Casmir Ifeanyi - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Casmir Ifeanyi

sciencepub.net

... This means that these antibiotics are fairly effective in the treatment of diarrhoea due to t... more ... This means that these antibiotics are fairly effective in the treatment of diarrhoea due to these pathogens but the use of Ciprofloxacin in young children has grave risks. ... Correspondence to: Ifeanyi Casmir Ifeanyichukwu Cajetan Department of Biological Science, ...

Journal of Community Medicine & Public Health, 2021

Background: Virally unsuppressed HIV-Infected persons are known to significantly increase the odd... more Background: Virally unsuppressed HIV-Infected persons are known to significantly increase the odds of HIV transmission. Though Enhanced Adherence Counselling (EAC) is recommended for improving viral loads outcomes, it is not a lone predictor for viral suppression. This study evaluated the impact of perceptions, psychosocial, economic and other characteristics of virally unsuppressed HIV-Infected adults on enhanced adherence counselling as a strategy for achieving viral suppression. Study design: A facility-based Cross-sectional study. Methods: This study evaluated 415 virally unsuppressed HIV-Infected adults after 6 months on antiretroviral therapy in comprehensive health facilities in Delta State. Structured questionnaire were administered on randomly sampled HIV-Infected adults at the hospitals on their clinic appointments. Data captured into Epi Info 7.0 were analyzed with SPSS 20.0. Chi square was used to determine relationships considering P< 0.05 statistically significant. ...

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2017

Introduction: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) causes infectious diarrhea among children ... more Introduction: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) causes infectious diarrhea among children in developing countries. However, in Nigeria, due to limited laboratory resources, the genetic diversity of its virulence factors, which includes its intimin subtypes remain undefined. This study aims to evaluate the serotypes, antibiotic resistance and the intimin subtypes genes associated with EPEC strains isolated from children with acute diarrhea in Abuja, Nigeria. Methodology: EPEC isolates from diarrheic children aged 0-60 months in Abuja, Nigeria were analyzed. PCR for EPEC virulence gene, Hep-2 cell Adherence and serotyping were performed. EPEC strains were further subtyped by PCR reactions for the identification of intimin subtype genes: α (alpha), β (beta), γ1 (gamma-1), and έ (epsilon). Antibiotic resistance and ESBL production was determined by CLSI guidelines. Results: Overall, 18 (4.5%) out of 400 children with acute diarrhea had EPEC infection. Typical EPEC strains were de...

Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, Jun 11, 2014

Introduction: In Nigeria, acute gastroenteritis in children under five years of age is a major ca... more Introduction: In Nigeria, acute gastroenteritis in children under five years of age is a major cause of mortality and morbidity; identification and characterization of microbial agents of acute gastroenteritis, including Salmonella, remains a powerful tool for effective management, surveillance, and control. Methodology: Diarrheal stool samples were directly plated onto differential and selective media to isolate Salmonella. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases were screened using the double disk diffusion technique and by PCR targeting the bla TEM and bla CTX-M genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed usingthe PulseNet Canada Laboratory protocol for molecular subtyping using the restriction enzymes XbaI and BlnI. Results: The serotypes identified were Salmonella enterica serovar Zanzibar (n = 5), Salmonella Brancaster (n = 3), and one isolate of Salmonella Enteritidis (phage type 1). The following levels of resistance were found among the Salmonella strains: amoxicillin, five strains (55.6%); amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, two strains (22.2%); cephalexin, five strains (55.6%); and cefuroxime, five strains (55.6%). Intermediate resistance was found in five strains (55.6%) only to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. All isolates were susceptible to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone, and no ESBL-producing Salmonella were detected. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated the involvement of three Salmonella serovars in acute gastroenteritis; resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins was common.

Abstract: Differential expression of genes between cutaneous and visceral L. infantum parasites i... more Abstract: Differential expression of genes between cutaneous and visceral L. infantum parasites is hypothesized to be among the mechanisms potentially involved in the interplay the produce clinical variability in Leishmania infantum parasites.A variant of differential display technique was used to select differentially expressed genes in peanut-agglutinin negatively (PNA) selected promastigote forms of 2 visceral and 2 cutaneous Leishmania infantum parasites. Five cDNAs encoding for a nuclear transport factor 2-like and 4 ribosomal proteins were selected this way and their expression was analysed in these infectious forms of the 4 isolates. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of the transcripts highlighted variable gene expression among all the parasites. However, significant fold variations were obtained that defined relative expression phenotypes and patterns. Remarkably, 2 expression patterns were consistently observed with the 2 CL parasites when compared to one or the...

Background: Multi drug resistant bacterial agents that contaminate seafood cause several diseases... more Background: Multi drug resistant bacterial agents that contaminate seafood cause several diseases in humans and are widely documented as a global public health challenge. Methods: This study evaluated the microbiological and antimicrobial resistance genes profiles of bacterial Isolates from shellfish vended at Iko and Douglas Creeks of Cross River State, Nigeria. A total of 540 shellfish (117 clams, 88 oysters, 136 periwinkles) samples were collected from various vendor at the two Creeks were analyzed. The samples were processed using standard microbiological methods to identify bacterial pathogens. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assayed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistant genes using polymerase chain reaction. Results: Overall, a total of 135 bacteria isolates were identified. The most common isolate was Alcaligenes species 53(39.2%) followed by Pseudomonas species 44(32.6%), Providencia species 25(18.5%), Vibrio species...

Introduction: Escherichia coli are frequently isolated from diarrheic children in the Federal Cap... more Introduction: Escherichia coli are frequently isolated from diarrheic children in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria, but their virulent properties are not routinely evaluated. Therefore, the etiology of childhood diarrheal disease attributable to diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) in Abuja, Nigeria remains unknown. Methodology: Stool specimens from 400 acute diarrheic children between 0 and 60 months of age were studied.E. coli strains isolated were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for nine virulence genes and HEp-2 cell adherence to detect and identify five distinct diarrheagenic E. coli categories. Results: Diarrheagenic E.coli was detected in 51 (12.8%) of the diarrheic children. The observed DEC pathotypes were enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) in 18 (4.5%) children, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) in 16 (4.0%), enteroaggrative E. coli (EAEC) in 8 (2.0%), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) in 6 (1.5%), and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) in 3 (0.8%). Four (1.0...

Science Technology Department, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Nigeria World Health Org... more Science Technology Department, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Nigeria World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria Microbiology Department, Akwa-Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan, China Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria

ABSTRACT: Urinary schistosomiasis and concomitant bacteriuria was investigated in the Federal Cap... more ABSTRACT: Urinary schistosomiasis and concomitant bacteriuria was investigated in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja. Single urine samples collected from subjects aged 5 years and above between 1000 hours and 1400hours were examined for the presence of S.haematobium eggs using centrifugation technique and for bacteriuria by standard bacteriological methods. A total of 1,150 subjects comprised of 667 males and 483 females were studied from the 6 Area Councils of the FCT. Overall, 360 (31.3%) had the eggs of S. haematobium in their urine while 289 (80.3%) of the 360 who had eggs of S. haematobium in their urine, had bacterial growth. Prevalence of bacteriuria in urinary schistosomiasis ranged from 74-86% with no significant difference in the distribution of the prevalence of the co-infection in the 6 area councils surveyed (P=0.125). The distribution of bacteria colony count in relation to different ova intensity was significantly different (P<0.001) and assumed a weak posit...

Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology

Background: Heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxin variants of enterotoxigenic Escherichia c... more Background: Heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxin variants of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are enterotoxins associated with diarrhea among children in Abuja, Nigeria. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is also known as a major etiological agent of diarrheal disease among travelers in developing countries. Continuous identification of commonly expressed bacterial components of ETEC can help extend the protective spectra of future candidate ETEC vaccines in Nigeria. Objectives: This study aimed to provide new insights into the distribution patterns of enterotoxins, colonization factor antigens (CFA phenotypes), and serotypes and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of ETEC strains from children with acute diarrhea in Abuja, Nigeria. Methods: Escherichia coli strains, isolated from the stool samples of children aged 0-60 months, were tested via polymerase chain reaction, ganglioside GM1 ELISA assay, hemagglutination assay, HEp-2 cell adherence assay, dot blot technique, and disc diffusion method for antimicrobial resistance. Results: Rnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was detected in 16 (4.0%) out of 400 children with acute diarrhea. The toxigenic genotypes expressed by ETEC strains included LT toxin gene 6 (37.5%), ST toxin gene 6 (37.5%), and ST/LT gene 4 (25.0%). The CF phenotypes with major expression included CS2 (25.0%), CS3 (12.5%), and CFA1 (6.3%), with a probability value below 0.05 (P < 0.05). However, no CFA/CS was detected in 56.3% of ETEC strains. Multidrug resistance pattern of nalidixic acid-ciprofloxacin-amoxicillin-augmentincephalexin-cefuroxime was observed in 19% of ETEC strains. The most prevalent ETEC serotype was O8: H9 (n, 5). Based on the findings, ETEC infection peaked to 7.2% in July. Conclusion: Although ST and LT toxins seem to have equal distributions in the analyzed population, continuous identification of CFA phenotypes and toxins is necessary for the evaluation of ETEC vaccines in Nigeria.

sciencepub.net

... This means that these antibiotics are fairly effective in the treatment of diarrhoea due to t... more ... This means that these antibiotics are fairly effective in the treatment of diarrhoea due to these pathogens but the use of Ciprofloxacin in young children has grave risks. ... Correspondence to: Ifeanyi Casmir Ifeanyichukwu Cajetan Department of Biological Science, ...

Journal of Community Medicine & Public Health, 2021

Background: Virally unsuppressed HIV-Infected persons are known to significantly increase the odd... more Background: Virally unsuppressed HIV-Infected persons are known to significantly increase the odds of HIV transmission. Though Enhanced Adherence Counselling (EAC) is recommended for improving viral loads outcomes, it is not a lone predictor for viral suppression. This study evaluated the impact of perceptions, psychosocial, economic and other characteristics of virally unsuppressed HIV-Infected adults on enhanced adherence counselling as a strategy for achieving viral suppression. Study design: A facility-based Cross-sectional study. Methods: This study evaluated 415 virally unsuppressed HIV-Infected adults after 6 months on antiretroviral therapy in comprehensive health facilities in Delta State. Structured questionnaire were administered on randomly sampled HIV-Infected adults at the hospitals on their clinic appointments. Data captured into Epi Info 7.0 were analyzed with SPSS 20.0. Chi square was used to determine relationships considering P< 0.05 statistically significant. ...

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2017

Introduction: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) causes infectious diarrhea among children ... more Introduction: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) causes infectious diarrhea among children in developing countries. However, in Nigeria, due to limited laboratory resources, the genetic diversity of its virulence factors, which includes its intimin subtypes remain undefined. This study aims to evaluate the serotypes, antibiotic resistance and the intimin subtypes genes associated with EPEC strains isolated from children with acute diarrhea in Abuja, Nigeria. Methodology: EPEC isolates from diarrheic children aged 0-60 months in Abuja, Nigeria were analyzed. PCR for EPEC virulence gene, Hep-2 cell Adherence and serotyping were performed. EPEC strains were further subtyped by PCR reactions for the identification of intimin subtype genes: α (alpha), β (beta), γ1 (gamma-1), and έ (epsilon). Antibiotic resistance and ESBL production was determined by CLSI guidelines. Results: Overall, 18 (4.5%) out of 400 children with acute diarrhea had EPEC infection. Typical EPEC strains were de...

Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, Jun 11, 2014

Introduction: In Nigeria, acute gastroenteritis in children under five years of age is a major ca... more Introduction: In Nigeria, acute gastroenteritis in children under five years of age is a major cause of mortality and morbidity; identification and characterization of microbial agents of acute gastroenteritis, including Salmonella, remains a powerful tool for effective management, surveillance, and control. Methodology: Diarrheal stool samples were directly plated onto differential and selective media to isolate Salmonella. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases were screened using the double disk diffusion technique and by PCR targeting the bla TEM and bla CTX-M genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed usingthe PulseNet Canada Laboratory protocol for molecular subtyping using the restriction enzymes XbaI and BlnI. Results: The serotypes identified were Salmonella enterica serovar Zanzibar (n = 5), Salmonella Brancaster (n = 3), and one isolate of Salmonella Enteritidis (phage type 1). The following levels of resistance were found among the Salmonella strains: amoxicillin, five strains (55.6%); amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, two strains (22.2%); cephalexin, five strains (55.6%); and cefuroxime, five strains (55.6%). Intermediate resistance was found in five strains (55.6%) only to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. All isolates were susceptible to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone, and no ESBL-producing Salmonella were detected. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated the involvement of three Salmonella serovars in acute gastroenteritis; resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins was common.

Abstract: Differential expression of genes between cutaneous and visceral L. infantum parasites i... more Abstract: Differential expression of genes between cutaneous and visceral L. infantum parasites is hypothesized to be among the mechanisms potentially involved in the interplay the produce clinical variability in Leishmania infantum parasites.A variant of differential display technique was used to select differentially expressed genes in peanut-agglutinin negatively (PNA) selected promastigote forms of 2 visceral and 2 cutaneous Leishmania infantum parasites. Five cDNAs encoding for a nuclear transport factor 2-like and 4 ribosomal proteins were selected this way and their expression was analysed in these infectious forms of the 4 isolates. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of the transcripts highlighted variable gene expression among all the parasites. However, significant fold variations were obtained that defined relative expression phenotypes and patterns. Remarkably, 2 expression patterns were consistently observed with the 2 CL parasites when compared to one or the...

Background: Multi drug resistant bacterial agents that contaminate seafood cause several diseases... more Background: Multi drug resistant bacterial agents that contaminate seafood cause several diseases in humans and are widely documented as a global public health challenge. Methods: This study evaluated the microbiological and antimicrobial resistance genes profiles of bacterial Isolates from shellfish vended at Iko and Douglas Creeks of Cross River State, Nigeria. A total of 540 shellfish (117 clams, 88 oysters, 136 periwinkles) samples were collected from various vendor at the two Creeks were analyzed. The samples were processed using standard microbiological methods to identify bacterial pathogens. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assayed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistant genes using polymerase chain reaction. Results: Overall, a total of 135 bacteria isolates were identified. The most common isolate was Alcaligenes species 53(39.2%) followed by Pseudomonas species 44(32.6%), Providencia species 25(18.5%), Vibrio species...

Introduction: Escherichia coli are frequently isolated from diarrheic children in the Federal Cap... more Introduction: Escherichia coli are frequently isolated from diarrheic children in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria, but their virulent properties are not routinely evaluated. Therefore, the etiology of childhood diarrheal disease attributable to diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) in Abuja, Nigeria remains unknown. Methodology: Stool specimens from 400 acute diarrheic children between 0 and 60 months of age were studied.E. coli strains isolated were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for nine virulence genes and HEp-2 cell adherence to detect and identify five distinct diarrheagenic E. coli categories. Results: Diarrheagenic E.coli was detected in 51 (12.8%) of the diarrheic children. The observed DEC pathotypes were enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) in 18 (4.5%) children, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) in 16 (4.0%), enteroaggrative E. coli (EAEC) in 8 (2.0%), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) in 6 (1.5%), and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) in 3 (0.8%). Four (1.0...

Science Technology Department, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Nigeria World Health Org... more Science Technology Department, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Nigeria World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria Microbiology Department, Akwa-Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan, China Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria

ABSTRACT: Urinary schistosomiasis and concomitant bacteriuria was investigated in the Federal Cap... more ABSTRACT: Urinary schistosomiasis and concomitant bacteriuria was investigated in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja. Single urine samples collected from subjects aged 5 years and above between 1000 hours and 1400hours were examined for the presence of S.haematobium eggs using centrifugation technique and for bacteriuria by standard bacteriological methods. A total of 1,150 subjects comprised of 667 males and 483 females were studied from the 6 Area Councils of the FCT. Overall, 360 (31.3%) had the eggs of S. haematobium in their urine while 289 (80.3%) of the 360 who had eggs of S. haematobium in their urine, had bacterial growth. Prevalence of bacteriuria in urinary schistosomiasis ranged from 74-86% with no significant difference in the distribution of the prevalence of the co-infection in the 6 area councils surveyed (P=0.125). The distribution of bacteria colony count in relation to different ova intensity was significantly different (P<0.001) and assumed a weak posit...

Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology

Background: Heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxin variants of enterotoxigenic Escherichia c... more Background: Heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxin variants of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are enterotoxins associated with diarrhea among children in Abuja, Nigeria. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is also known as a major etiological agent of diarrheal disease among travelers in developing countries. Continuous identification of commonly expressed bacterial components of ETEC can help extend the protective spectra of future candidate ETEC vaccines in Nigeria. Objectives: This study aimed to provide new insights into the distribution patterns of enterotoxins, colonization factor antigens (CFA phenotypes), and serotypes and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of ETEC strains from children with acute diarrhea in Abuja, Nigeria. Methods: Escherichia coli strains, isolated from the stool samples of children aged 0-60 months, were tested via polymerase chain reaction, ganglioside GM1 ELISA assay, hemagglutination assay, HEp-2 cell adherence assay, dot blot technique, and disc diffusion method for antimicrobial resistance. Results: Rnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was detected in 16 (4.0%) out of 400 children with acute diarrhea. The toxigenic genotypes expressed by ETEC strains included LT toxin gene 6 (37.5%), ST toxin gene 6 (37.5%), and ST/LT gene 4 (25.0%). The CF phenotypes with major expression included CS2 (25.0%), CS3 (12.5%), and CFA1 (6.3%), with a probability value below 0.05 (P < 0.05). However, no CFA/CS was detected in 56.3% of ETEC strains. Multidrug resistance pattern of nalidixic acid-ciprofloxacin-amoxicillin-augmentincephalexin-cefuroxime was observed in 19% of ETEC strains. The most prevalent ETEC serotype was O8: H9 (n, 5). Based on the findings, ETEC infection peaked to 7.2% in July. Conclusion: Although ST and LT toxins seem to have equal distributions in the analyzed population, continuous identification of CFA phenotypes and toxins is necessary for the evaluation of ETEC vaccines in Nigeria.