Carole Ferrand - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Carole Ferrand

Research paper thumbnail of A Respirometric Technique to Evaluate Velopharyngeal Function in Speakers with Cleft Palate, with and without Prostheses

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, Jun 1, 1987

There is a paucity of respirometric quotient (RQ) data on individuals with velopharyngeal inadequ... more There is a paucity of respirometric quotient (RQ) data on individuals with velopharyngeal inadequacy. Paesani (1964) reported data using a technique that involved separate productions of the same task to obtain the RQ. The RQ values obtained were greater than unity, which is theoretically impossible. In the present study, respirometric quotients, the ratio of oral air volume expended to total volume expended, were obtained using separate but simultaneous productions of oral and nasal airflow. RQ values were calculated for 10 speakers with cleft palate, with and without their prosthetic appliances, and 10 normal speakers. As a group, those with cleft palate and without their appliances exhibited RQ values that were significantly lower than values obtained from the normal speakers and from speakers with the appliances in place. These findings indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in RQ values when comparing sentence repetition and counting tasks. These values were lower than those obtained for the nonnasal syllable repetition tasks, with the /mv/ syllable repetition task generally being associated with the lowest RQ value of any of the speech tasks. The correlation between RQ values and perceptual judgments was -.60, indicating that there was modest agreement between the two measures. As RQ values decreased, perceptual judgments of nasality increased.

Research paper thumbnail of A Continuous-Flow Model for Phonatory Reaction Time

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, Jun 1, 1991

The purpose of this study was to validate a proposed continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction ... more The purpose of this study was to validate a proposed continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction time by investigating the temporal order of selected laryngeal and neurophysiological events involved in a phonatory reaction time task. Ten normal speakers participated in a phonatory reaction time task. Laryngeal positioning movements prior to vocal fold closure (laryngeal shift) and onset of vocal fold vibration (acoustic onset) were recorded with an electroglottograph. P300 brain potentials were collected simultaneously, and they served as an index of a central process underlying reaction time. The obtained temporal ordering of laryngeal shift, P300, and acoustic onset supported a continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction time. Use of this model might yield information that is more accurate in explaining physiological function and more precise in describing temporal patterning than the serial model.

Research paper thumbnail of Harmonics-to-noise ratios in normally speaking prepubescent girls and boys

Journal of Voice, Mar 1, 2000

This study examined harmonics-to-noise ratios (HNR) in 4 groups of normally speaking children. HN... more This study examined harmonics-to-noise ratios (HNR) in 4 groups of normally speaking children. HNRs were calculated for the vowels/ai/and/A/, selected from conversational speech samples of 80 children aged 4, 6, 8, and 10 years (10 boys and 10 girls at each age level). HNR values for/M were significantly higher than those for/ai/. Significant age differences emerged for/ai/between ages 4 and 8, and ages 8 and 10. Girls obtained significantly higher HNRs than boys for the/ai/vowel. Overall, the HNR values for these normally speaking children were lower than those reported for normally speaking adults. These findings suggest that acoustic values for children cannot be validly compared to those for adults, and that the child's gender and age should be taken into account when applying spectral analyses to research and/or clinical situations.

Research paper thumbnail of Gender differences in children's intonational patterns

Journal of Voice, 1996

This study investigated differences among intonational variables in prepubescent girls' a... more This study investigated differences among intonational variables in prepubescent girls' and boys' voices in conversational speech (American-English). Subjects were middle class boys and girls at each of four age levels: 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, and 9-10 years. Samples of conversational speech were recorded and acoustically analyzed for minimum and maximum FO, mean FO, and SD of FO (FOSD), as well as number and direction of FO changes ("shifts") per utterance. Findings indicated that the mean FO of the males decreased at around age 7-8 years. Additionally, maximum FO, range, and percentage of rising and falling shifts all showed decreases for the males starting at ages 7-8 not paralleled by decreases for the females. Both physiological and sociocultural factors appear to account for the changes that mark the development of intonational patterns in prepubertal girls and boys.

Research paper thumbnail of Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio

Journal of Voice, Dec 1, 2002

Distinguishing between vocal changes that occur with normal aging and those that are associated w... more Distinguishing between vocal changes that occur with normal aging and those that are associated with disease is an important goal of research in voice. Several acoustic measures have been used in an attempt to illuminate the integrity of the vocal mechanism, including harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR), jitter, and fundamental frequency (F0). HNR is a measure that quantifies the amount of additive noise in the voice signal; jitter reflects the periodicity of vocal fold vibration. In this study, measures of HNR, jitter and F0 were used to compare vocal function in three groups of normally speaking women: young adults, middle-aged adults, and elderly adults. Significant differences in HNR emerged between the elderly women and the other two groups. F0 differences were also apparent between the elderly group and the two younger groups; there were no significant differences in jitter between the three groups. HNRwas found to be a more sensitive index of vocal function than jitter. The significant lowering of HNR evident in t he elderly speakers may be attributable in part to medications taken by the majority of these elderly subjects.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of two types of systematic practice on jitter and shimmer in adult stutterers and nonstutterers

Journal of Fluency Disorders, Sep 1, 1994

affects these variables. Subjects are six 3-to 5-year-old stuttering children and their parents. ... more affects these variables. Subjects are six 3-to 5-year-old stuttering children and their parents. The results are discussed within the framework of the Demands and Capacities Model.

Research paper thumbnail of Time constraints and phonatory stability in children who stutter

Journal of Fluency Disorders, May 1, 1997

Research paper thumbnail of Perception of Individuals With Voice Disorders by Monolingual English, Bilingual Cantonese–English, and Bilingual Russian–English Women

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, Aug 1, 2006

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of monolingual English, bilingual ... more Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of monolingual English, bilingual Cantonese–English, and bilingual Russian–English speakers toward individuals with voice disorders. Method In a mixed experimental design, a total of 30 older and 29 younger female listeners from the 3 language groups rated the voices of 10 females, each with a mild, moderate, or severe voice disorder or with no voice disorder. A semantic differential scale was used to rate the speakers on 21 attributes. Results Results indicate that the perception of individuals became increasingly negative as the severity of the disorder increased. Results also indicate that Cantonese–English bilinguals rated the individuals with severe voice disorders more negatively than did English monolinguals and that the language groups differed in their ratings for the attributes of beautiful, lovable, clean, and young. There was no overall effect of age of listener. Conclusion The study demonstrates that although the language groups were uniform in ascribing more negative attributes to individuals as severity of the disorder increased, there were also significant differences between the groups. Exploration of these issues provides information useful to clinicians in setting priorities for intervention that take into account individuals' backgrounds as well as clinical factors.

Research paper thumbnail of Fundamental Frequency in Monolingual English, Bilingual English/Russian, and Bilingual English/Cantonese Young Adult Women

Journal of Voice, Mar 1, 2006

Mean F0 of nine young adult English/Russian female bilinguals and nine young adult English/Canton... more Mean F0 of nine young adult English/Russian female bilinguals and nine young adult English/Cantonese female bilinguals were examined from samples of connected speech in each language. Mean F0 were compared in each language and in English with those of a monolingual English control group of ten young adult female speakers. Acoustic measurements were analyzed with the Kay Elemetrics Multispeech program (Kay Elemetrics, Lincoln Park, NJ). The results indicate that the English/Russian bilinguals consistently had a higher mean F0 in Russian than in English. Mean F0 did not change with language switch for the English/Cantonese speakers. There were no significant differences between the groups in their English production. Clinical implications regarding norms for both monolingual and bilingual persons, as well as implications for understanding the nature of bilingualism, in particular code-switching, are discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Selected aspects of central processing and vocal motor function in stutterers and nonstutterers

Journal of Fluency Disorders, 1991

The present study was designed to evaluate aspects of central processing and simultaneous larynge... more The present study was designed to evaluate aspects of central processing and simultaneous laryngeal function in stutterers and nonstutterers using a recently developed continuous flow model of phonatory reaction time. Simultaneous measurements were made of P300 brain potentials, laryngeal positioning movements prior to vocal fold closure, and onset of vocal fold vibration in 10 stutterers and 10 nonstutterers. The temporal ordering of these three events was evaluated and differences between the two groups examined. No significant differences were found in the vocal motor or P300 responses. Stutterers and nonstutterers appeared to be using a similar temporal patterning. This patterning may indicate an overlap between sensory and motor processing in phonatory reaction time tasks. Use of the present model with its quantifiable components of laryngeal shift, P300, and onset of vocal fold vibration, can yield valuable information regarding temporal aspects of central processing and laryngeal function.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of practice with and without knowledge of results on jitter and shimmer levels in normally speaking women

Journal of Voice, Dec 1, 1995

The effects of practice on jitter and shimmer Were assessed in two groups of normally speaking wo... more The effects of practice on jitter and shimmer Were assessed in two groups of normally speaking women. Subjects in both groups sustained trials of /a/as steadily as possible during a baseline session, two practice sessions, and a transfer session. Subjects in one group received visual and verbal feedback during the practice sessions. Subjects in the other group received no feedback. Shimmer means remained essentially stable over the four sessions for both groups, and no differences were apparent between the groups. Jitter values were significantly different between sessions for both groups, and between the two groups for the practice sessions. These results are consistent with findings from manual performance and retention tasks. The present findings also support a recently developed neurologic model of jitter.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of learned expectancy on the speech initiation times of stutterers

Journal of Fluency Disorders, Sep 1, 1994

Research paper thumbnail of The effects of time constraints on phonatory stability in normally speaking adult women

Journal of Voice, 1998

Forty normally speaking women sustained /a/ five times in two conditions, untimed and timed. In t... more Forty normally speaking women sustained /a/ five times in two conditions, untimed and timed. In the untimed condition, phonation began whenever the subject felt ready. The timed task required subjects to begin phonation as quickly as possible after the examiner's signal. Conditions were counterbalanced across subjects. Jitter and shimmer values were obtained on a Kay Elemetrics Computerized Speech Lab (Pine Brook, NJ). Three distinct patterns of change emerged for jitter and shimmer from the untimed to the timed condition, reflecting either decreases, increases, or no change in values. These changes in jitter and shimmer values across conditions are related to a reaction time model of "bias toward accuracy."

Research paper thumbnail of Factor Analysis of Proficient Esophageal Speech: Toward a Multidimensional Model

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, Dec 1, 1995

This study identified acoustic patterns in the speech samples of 26 esophageal speakers judged by... more This study identified acoustic patterns in the speech samples of 26 esophageal speakers judged by experienced listeners to be highly proficient and intelligible. Tape-recorded readings were acoustically analyzed in terms of frequency, intensity, and duration variables. Application of two multidimensional statistical procedures, factor analysis and cluster analysis, revealed four distinctive acoustic profiles that captured all 26 subjects. The multidimensional model derived from these profiles maintains important individual differences in alaryngeal speech style.

Research paper thumbnail of Listener Perceptions of Women With Voice Disorders: Vocal Stereotyping and Negative Personality Attribution

Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation, 2020

PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to determine if the age and amount of background knowledge o... more PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to determine if the age and amount of background knowledge of listeners affects perceptual judgments of women with voice disorders. METHOD Forty participants in three different age groups (children, young adults, and older adults) rated five female voice samples representing various types of dysphonia. One group of young adults had background knowledge of voice disorders based on a graduate-level course in Voice Disorders. A semantic differential scale was used to rate the speakers on 24 attributes. RESULTS Results indicated that age of listeners was not a significant factor, and that listeners' ratings depended on the specific type of dysphonia. No significant differences emerged between the perceptions of individuals with and without background knowledge of voice disorders. DISCUSSION This study agrees with the findings of similar research showing that listeners judge speakers with voice disorders more negatively than they do those with nor...

Research paper thumbnail of A Respirometric Technique to Evaluate Velopharyngeal Function in Speakers with Cleft Palate, with and without Prostheses

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 1987

There is a paucity of respirometric quotient (RQ) data on individuals with velopharyngeal inadequ... more There is a paucity of respirometric quotient (RQ) data on individuals with velopharyngeal inadequacy. Paesani (1964) reported data using a technique that involved separate productions of the same task to obtain the RQ. The RQ values obtained were greater than unity, which is theoretically impossible. In the present study, respirometric quotients, the ratio of oral air volume expended to total volume expended, were obtained using separate but simultaneous productions of oral and nasal airflow. RQ values were calculated for 10 speakers with cleft palate, with and without their prosthetic appliances, and 10 normal speakers. As a group, those with cleft palate and without their appliances exhibited RQ values that were significantly lower than values obtained from the normal speakers and from speakers with the appliances in place. These findings indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in RQ values when comparing sentence repetition and counting tasks. These val...

Research paper thumbnail of A Continuous-Flow Model for Phonatory Reaction Time

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 1991

The purpose of this study was to validate a proposed continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction ... more The purpose of this study was to validate a proposed continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction time by investigating the temporal order of selected laryngeal and neurophysiological events involved in a phonatory reaction time task. Ten normal speakers participated in a phonatory reaction time task. Laryngeal positioning movements prior to vocal fold closure (laryngeal shift) and onset of vocal fold vibration (acoustic onset) were recorded with an electroglottograph. P300 brain potentials were collected simultaneously, and they served as an index of a central process underlying reaction time. The obtained temporal ordering of laryngeal shift, P300, and acoustic onset supported a continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction time. Use of this model might yield information that is more accurate in explaining physiological function and more precise in describing temporal patterning than the serial model.

Research paper thumbnail of Factor Analysis of Proficient Esophageal Speech: Toward a Multidimensional Model

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 1995

This study identified acoustic patterns in the speech samples of 26 esophageal speakers judged by... more This study identified acoustic patterns in the speech samples of 26 esophageal speakers judged by experienced listeners to be highly proficient and intelligible. Tape-recorded readings were acoustically analyzed in terms of frequency, intensity, and duration variables. Application of two multidimensional statistical procedures, factor analysis and cluster analysis, revealed four distinctive acoustic profiles that captured all 26 subjects. The multidimensional model derived from these profiles maintains important individual differences in alaryngeal speech style.

Research paper thumbnail of Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio

Research paper thumbnail of Harmonics-to-noise ratios in normally speaking prepubescent girls and boys

Journal of Voice, 2000

This study examined harmonics-to-noise ratios (HNR) in 4 groups of normally speaking children. HN... more This study examined harmonics-to-noise ratios (HNR) in 4 groups of normally speaking children. HNRs were calculated for the vowels/ai/and/A/, selected from conversational speech samples of 80 children aged 4, 6, 8, and 10 years (10 boys and 10 girls at each age level). HNR values for/M were significantly higher than those for/ai/. Significant age differences emerged for/ai/between ages 4 and 8, and ages 8 and 10. Girls obtained significantly higher HNRs than boys for the/ai/vowel. Overall, the HNR values for these normally speaking children were lower than those reported for normally speaking adults. These findings suggest that acoustic values for children cannot be validly compared to those for adults, and that the child's gender and age should be taken into account when applying spectral analyses to research and/or clinical situations.

Research paper thumbnail of A Respirometric Technique to Evaluate Velopharyngeal Function in Speakers with Cleft Palate, with and without Prostheses

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, Jun 1, 1987

There is a paucity of respirometric quotient (RQ) data on individuals with velopharyngeal inadequ... more There is a paucity of respirometric quotient (RQ) data on individuals with velopharyngeal inadequacy. Paesani (1964) reported data using a technique that involved separate productions of the same task to obtain the RQ. The RQ values obtained were greater than unity, which is theoretically impossible. In the present study, respirometric quotients, the ratio of oral air volume expended to total volume expended, were obtained using separate but simultaneous productions of oral and nasal airflow. RQ values were calculated for 10 speakers with cleft palate, with and without their prosthetic appliances, and 10 normal speakers. As a group, those with cleft palate and without their appliances exhibited RQ values that were significantly lower than values obtained from the normal speakers and from speakers with the appliances in place. These findings indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in RQ values when comparing sentence repetition and counting tasks. These values were lower than those obtained for the nonnasal syllable repetition tasks, with the /mv/ syllable repetition task generally being associated with the lowest RQ value of any of the speech tasks. The correlation between RQ values and perceptual judgments was -.60, indicating that there was modest agreement between the two measures. As RQ values decreased, perceptual judgments of nasality increased.

Research paper thumbnail of A Continuous-Flow Model for Phonatory Reaction Time

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, Jun 1, 1991

The purpose of this study was to validate a proposed continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction ... more The purpose of this study was to validate a proposed continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction time by investigating the temporal order of selected laryngeal and neurophysiological events involved in a phonatory reaction time task. Ten normal speakers participated in a phonatory reaction time task. Laryngeal positioning movements prior to vocal fold closure (laryngeal shift) and onset of vocal fold vibration (acoustic onset) were recorded with an electroglottograph. P300 brain potentials were collected simultaneously, and they served as an index of a central process underlying reaction time. The obtained temporal ordering of laryngeal shift, P300, and acoustic onset supported a continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction time. Use of this model might yield information that is more accurate in explaining physiological function and more precise in describing temporal patterning than the serial model.

Research paper thumbnail of Harmonics-to-noise ratios in normally speaking prepubescent girls and boys

Journal of Voice, Mar 1, 2000

This study examined harmonics-to-noise ratios (HNR) in 4 groups of normally speaking children. HN... more This study examined harmonics-to-noise ratios (HNR) in 4 groups of normally speaking children. HNRs were calculated for the vowels/ai/and/A/, selected from conversational speech samples of 80 children aged 4, 6, 8, and 10 years (10 boys and 10 girls at each age level). HNR values for/M were significantly higher than those for/ai/. Significant age differences emerged for/ai/between ages 4 and 8, and ages 8 and 10. Girls obtained significantly higher HNRs than boys for the/ai/vowel. Overall, the HNR values for these normally speaking children were lower than those reported for normally speaking adults. These findings suggest that acoustic values for children cannot be validly compared to those for adults, and that the child's gender and age should be taken into account when applying spectral analyses to research and/or clinical situations.

Research paper thumbnail of Gender differences in children's intonational patterns

Journal of Voice, 1996

This study investigated differences among intonational variables in prepubescent girls' a... more This study investigated differences among intonational variables in prepubescent girls' and boys' voices in conversational speech (American-English). Subjects were middle class boys and girls at each of four age levels: 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, and 9-10 years. Samples of conversational speech were recorded and acoustically analyzed for minimum and maximum FO, mean FO, and SD of FO (FOSD), as well as number and direction of FO changes ("shifts") per utterance. Findings indicated that the mean FO of the males decreased at around age 7-8 years. Additionally, maximum FO, range, and percentage of rising and falling shifts all showed decreases for the males starting at ages 7-8 not paralleled by decreases for the females. Both physiological and sociocultural factors appear to account for the changes that mark the development of intonational patterns in prepubertal girls and boys.

Research paper thumbnail of Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio

Journal of Voice, Dec 1, 2002

Distinguishing between vocal changes that occur with normal aging and those that are associated w... more Distinguishing between vocal changes that occur with normal aging and those that are associated with disease is an important goal of research in voice. Several acoustic measures have been used in an attempt to illuminate the integrity of the vocal mechanism, including harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR), jitter, and fundamental frequency (F0). HNR is a measure that quantifies the amount of additive noise in the voice signal; jitter reflects the periodicity of vocal fold vibration. In this study, measures of HNR, jitter and F0 were used to compare vocal function in three groups of normally speaking women: young adults, middle-aged adults, and elderly adults. Significant differences in HNR emerged between the elderly women and the other two groups. F0 differences were also apparent between the elderly group and the two younger groups; there were no significant differences in jitter between the three groups. HNRwas found to be a more sensitive index of vocal function than jitter. The significant lowering of HNR evident in t he elderly speakers may be attributable in part to medications taken by the majority of these elderly subjects.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of two types of systematic practice on jitter and shimmer in adult stutterers and nonstutterers

Journal of Fluency Disorders, Sep 1, 1994

affects these variables. Subjects are six 3-to 5-year-old stuttering children and their parents. ... more affects these variables. Subjects are six 3-to 5-year-old stuttering children and their parents. The results are discussed within the framework of the Demands and Capacities Model.

Research paper thumbnail of Time constraints and phonatory stability in children who stutter

Journal of Fluency Disorders, May 1, 1997

Research paper thumbnail of Perception of Individuals With Voice Disorders by Monolingual English, Bilingual Cantonese–English, and Bilingual Russian–English Women

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, Aug 1, 2006

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of monolingual English, bilingual ... more Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of monolingual English, bilingual Cantonese–English, and bilingual Russian–English speakers toward individuals with voice disorders. Method In a mixed experimental design, a total of 30 older and 29 younger female listeners from the 3 language groups rated the voices of 10 females, each with a mild, moderate, or severe voice disorder or with no voice disorder. A semantic differential scale was used to rate the speakers on 21 attributes. Results Results indicate that the perception of individuals became increasingly negative as the severity of the disorder increased. Results also indicate that Cantonese–English bilinguals rated the individuals with severe voice disorders more negatively than did English monolinguals and that the language groups differed in their ratings for the attributes of beautiful, lovable, clean, and young. There was no overall effect of age of listener. Conclusion The study demonstrates that although the language groups were uniform in ascribing more negative attributes to individuals as severity of the disorder increased, there were also significant differences between the groups. Exploration of these issues provides information useful to clinicians in setting priorities for intervention that take into account individuals' backgrounds as well as clinical factors.

Research paper thumbnail of Fundamental Frequency in Monolingual English, Bilingual English/Russian, and Bilingual English/Cantonese Young Adult Women

Journal of Voice, Mar 1, 2006

Mean F0 of nine young adult English/Russian female bilinguals and nine young adult English/Canton... more Mean F0 of nine young adult English/Russian female bilinguals and nine young adult English/Cantonese female bilinguals were examined from samples of connected speech in each language. Mean F0 were compared in each language and in English with those of a monolingual English control group of ten young adult female speakers. Acoustic measurements were analyzed with the Kay Elemetrics Multispeech program (Kay Elemetrics, Lincoln Park, NJ). The results indicate that the English/Russian bilinguals consistently had a higher mean F0 in Russian than in English. Mean F0 did not change with language switch for the English/Cantonese speakers. There were no significant differences between the groups in their English production. Clinical implications regarding norms for both monolingual and bilingual persons, as well as implications for understanding the nature of bilingualism, in particular code-switching, are discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Selected aspects of central processing and vocal motor function in stutterers and nonstutterers

Journal of Fluency Disorders, 1991

The present study was designed to evaluate aspects of central processing and simultaneous larynge... more The present study was designed to evaluate aspects of central processing and simultaneous laryngeal function in stutterers and nonstutterers using a recently developed continuous flow model of phonatory reaction time. Simultaneous measurements were made of P300 brain potentials, laryngeal positioning movements prior to vocal fold closure, and onset of vocal fold vibration in 10 stutterers and 10 nonstutterers. The temporal ordering of these three events was evaluated and differences between the two groups examined. No significant differences were found in the vocal motor or P300 responses. Stutterers and nonstutterers appeared to be using a similar temporal patterning. This patterning may indicate an overlap between sensory and motor processing in phonatory reaction time tasks. Use of the present model with its quantifiable components of laryngeal shift, P300, and onset of vocal fold vibration, can yield valuable information regarding temporal aspects of central processing and laryngeal function.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of practice with and without knowledge of results on jitter and shimmer levels in normally speaking women

Journal of Voice, Dec 1, 1995

The effects of practice on jitter and shimmer Were assessed in two groups of normally speaking wo... more The effects of practice on jitter and shimmer Were assessed in two groups of normally speaking women. Subjects in both groups sustained trials of /a/as steadily as possible during a baseline session, two practice sessions, and a transfer session. Subjects in one group received visual and verbal feedback during the practice sessions. Subjects in the other group received no feedback. Shimmer means remained essentially stable over the four sessions for both groups, and no differences were apparent between the groups. Jitter values were significantly different between sessions for both groups, and between the two groups for the practice sessions. These results are consistent with findings from manual performance and retention tasks. The present findings also support a recently developed neurologic model of jitter.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of learned expectancy on the speech initiation times of stutterers

Journal of Fluency Disorders, Sep 1, 1994

Research paper thumbnail of The effects of time constraints on phonatory stability in normally speaking adult women

Journal of Voice, 1998

Forty normally speaking women sustained /a/ five times in two conditions, untimed and timed. In t... more Forty normally speaking women sustained /a/ five times in two conditions, untimed and timed. In the untimed condition, phonation began whenever the subject felt ready. The timed task required subjects to begin phonation as quickly as possible after the examiner's signal. Conditions were counterbalanced across subjects. Jitter and shimmer values were obtained on a Kay Elemetrics Computerized Speech Lab (Pine Brook, NJ). Three distinct patterns of change emerged for jitter and shimmer from the untimed to the timed condition, reflecting either decreases, increases, or no change in values. These changes in jitter and shimmer values across conditions are related to a reaction time model of "bias toward accuracy."

Research paper thumbnail of Factor Analysis of Proficient Esophageal Speech: Toward a Multidimensional Model

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, Dec 1, 1995

This study identified acoustic patterns in the speech samples of 26 esophageal speakers judged by... more This study identified acoustic patterns in the speech samples of 26 esophageal speakers judged by experienced listeners to be highly proficient and intelligible. Tape-recorded readings were acoustically analyzed in terms of frequency, intensity, and duration variables. Application of two multidimensional statistical procedures, factor analysis and cluster analysis, revealed four distinctive acoustic profiles that captured all 26 subjects. The multidimensional model derived from these profiles maintains important individual differences in alaryngeal speech style.

Research paper thumbnail of Listener Perceptions of Women With Voice Disorders: Vocal Stereotyping and Negative Personality Attribution

Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation, 2020

PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to determine if the age and amount of background knowledge o... more PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to determine if the age and amount of background knowledge of listeners affects perceptual judgments of women with voice disorders. METHOD Forty participants in three different age groups (children, young adults, and older adults) rated five female voice samples representing various types of dysphonia. One group of young adults had background knowledge of voice disorders based on a graduate-level course in Voice Disorders. A semantic differential scale was used to rate the speakers on 24 attributes. RESULTS Results indicated that age of listeners was not a significant factor, and that listeners' ratings depended on the specific type of dysphonia. No significant differences emerged between the perceptions of individuals with and without background knowledge of voice disorders. DISCUSSION This study agrees with the findings of similar research showing that listeners judge speakers with voice disorders more negatively than they do those with nor...

Research paper thumbnail of A Respirometric Technique to Evaluate Velopharyngeal Function in Speakers with Cleft Palate, with and without Prostheses

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 1987

There is a paucity of respirometric quotient (RQ) data on individuals with velopharyngeal inadequ... more There is a paucity of respirometric quotient (RQ) data on individuals with velopharyngeal inadequacy. Paesani (1964) reported data using a technique that involved separate productions of the same task to obtain the RQ. The RQ values obtained were greater than unity, which is theoretically impossible. In the present study, respirometric quotients, the ratio of oral air volume expended to total volume expended, were obtained using separate but simultaneous productions of oral and nasal airflow. RQ values were calculated for 10 speakers with cleft palate, with and without their prosthetic appliances, and 10 normal speakers. As a group, those with cleft palate and without their appliances exhibited RQ values that were significantly lower than values obtained from the normal speakers and from speakers with the appliances in place. These findings indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in RQ values when comparing sentence repetition and counting tasks. These val...

Research paper thumbnail of A Continuous-Flow Model for Phonatory Reaction Time

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 1991

The purpose of this study was to validate a proposed continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction ... more The purpose of this study was to validate a proposed continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction time by investigating the temporal order of selected laryngeal and neurophysiological events involved in a phonatory reaction time task. Ten normal speakers participated in a phonatory reaction time task. Laryngeal positioning movements prior to vocal fold closure (laryngeal shift) and onset of vocal fold vibration (acoustic onset) were recorded with an electroglottograph. P300 brain potentials were collected simultaneously, and they served as an index of a central process underlying reaction time. The obtained temporal ordering of laryngeal shift, P300, and acoustic onset supported a continuous-flow model of phonatory reaction time. Use of this model might yield information that is more accurate in explaining physiological function and more precise in describing temporal patterning than the serial model.

Research paper thumbnail of Factor Analysis of Proficient Esophageal Speech: Toward a Multidimensional Model

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 1995

This study identified acoustic patterns in the speech samples of 26 esophageal speakers judged by... more This study identified acoustic patterns in the speech samples of 26 esophageal speakers judged by experienced listeners to be highly proficient and intelligible. Tape-recorded readings were acoustically analyzed in terms of frequency, intensity, and duration variables. Application of two multidimensional statistical procedures, factor analysis and cluster analysis, revealed four distinctive acoustic profiles that captured all 26 subjects. The multidimensional model derived from these profiles maintains important individual differences in alaryngeal speech style.

Research paper thumbnail of Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio

Research paper thumbnail of Harmonics-to-noise ratios in normally speaking prepubescent girls and boys

Journal of Voice, 2000

This study examined harmonics-to-noise ratios (HNR) in 4 groups of normally speaking children. HN... more This study examined harmonics-to-noise ratios (HNR) in 4 groups of normally speaking children. HNRs were calculated for the vowels/ai/and/A/, selected from conversational speech samples of 80 children aged 4, 6, 8, and 10 years (10 boys and 10 girls at each age level). HNR values for/M were significantly higher than those for/ai/. Significant age differences emerged for/ai/between ages 4 and 8, and ages 8 and 10. Girls obtained significantly higher HNRs than boys for the/ai/vowel. Overall, the HNR values for these normally speaking children were lower than those reported for normally speaking adults. These findings suggest that acoustic values for children cannot be validly compared to those for adults, and that the child's gender and age should be taken into account when applying spectral analyses to research and/or clinical situations.