel with high performance. Yield of fatty acid alkyl ester (FAAE) or biodiesel is slightly influenced by the catalyst diameter within the range of diameter studied.

Chemosphere, Oct 1, 2020

Research on the production of Glycerol Monostearate from glycerol using dealuminated Zeolite Y ca... more Research on the production of Glycerol Monostearate from glycerol using dealuminated Zeolite Y catalysts has been carried out. Optimization of the dealumination process is conducted using the help of statistical software 10, where the variables used are acid concentration (5-7 M), temperature of dealumination (55-70 °C) and time of dealumination (2-6 h). The acidity characterization test of dealuminated Zeolite Y using ammonia and pyridine solution. Glycerol Monostearate yield was obtained by GC-MS test that was carried out on 2 samples zeolite Y catalyst with the highest value of total and surface acidity of zeolite Y which produced 2.18% and 4% yield of Glycerol Monostearate. The two samples showed that the greater the acidity, the GMS yield was also greater. Compared to previous studies it was found that ZSM-5 catalyst has a higher acidity value than zeolite Y so that the yield of Glycerol Monostearate is higher with the use of ZSM-5 than Zeolite Y.

Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Nov 25, 2021

1 The synthesis of biodiesel from the used cooking oil with CaO catalyst from waste animal bones ... more 1 The synthesis of biodiesel from the used cooking oil with CaO catalyst from waste animal bones has been investigated. The content of free fatty acids (FFA) in the used cooking oil was reduced by adsorption using activated charcoal from a salak peel. Biodiesel synthesis was carried out via transesterification using CaO catalyst. The CaO catalyst was obtained from waste animal bones calcined in the Ney Vulcan furnace. The effect of calcination temperature was studied in the range of 873-1273 K. The effect of catalyst loading was investigated by varying within the range of 1-9 wt %. The methanol to oil molar ratio was investigated in the range from 6:1 to 18:1. The effect of the transesterification reaction time was studied with a time variation of 1-5 h. The optimum operating conditions were determined. Under these conditions, the yield of biodiesel produced was 97.56 % with an ester content of 96.06 %. It was shown that the physicochemical properties of biodiesel produced meet the standards.

Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Oct 10, 2019

A heterogeneous KF/CaO-MgO catalyst was prepared by impregnation method and was characterized by ... more A heterogeneous KF/CaO-MgO catalyst was prepared by impregnation method and was characterized by X-ray diffraction, BET and Tanabe method. The effects of weight KF addition, temperature and time of calcination on catalyst preparation were investigated. The influence of basicity value of catalyst was investigated. KF/CaO-MgO catalyst could perform the active sites to produced a high MG yield of 47.96% for 2%w KF addition, at 550 o C of calcination temperature and 2 hours of calcination time. It has a high spesific surface area (110,924 m 2 /g) that favorable for contact between catalyst and substrates, which effectively improved efficiency of glycerolysis. The high activity of the catalyst was described to the formation of KCaF 3 and MgKF 3 crystals.

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, Mar 10, 2016

Coal tar can be used as an alternative raw material for the production of liquid fuels, such as: ... more Coal tar can be used as an alternative raw material for the production of liquid fuels, such as: gasoline and diesel through hydrogenation and cracking process. Hydrogenation and cracking process requires a catalyst which has metal components for hydrogenation reaction and acid components for cracking reaction. In this study, the Co/Zeolite Y and Co-Mo/Zeolite Y catalysts were prepared by impregnation and ion exchange methods. Characterizations of the catalysts were carried out by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and gravimetric acidity. The catalysts were tested for coal tar conversion to liquid fuel under various temperatures, amount of catalyst and hydrogen flow rates in a fixed bed flow reaction system. Liquid fuels products were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The XRD Spectra indicated that the addition of Co and Mo metals did not affect catalysts structure, however it alters the percentage of crystallinity. The addition of Co metal using impregnation method caused reduction in crystallinity, while the addition of Mo caused improvement of crystallinity. The Co-Mo/Zeolite Y catalyst with highest crystallinity was obtained by loading using ion exchange method. The addition of Co and Mo metals caused increasing acidity. However, the increasing composition of Co and Mo loaded on Zeolite Y catalyst decreased the yield of liquid fuels from coal tar. It can be concluded that the yields of liquid fuels and the composition of gasoline fractions from hydrocracking of coal tar were highly dependent on acidity of the catalyst.

IOP conference series, Feb 1, 2021

Methanol has good combustion properties, so it is projected to be a profitable alternative for fu... more Methanol has good combustion properties, so it is projected to be a profitable alternative for future fuel. Single step oxidation of methane to methanol can be chosen as an alternative process, because this process is more economical than the conventional two-step process. Although in the thermodynamic analysis shows that partial oxidation of methane to methanol can be carried out at room temperature, but the low selectivity and side reactions are still to be challenge. To getting the methanol as a product or intermediate, it is important to determine the suitable materials that can activate methane in an efficient way at low temperatures. This is difficult because the C-H bond in CH4 has the highest bond energy (104 kcal / mol) among other organic compounds. Some oxide and metal oxide surfaces can dissociate CH4 at room temperature, which opens the possibility for a direct conversion methane to methanol. And the addition of water to the system causes a big change in the selectivity of methane activation yielding which only produces adsorbed CHx fragments. In this paper we will review one step catalytic oxidation process basicly, solid heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of methane, and some suitable catalysts and materials that can support the reaction of the conversion of methane into methanol.

Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan, 2017

Used cooking oil is a food industry waste and household waste, which has high potential to be use... more Used cooking oil is a food industry waste and household waste, which has high potential to be used as biofuel feedstock, which has the chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms high. Biofuel can be produced by the method of catalytic cracking. Modernite is potential to be used as an acid catalyst for the cracking process. To get a good acidity catalyst, modernite can be modified catalyst by dealumination process. The raw material used is used cooking oil and used modernite type zeolite catalyst with a trademark CBV 21A, which having a mole ratio of SiO2 / Al2O3 of 20 and a surface area of 500 m2/g. The reactor used in the form of a catalytic reactor and a three-stage process i.e dealumination of the catalyst, catalyst calcination process, and catalyst testing to reaction of used cooking oil catalytic cracking. Dealuminated catalyst is carried on a temperature that is 30, 50, 70°C. Modernite catalyst dealumination results included in the pipe nozzle and injected into the furnace by flowing N2 gas at a temperature of 600oC for 5 jam. For catalyst testing for used cooking oil cracking reaction under temperature 450 oC. In this study, the optimization equation for the liquid product is Y = 2,801712 + 0,296807 X1 + 0,579137 X2 + 0,486784 X3 – 0,1875 X - 0,2125 X2X3 – 0,211775 X1^2 + 0,467905 X2^2 – 0,59326 X3^

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Sep 1, 2020

13 has to be developed to supply energy demand. Biofuels from vegetable oils has great potency in... more 13 has to be developed to supply energy demand. Biofuels from vegetable oils has great potency in 14 order to supply energy demand since biofuels is renewable energy. Biofuels from vegetable oils 15 can be produced through cracking process of the vegetable oils. In this paper, a comprehensive 16 mini review on cracking processes using advanced technologies, especially plasma-assisted 17 catalytic cracking, was reported. The catalytic cracking is the most developed process due to high 18 selectivity in biofuels production by introducing base and/or acid catalysts. The latest advanced 19 cracking process technology is plasma-assisted catalytic cracking in addition to microwave 20 assisted cracking process. Plasma discharge has important role to assist the electron excitation in 21 the covalent bond of reactant molecules, i.e. breaking CC , C=C, etc., so that the cracking process 22 can be conducted easily. Several plasma reactors designs have been proposed by previous 23 researchers; however, the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor is the most preferred 24 design. Several process parameters affected the DBD plasma reactor performance, such as: 25 discharge gap, feed flowrate, applied voltage, presence of catalysts, and reactor temperature, were

Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan, Jul 4, 2018

One of the typical food souvenir of Semarang City is wingko babat. This food is much hunted by th... more One of the typical food souvenir of Semarang City is wingko babat. This food is much hunted by the tourists both local and foreign. The production process of the wingko babat includes the preparation of raw material dough, molding, cooking, cooling and packaging. The process of making raw material dough is still manual that is using human power so it takes a long time. As a result the production process of wingko babat become inefficient. The quality of wingko babat produced is also not good, unhygienic, the tenderness of the dough is not homogeneous, the texture of wingko looks rough and requires a lot of labor. Consequently, consumer interest also declined. This constraint can be overcome by improving the dough making system of raw material wingko babat that is by changing the process of making the dough from the manual to the modern way that is by mechanization of dough mixer equipment. This equipment consists of six main parts: (1) mixing bath, (2) mixer, (3) as, (4) mounting table, (5) driving motor, and (6) speed regulator. The result of this mixer application shows the process of making the dough faster. This results in an increase in the quantity and quality of production. Production capacity increased 40% per day. Production turnover rose to almost 33% and UKM profits increased almost 1.5-fold due to rising production levels. The quality of the wingko babat product produced also increases. The texture of the product becomes soft so it attracts consumers. Increased productivity can meet market demand especially in tourist season.

IOP conference series, Feb 1, 2021

This study aims is to study the ability of zeolite Y to produced higher yield of glycerol monolau... more This study aims is to study the ability of zeolite Y to produced higher yield of glycerol monolaurate. This study focused on dealumination zeolite synthesis Y applied on glycerol monolaurate synthesis and kinetic study of glycerol monolaurate synthesis. The stages of this research consisted of zeolite Y catalyst dealumination, synthesis of glycerol monolaurate and acid-base analysis of catalyst. The esterification process was carried out with 1: 7.5 mole ratio of reactant (glycerol/lauric acid) at 1300C and a stirring speed of 300 rpm. Data obtained from the experimental results show that the longer the time used, the greater the ability of the zeolite Y to synthesize the glycerol monolaurate. The esterification process was carried out by using 2nd order rate equation with R2 about 0,9051 with ratio of the first reactant CA0≠CB0. The determination of k value was expressed by equation l n M − X A M ( 1 − X A ) = ( C B O − C A O ) k t . Constant reaction rate value of glycerol monolaurate is 0,006805 L/mol.min.

Journal of physics, Sep 1, 2019

Biodiesel is one of the renewable alternative fuels as a substitute for fossil fuels. This resear... more Biodiesel is one of the renewable alternative fuels as a substitute for fossil fuels. This research aims to study the effect of catalyst loading on the synthesis of biodiesel from lard. The transesterification reaction is carried out using a CaO catalyst prepared from an eggshell. Esterification is carried out by using an HCl acid catalyst to lower the free fatty acid (FFA) of lard. The catalyst loading is varied on 1, 3, 5, and 7% w/w of lard. The molar ratio of methanol to oil is 6:1 with a reaction time is 1 h, while operating conditions were kept at a reaction temperature of 65 o C and atmospheric pressure. The results showed that the yield of biodiesel decreased with the increase of catalyst loading. The optimum biodiesel yield was obtained at 1% w/w catalyst loading of 92.69%.

Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan, 2016

Wingko babat merupakan makanan oleh-oleh khas Kota Semarang yang banyak diminati oleh para wisata... more Wingko babat merupakan makanan oleh-oleh khas Kota Semarang yang banyak diminati oleh para wisatawan. Proses pembuatan wingko babat meliputi beberapa tahap yaitu tahap pencampuran bahan baku, pencetakan, pemasakan, pendinginan dan pengemasan. Namunpada proses pemasakan, bahan yang dimasak tidak bisa merata. Hal ini disebabkan distribusi api atau panas tidak merata sehingga produk yang dihasilkan terkadang ada yang gosong. Kuantitas produk atau jumlah bahan yang dimasak tidak bisa maksimal karena proses pemasakan lama. Akibatnyasulit memenuhi permintaan pasar. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini perlu dilakukan perbaikan sistem pemasakan bahan wingko babatdengan cara mendesain ulang peralatan masaknya yaitu dengan rancang bangun alat masak bahan wingko babat.Alat ini dinamakan modified oven. Alat ini terdiri dari lima bagian utama yaitu (1) saluran pipa, (2) modified oven, (3)lubangtempat keluarnya api, (4) lubang sirkulasi udara, dan (5) penyangga. Hasil aplikasi alat ini menunjukkan peningkatan kuantitas dan kualitas produk. Kapasitas produksi meningkat 75% per harinya.Penggunaan bahan bakar untuk sekali masak menurun 50%. Omset produksi naik menjadi hampir 75% dan keuntungan UKM meningkat 2 kali lipat. Hasil pemasakan dapat seragam sehingga produk wingko yang dihasilkan tidak sampai gosong. Tekstur produk lembut dan proses pemasakan menjadi lebih cepat. Kualitas produk wingko menjadi lebih terjaga dan dapat memenuhi permintaan pasar khususnya pada musim wisatawan.

IIUM Engineering Journal, Jul 4, 2023

Oil palm mesocarp fiber is a promising lignocellulosic biomass as a raw material for valorizing b... more Oil palm mesocarp fiber is a promising lignocellulosic biomass as a raw material for valorizing biomass into more valuable products such as second-generation biofuels, biocomposites, or bioenergy. However, the lignin composition present in lignocellulosic biomass provides resistance to the valorization process and protects the cellulose composition, thereby limiting the conversion of cellulose into more valuable products. The hybrid ozonation-ultrasonic method as a lignin-degrading method is starting to be considered an effective method. Additionally, a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to investigate each independent variable's effect on pretreatment process conditions using the response surface methodology (RSM), namely reaction time (30-90) min, reaction temperature (20-40) o C and ozone flow rate (1-3) L/min to the response of the percentage of lignin degradation (%). The optimum condition of the pretreatment process is determined using the desirability function graph. The results showed that reaction time, reaction temperature, and ozone flow rate had a significant effect on lignin degradation (p <0.05). The optimum conditions obtained the highest percentage of lignin degradation, namely 92.08% at a reaction temperature of 30 o C with an ozone flow rate of 2 L/min for 60 minutes reaction time. The decrease in lignin absorption peaks at 1638 cm-1 and 1427 cm-1 was supported by the results of the analysis of increased crystallinity in the sample after the pretreatment of lignin degradation to 80.20% and was validated by changes in the morphology of the mesocarp fiber after the pretreatment process indicating that the lignin compound had been successfully degraded from cellulose products of mesocarp fibers. ABSTRAK: Sabut gentian kelapa sawit berpotensi sebagai bahan mentah biojisim lignoselulosa bagi menambah nilai produk biojisim seperti bahan bio api generasi kedua, biokomposit atau biotenaga. Walau bagaimanapun, komposisi lignin yang wujud dalam biojisim lignoselulosa menentang proses tambah nilai dan melindungi komposisi selulosa, dengan itu mengehadkan penukaran selulosa kepada produk yang lebih berharga. Kaedah hibrid ozonasi-ultrasonik sebagai kaedah merendahkan lignin, mula mendapat perhatian sebagai kaedah berkesan. Selain itu, Reka Bentuk Kotak-Behnken (BBD) telah digunakan bagi menyiasat setiap kesan pembolehubah bebas pada keadaan proses prarawatan menggunakan kaedah permukaan tindak balas (RSM), iaitu masa tindak balas (30-90) min, suhu tindak balas (20-40) o C dan kadar aliran ozon (1-3) L/min terhadap tindak balas pada peratusan degradasi lignin (%). Keadaan optimum bagi proses prarawatan ditentukan menggunakan graf fungsi keboleh inginan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa masa tindak balas, suhu tindak balas, dan kadar aliran ozon mempunyai kesan yang signifikan terhadap degradasi lignin (p<0.05). Keadaan optimum peratusan degradasi lignin tertinggi adalah pada 92.08% pada suhu tindak balas 30 o C dengan kadar aliran ozon 2 L/min selama 60 minit masa tindak balas. Penurunan puncak penyerapan lignin pada 1638 cm-1 dan 1427 cm-1 disokong

International journal of ambient energy, Jun 21, 2022

Maǧallaẗ al-abḥāṯ al-handasiyyaẗ, May 22, 2022

Dimethyl ether is an eco-friendly alternative renewable energy that can be utilized in diesel eng... more Dimethyl ether is an eco-friendly alternative renewable energy that can be utilized in diesel engines to substitute fossil fuels and gas stoves as a household fuel. In the dimethyl ether synthesis process, a catalyst was used to assist the reaction. The catalyst used in this study was dealuminated zeolite Y. This study's objective was to determine the best-dealuminated zeolite Y as a catalyst for the synthesis of dimethyl ether. The zeolite Y catalyst was dealuminated by using sulfuric acid solution. In the preparation step, zeolite Y was dealuminated at different dealumination temperatures (40 to 60°C) and acid concentrations (7.5 to 9.5 N). The catalyst was characterized by using XRF, BET, and SEM-EDX methods. The acidity analysis of the catalyst was performed by the ammonia and pyridine absorption methods. The results showed that the best-dealuminated zeolite Y catalyst was achieved under conditions of dealumination temperature of 50°C and acid concentration of 8.5 N with total acidity of 37.665 mmol/g, Si/Al ratio of 69.42, and surface area of 41.310 m2/g, respectively. The result of catalyst performance test in the dimethyl ether synthesis through methanol dehydration showed that the dealuminated zeolite Y had higher activity than zeolite Y without dealumination. The obtained methanol conversion using dealuminated zeolite Y was 76.07%.

Journal of physics, Apr 1, 2021

The design of this research consisted of four stages, that is manufacture of catalysts, cellulose... more The design of this research consisted of four stages, that is manufacture of catalysts, cellulose hydrolysis process, glucose yield test and optimization process.The research data is plotted in a mathematical model that is optimized using software of Statistica 10 with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and ANOVA methods. From the RSM method was obtained mathematical equation model for the relationship of the combination of temperature, time and amount of catalyst to glucose levels, that is: Y = -20, 0457 + 5,341x1 -3, 245 x 2 1 + 6, 471x2 -2,798 x 2 2 +4,697x3 -2,965x2 3 +1,241x1x2 -0,996x1x3 +0,675 x 2 3 . ANOVA method produces a value of determination coefficient (R2) as big 0.91545. In this research, the optimum temperature is at 70°C, the optimum time is at 2 hours, and the optimum amount of catalyst is at 11 grams. The results of glucose yield obtained from the optimal operating conditions is 31%.

Advanced Science Letters, Jun 1, 2017

Bioresource Technology Reports, Sep 1, 2022

Biocatalytic conversion of vegetable oils by immobilized lipase to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)... more Biocatalytic conversion of vegetable oils by immobilized lipase to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is an efficient eco-friendly alternative to the conventional alkaline-catalyzed biodiesel production process. In this work, immobilization of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase on Fe 3 O 4 was studied using different covalent linkage designs. Immobilization of lipase on magnetic supports was shown by Fourier-Transformed infrared microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Immobilized lipase prepared on Fe 3 O 4 carrier modified by 3-aminopropyl triethyoxysilane and covalently linked by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide (Fe 3 O 4-AP-EN-LIP) showed the highest catalytic activity on hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl palmitate and transesterification of refined palm oil. Reaction variables were optimized by Central Composite Design, which identified 23.2% w/w enzyme loading and 4.7:1 methanol to FFAs molar ratio with 3.4% water content in the presence of 1:1 (v/v) tert-butanol to oil as optimal conditions, leading to 97.2% FAME yield after incubation at 50°C for 24 h. The biocatalyst showed high operational stability and could be simply separated by magnetization and recycled for at least 5 consecutive batches with N 80% activity remaining, suggesting its potential for application in biocatalytic biodiesel synthesis.

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, Aug 1, 2017

Biodiesel synthesis through transesterification of soybean oil with methanol on hybrid catalytic-... more Biodiesel synthesis through transesterification of soybean oil with methanol on hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor over sulphated zinc oxide (SO4 2-/ZnO) active acid catalyst was investigated. This research was aimed to study effects of Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) and the catalyst diameter on performance of the hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor for biodiesel synthesis. The amount (20.2 g) of active sulphated zinc oxide solid acid catalysts was loaded into discharge zone of the reactor. The WHSV and the catalyst diameter were varied between 1.55 to 1.546 min-1 and 3, 5, and 7 mm, respectively. The molar ratio of methanol to oil as reactants of 15:1 is fed to the reactor, while operating condition of the reactor was kept at reaction temperature of 65 o C and ambient pressure. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) component in biodiesel product was identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the FAME yield decreases with increasing WHSV. It was found that the optimum FAME yield was achieved of 56.91 % at WHSV of 0.895 min-1 and catalyst diameter of 5 mm and reaction time of 1.25 min. It can be concluded that the biodiesel synthesis using the hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor system exhibited promising the FAME yield.

MATEC web of conferences, 2018

This research is aimed to study the effect of catalyst pellet-diameter and catalyst basicity on t... more This research is aimed to study the effect of catalyst pellet-diameter and catalyst basicity on the transesterification process of soybean oil into biodiesel over a hybrid catalyticplasma reactor. Various catalyst diameters (3, 5, and 7 mm) were tested in this reaction system. Catalyst basicity was also examined by comparing fresh and used catalyst as well as with and without K2O promoter. All catalysts testing were performed in a hybrid plasma-catalytic reactor (dielectric barrier discharge-DBD type). From the results, the synergistic effects roles of the catalyst and the plasma in the transesterification process are important, in which the energetic electrons within plasma assist the reaction on the catalyst surface by an exciting bonded electron. The catalyst basicity was influenced by the composition of CaO on the catalyst as well as roles of the alkaline K2O promoter. Catalyst basicity is important in producing biodiesel with high performance. Yield of fatty acid alkyl ester (FAAE) or biodiesel is slightly influenced by the catalyst diameter within the range of diameter studied.

Chemosphere, Oct 1, 2020

Research on the production of Glycerol Monostearate from glycerol using dealuminated Zeolite Y ca... more Research on the production of Glycerol Monostearate from glycerol using dealuminated Zeolite Y catalysts has been carried out. Optimization of the dealumination process is conducted using the help of statistical software 10, where the variables used are acid concentration (5-7 M), temperature of dealumination (55-70 °C) and time of dealumination (2-6 h). The acidity characterization test of dealuminated Zeolite Y using ammonia and pyridine solution. Glycerol Monostearate yield was obtained by GC-MS test that was carried out on 2 samples zeolite Y catalyst with the highest value of total and surface acidity of zeolite Y which produced 2.18% and 4% yield of Glycerol Monostearate. The two samples showed that the greater the acidity, the GMS yield was also greater. Compared to previous studies it was found that ZSM-5 catalyst has a higher acidity value than zeolite Y so that the yield of Glycerol Monostearate is higher with the use of ZSM-5 than Zeolite Y.

Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Nov 25, 2021

1 The synthesis of biodiesel from the used cooking oil with CaO catalyst from waste animal bones ... more 1 The synthesis of biodiesel from the used cooking oil with CaO catalyst from waste animal bones has been investigated. The content of free fatty acids (FFA) in the used cooking oil was reduced by adsorption using activated charcoal from a salak peel. Biodiesel synthesis was carried out via transesterification using CaO catalyst. The CaO catalyst was obtained from waste animal bones calcined in the Ney Vulcan furnace. The effect of calcination temperature was studied in the range of 873-1273 K. The effect of catalyst loading was investigated by varying within the range of 1-9 wt %. The methanol to oil molar ratio was investigated in the range from 6:1 to 18:1. The effect of the transesterification reaction time was studied with a time variation of 1-5 h. The optimum operating conditions were determined. Under these conditions, the yield of biodiesel produced was 97.56 % with an ester content of 96.06 %. It was shown that the physicochemical properties of biodiesel produced meet the standards.

Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Oct 10, 2019

A heterogeneous KF/CaO-MgO catalyst was prepared by impregnation method and was characterized by ... more A heterogeneous KF/CaO-MgO catalyst was prepared by impregnation method and was characterized by X-ray diffraction, BET and Tanabe method. The effects of weight KF addition, temperature and time of calcination on catalyst preparation were investigated. The influence of basicity value of catalyst was investigated. KF/CaO-MgO catalyst could perform the active sites to produced a high MG yield of 47.96% for 2%w KF addition, at 550 o C of calcination temperature and 2 hours of calcination time. It has a high spesific surface area (110,924 m 2 /g) that favorable for contact between catalyst and substrates, which effectively improved efficiency of glycerolysis. The high activity of the catalyst was described to the formation of KCaF 3 and MgKF 3 crystals.

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, Mar 10, 2016

Coal tar can be used as an alternative raw material for the production of liquid fuels, such as: ... more Coal tar can be used as an alternative raw material for the production of liquid fuels, such as: gasoline and diesel through hydrogenation and cracking process. Hydrogenation and cracking process requires a catalyst which has metal components for hydrogenation reaction and acid components for cracking reaction. In this study, the Co/Zeolite Y and Co-Mo/Zeolite Y catalysts were prepared by impregnation and ion exchange methods. Characterizations of the catalysts were carried out by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and gravimetric acidity. The catalysts were tested for coal tar conversion to liquid fuel under various temperatures, amount of catalyst and hydrogen flow rates in a fixed bed flow reaction system. Liquid fuels products were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The XRD Spectra indicated that the addition of Co and Mo metals did not affect catalysts structure, however it alters the percentage of crystallinity. The addition of Co metal using impregnation method caused reduction in crystallinity, while the addition of Mo caused improvement of crystallinity. The Co-Mo/Zeolite Y catalyst with highest crystallinity was obtained by loading using ion exchange method. The addition of Co and Mo metals caused increasing acidity. However, the increasing composition of Co and Mo loaded on Zeolite Y catalyst decreased the yield of liquid fuels from coal tar. It can be concluded that the yields of liquid fuels and the composition of gasoline fractions from hydrocracking of coal tar were highly dependent on acidity of the catalyst.

IOP conference series, Feb 1, 2021

Methanol has good combustion properties, so it is projected to be a profitable alternative for fu... more Methanol has good combustion properties, so it is projected to be a profitable alternative for future fuel. Single step oxidation of methane to methanol can be chosen as an alternative process, because this process is more economical than the conventional two-step process. Although in the thermodynamic analysis shows that partial oxidation of methane to methanol can be carried out at room temperature, but the low selectivity and side reactions are still to be challenge. To getting the methanol as a product or intermediate, it is important to determine the suitable materials that can activate methane in an efficient way at low temperatures. This is difficult because the C-H bond in CH4 has the highest bond energy (104 kcal / mol) among other organic compounds. Some oxide and metal oxide surfaces can dissociate CH4 at room temperature, which opens the possibility for a direct conversion methane to methanol. And the addition of water to the system causes a big change in the selectivity of methane activation yielding which only produces adsorbed CHx fragments. In this paper we will review one step catalytic oxidation process basicly, solid heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of methane, and some suitable catalysts and materials that can support the reaction of the conversion of methane into methanol.

Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan, 2017

Used cooking oil is a food industry waste and household waste, which has high potential to be use... more Used cooking oil is a food industry waste and household waste, which has high potential to be used as biofuel feedstock, which has the chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms high. Biofuel can be produced by the method of catalytic cracking. Modernite is potential to be used as an acid catalyst for the cracking process. To get a good acidity catalyst, modernite can be modified catalyst by dealumination process. The raw material used is used cooking oil and used modernite type zeolite catalyst with a trademark CBV 21A, which having a mole ratio of SiO2 / Al2O3 of 20 and a surface area of 500 m2/g. The reactor used in the form of a catalytic reactor and a three-stage process i.e dealumination of the catalyst, catalyst calcination process, and catalyst testing to reaction of used cooking oil catalytic cracking. Dealuminated catalyst is carried on a temperature that is 30, 50, 70°C. Modernite catalyst dealumination results included in the pipe nozzle and injected into the furnace by flowing N2 gas at a temperature of 600oC for 5 jam. For catalyst testing for used cooking oil cracking reaction under temperature 450 oC. In this study, the optimization equation for the liquid product is Y = 2,801712 + 0,296807 X1 + 0,579137 X2 + 0,486784 X3 – 0,1875 X - 0,2125 X2X3 – 0,211775 X1^2 + 0,467905 X2^2 – 0,59326 X3^

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Sep 1, 2020

13 has to be developed to supply energy demand. Biofuels from vegetable oils has great potency in... more 13 has to be developed to supply energy demand. Biofuels from vegetable oils has great potency in 14 order to supply energy demand since biofuels is renewable energy. Biofuels from vegetable oils 15 can be produced through cracking process of the vegetable oils. In this paper, a comprehensive 16 mini review on cracking processes using advanced technologies, especially plasma-assisted 17 catalytic cracking, was reported. The catalytic cracking is the most developed process due to high 18 selectivity in biofuels production by introducing base and/or acid catalysts. The latest advanced 19 cracking process technology is plasma-assisted catalytic cracking in addition to microwave 20 assisted cracking process. Plasma discharge has important role to assist the electron excitation in 21 the covalent bond of reactant molecules, i.e. breaking CC , C=C, etc., so that the cracking process 22 can be conducted easily. Several plasma reactors designs have been proposed by previous 23 researchers; however, the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor is the most preferred 24 design. Several process parameters affected the DBD plasma reactor performance, such as: 25 discharge gap, feed flowrate, applied voltage, presence of catalysts, and reactor temperature, were

Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan, Jul 4, 2018

One of the typical food souvenir of Semarang City is wingko babat. This food is much hunted by th... more One of the typical food souvenir of Semarang City is wingko babat. This food is much hunted by the tourists both local and foreign. The production process of the wingko babat includes the preparation of raw material dough, molding, cooking, cooling and packaging. The process of making raw material dough is still manual that is using human power so it takes a long time. As a result the production process of wingko babat become inefficient. The quality of wingko babat produced is also not good, unhygienic, the tenderness of the dough is not homogeneous, the texture of wingko looks rough and requires a lot of labor. Consequently, consumer interest also declined. This constraint can be overcome by improving the dough making system of raw material wingko babat that is by changing the process of making the dough from the manual to the modern way that is by mechanization of dough mixer equipment. This equipment consists of six main parts: (1) mixing bath, (2) mixer, (3) as, (4) mounting table, (5) driving motor, and (6) speed regulator. The result of this mixer application shows the process of making the dough faster. This results in an increase in the quantity and quality of production. Production capacity increased 40% per day. Production turnover rose to almost 33% and UKM profits increased almost 1.5-fold due to rising production levels. The quality of the wingko babat product produced also increases. The texture of the product becomes soft so it attracts consumers. Increased productivity can meet market demand especially in tourist season.

IOP conference series, Feb 1, 2021

This study aims is to study the ability of zeolite Y to produced higher yield of glycerol monolau... more This study aims is to study the ability of zeolite Y to produced higher yield of glycerol monolaurate. This study focused on dealumination zeolite synthesis Y applied on glycerol monolaurate synthesis and kinetic study of glycerol monolaurate synthesis. The stages of this research consisted of zeolite Y catalyst dealumination, synthesis of glycerol monolaurate and acid-base analysis of catalyst. The esterification process was carried out with 1: 7.5 mole ratio of reactant (glycerol/lauric acid) at 1300C and a stirring speed of 300 rpm. Data obtained from the experimental results show that the longer the time used, the greater the ability of the zeolite Y to synthesize the glycerol monolaurate. The esterification process was carried out by using 2nd order rate equation with R2 about 0,9051 with ratio of the first reactant CA0≠CB0. The determination of k value was expressed by equation l n M − X A M ( 1 − X A ) = ( C B O − C A O ) k t . Constant reaction rate value of glycerol monolaurate is 0,006805 L/mol.min.

Journal of physics, Sep 1, 2019

Biodiesel is one of the renewable alternative fuels as a substitute for fossil fuels. This resear... more Biodiesel is one of the renewable alternative fuels as a substitute for fossil fuels. This research aims to study the effect of catalyst loading on the synthesis of biodiesel from lard. The transesterification reaction is carried out using a CaO catalyst prepared from an eggshell. Esterification is carried out by using an HCl acid catalyst to lower the free fatty acid (FFA) of lard. The catalyst loading is varied on 1, 3, 5, and 7% w/w of lard. The molar ratio of methanol to oil is 6:1 with a reaction time is 1 h, while operating conditions were kept at a reaction temperature of 65 o C and atmospheric pressure. The results showed that the yield of biodiesel decreased with the increase of catalyst loading. The optimum biodiesel yield was obtained at 1% w/w catalyst loading of 92.69%.

Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan, 2016

Wingko babat merupakan makanan oleh-oleh khas Kota Semarang yang banyak diminati oleh para wisata... more Wingko babat merupakan makanan oleh-oleh khas Kota Semarang yang banyak diminati oleh para wisatawan. Proses pembuatan wingko babat meliputi beberapa tahap yaitu tahap pencampuran bahan baku, pencetakan, pemasakan, pendinginan dan pengemasan. Namunpada proses pemasakan, bahan yang dimasak tidak bisa merata. Hal ini disebabkan distribusi api atau panas tidak merata sehingga produk yang dihasilkan terkadang ada yang gosong. Kuantitas produk atau jumlah bahan yang dimasak tidak bisa maksimal karena proses pemasakan lama. Akibatnyasulit memenuhi permintaan pasar. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini perlu dilakukan perbaikan sistem pemasakan bahan wingko babatdengan cara mendesain ulang peralatan masaknya yaitu dengan rancang bangun alat masak bahan wingko babat.Alat ini dinamakan modified oven. Alat ini terdiri dari lima bagian utama yaitu (1) saluran pipa, (2) modified oven, (3)lubangtempat keluarnya api, (4) lubang sirkulasi udara, dan (5) penyangga. Hasil aplikasi alat ini menunjukkan peningkatan kuantitas dan kualitas produk. Kapasitas produksi meningkat 75% per harinya.Penggunaan bahan bakar untuk sekali masak menurun 50%. Omset produksi naik menjadi hampir 75% dan keuntungan UKM meningkat 2 kali lipat. Hasil pemasakan dapat seragam sehingga produk wingko yang dihasilkan tidak sampai gosong. Tekstur produk lembut dan proses pemasakan menjadi lebih cepat. Kualitas produk wingko menjadi lebih terjaga dan dapat memenuhi permintaan pasar khususnya pada musim wisatawan.

IIUM Engineering Journal, Jul 4, 2023

Oil palm mesocarp fiber is a promising lignocellulosic biomass as a raw material for valorizing b... more Oil palm mesocarp fiber is a promising lignocellulosic biomass as a raw material for valorizing biomass into more valuable products such as second-generation biofuels, biocomposites, or bioenergy. However, the lignin composition present in lignocellulosic biomass provides resistance to the valorization process and protects the cellulose composition, thereby limiting the conversion of cellulose into more valuable products. The hybrid ozonation-ultrasonic method as a lignin-degrading method is starting to be considered an effective method. Additionally, a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to investigate each independent variable's effect on pretreatment process conditions using the response surface methodology (RSM), namely reaction time (30-90) min, reaction temperature (20-40) o C and ozone flow rate (1-3) L/min to the response of the percentage of lignin degradation (%). The optimum condition of the pretreatment process is determined using the desirability function graph. The results showed that reaction time, reaction temperature, and ozone flow rate had a significant effect on lignin degradation (p <0.05). The optimum conditions obtained the highest percentage of lignin degradation, namely 92.08% at a reaction temperature of 30 o C with an ozone flow rate of 2 L/min for 60 minutes reaction time. The decrease in lignin absorption peaks at 1638 cm-1 and 1427 cm-1 was supported by the results of the analysis of increased crystallinity in the sample after the pretreatment of lignin degradation to 80.20% and was validated by changes in the morphology of the mesocarp fiber after the pretreatment process indicating that the lignin compound had been successfully degraded from cellulose products of mesocarp fibers. ABSTRAK: Sabut gentian kelapa sawit berpotensi sebagai bahan mentah biojisim lignoselulosa bagi menambah nilai produk biojisim seperti bahan bio api generasi kedua, biokomposit atau biotenaga. Walau bagaimanapun, komposisi lignin yang wujud dalam biojisim lignoselulosa menentang proses tambah nilai dan melindungi komposisi selulosa, dengan itu mengehadkan penukaran selulosa kepada produk yang lebih berharga. Kaedah hibrid ozonasi-ultrasonik sebagai kaedah merendahkan lignin, mula mendapat perhatian sebagai kaedah berkesan. Selain itu, Reka Bentuk Kotak-Behnken (BBD) telah digunakan bagi menyiasat setiap kesan pembolehubah bebas pada keadaan proses prarawatan menggunakan kaedah permukaan tindak balas (RSM), iaitu masa tindak balas (30-90) min, suhu tindak balas (20-40) o C dan kadar aliran ozon (1-3) L/min terhadap tindak balas pada peratusan degradasi lignin (%). Keadaan optimum bagi proses prarawatan ditentukan menggunakan graf fungsi keboleh inginan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa masa tindak balas, suhu tindak balas, dan kadar aliran ozon mempunyai kesan yang signifikan terhadap degradasi lignin (p<0.05). Keadaan optimum peratusan degradasi lignin tertinggi adalah pada 92.08% pada suhu tindak balas 30 o C dengan kadar aliran ozon 2 L/min selama 60 minit masa tindak balas. Penurunan puncak penyerapan lignin pada 1638 cm-1 dan 1427 cm-1 disokong

International journal of ambient energy, Jun 21, 2022

Maǧallaẗ al-abḥāṯ al-handasiyyaẗ, May 22, 2022

Dimethyl ether is an eco-friendly alternative renewable energy that can be utilized in diesel eng... more Dimethyl ether is an eco-friendly alternative renewable energy that can be utilized in diesel engines to substitute fossil fuels and gas stoves as a household fuel. In the dimethyl ether synthesis process, a catalyst was used to assist the reaction. The catalyst used in this study was dealuminated zeolite Y. This study's objective was to determine the best-dealuminated zeolite Y as a catalyst for the synthesis of dimethyl ether. The zeolite Y catalyst was dealuminated by using sulfuric acid solution. In the preparation step, zeolite Y was dealuminated at different dealumination temperatures (40 to 60°C) and acid concentrations (7.5 to 9.5 N). The catalyst was characterized by using XRF, BET, and SEM-EDX methods. The acidity analysis of the catalyst was performed by the ammonia and pyridine absorption methods. The results showed that the best-dealuminated zeolite Y catalyst was achieved under conditions of dealumination temperature of 50°C and acid concentration of 8.5 N with total acidity of 37.665 mmol/g, Si/Al ratio of 69.42, and surface area of 41.310 m2/g, respectively. The result of catalyst performance test in the dimethyl ether synthesis through methanol dehydration showed that the dealuminated zeolite Y had higher activity than zeolite Y without dealumination. The obtained methanol conversion using dealuminated zeolite Y was 76.07%.

Journal of physics, Apr 1, 2021

The design of this research consisted of four stages, that is manufacture of catalysts, cellulose... more The design of this research consisted of four stages, that is manufacture of catalysts, cellulose hydrolysis process, glucose yield test and optimization process.The research data is plotted in a mathematical model that is optimized using software of Statistica 10 with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and ANOVA methods. From the RSM method was obtained mathematical equation model for the relationship of the combination of temperature, time and amount of catalyst to glucose levels, that is: Y = -20, 0457 + 5,341x1 -3, 245 x 2 1 + 6, 471x2 -2,798 x 2 2 +4,697x3 -2,965x2 3 +1,241x1x2 -0,996x1x3 +0,675 x 2 3 . ANOVA method produces a value of determination coefficient (R2) as big 0.91545. In this research, the optimum temperature is at 70°C, the optimum time is at 2 hours, and the optimum amount of catalyst is at 11 grams. The results of glucose yield obtained from the optimal operating conditions is 31%.

Advanced Science Letters, Jun 1, 2017

Bioresource Technology Reports, Sep 1, 2022

Biocatalytic conversion of vegetable oils by immobilized lipase to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)... more Biocatalytic conversion of vegetable oils by immobilized lipase to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is an efficient eco-friendly alternative to the conventional alkaline-catalyzed biodiesel production process. In this work, immobilization of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase on Fe 3 O 4 was studied using different covalent linkage designs. Immobilization of lipase on magnetic supports was shown by Fourier-Transformed infrared microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Immobilized lipase prepared on Fe 3 O 4 carrier modified by 3-aminopropyl triethyoxysilane and covalently linked by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide (Fe 3 O 4-AP-EN-LIP) showed the highest catalytic activity on hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl palmitate and transesterification of refined palm oil. Reaction variables were optimized by Central Composite Design, which identified 23.2% w/w enzyme loading and 4.7:1 methanol to FFAs molar ratio with 3.4% water content in the presence of 1:1 (v/v) tert-butanol to oil as optimal conditions, leading to 97.2% FAME yield after incubation at 50°C for 24 h. The biocatalyst showed high operational stability and could be simply separated by magnetization and recycled for at least 5 consecutive batches with N 80% activity remaining, suggesting its potential for application in biocatalytic biodiesel synthesis.