Christine Vandenhouten - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Christine Vandenhouten

IGI Global eBooks, Mar 27, 2018

This chapter focuses on aspects of the technological and interface dimensions of Badrul Khan&... more This chapter focuses on aspects of the technological and interface dimensions of Badrul Khan's model, arguing that a correlation exists between the medium of instruction, students' performance, and the instructional content. Media-based learning is not necessarily more effective, simply because it uses a medium. Several variables exist that influence its success: the medium itself, its properties, production and consumption restraints; the content, and the way it can be presented in the context of a specific medium, and learners' cognitive styles. All these variables and more have to be taken into consideration, alone and interacting, in order to decide whether and where media-based learning is to be used, and where it might be counterproductive.

Public Health Nursing, Mar 1, 2013

Public Health Nursing Certification Exam on the Verge of Extinction? Act Fast! Barbara B. Little,... more Public Health Nursing Certification Exam on the Verge of Extinction? Act Fast! Barbara B. Little, D.N.P., M.P.H., R.N., A.P.H.N.-B.C., C.N.E., Christine L. Vandenhouten, Ph.D., R.N., A.P.H.N.-B.C., and Crystal De-Vance-Wilson, M.S.N., M.B.A., P.H.C.N.S.-B.C. Florida State University College of Nursing, Tallahassee, Florida; University of Wisconsin Green Bay Professional Program in Nursing, Green Bay, Wisconsin; and University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland

Nursing Management, 2019

Software offers real-time data for prompt identification and assistance

Education Research International, 2019

This study examined RN-to-BSN and Master of Social Work students’ attitudes and readiness for int... more This study examined RN-to-BSN and Master of Social Work students’ attitudes and readiness for interprofessional (IP) practice and educational experiences. The Attitudes toward Health Care Teams Scale (ATHCTS) developed by Heinemann et al. measures attitudes toward health care teams including the quality of care/process and physician centrality. Students’ readiness for IP education was measured by the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) developed by Parsell and Bligh. Discussion of an interprofessional activity including student reactions is provided. Statistically significant differences were found in the mean scores for the Patient-Centeredness subscale of the RIPLS and in overall ATHCTS scores as well as the Physician Centrality subscale scores. Overall, participants demonstrated readiness and benefits of IP education.

Journal of the Association for Vascular Access, 2018

Background: Greater than 90% of hospitalized patients receive some form of peripheral intravenous... more Background: Greater than 90% of hospitalized patients receive some form of peripheral intravenous therapy for the delivery of fluids, medication, or parenteral nutrition. Nurses are the largest group of clinicians responsible for the placement and management of peripheral intravenous therapies. The literature suggests that many graduate nurses lack the confidence, knowledge, and ability to not only place peripheral intravenous catheters, but also adequately maintain peripheral intravenous sites. This fact, combined with the increasing acuity of hospitalized patients with multiple comorbidities, makes peripheral intravenous placement and management even more challenging. This drove a team of researchers to explore the current state of peripheral intravenous education in health care institutions and examine potential gaps in ongoing professional development and competency assessment. Methods: A convenience sample of United States and Canadian health care institution representatives we...

Nursing Management (Springhouse), 2018

New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 2017

Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is an increasingly popular interdisciplinary pedagogy. In this chapt... more Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is an increasingly popular interdisciplinary pedagogy. In this chapter, we discuss its roots, benefits, and potential trade-offs and give practical advice applicable to a variety of academic disciplines.

Online Learning, 2014

E-Learning remains a new frontier for many faculty. When compared to the traditional classroom, E... more E-Learning remains a new frontier for many faculty. When compared to the traditional classroom, E-learning requires greater collaboration among team members and use of different teaching and learning strategies. Pedagogy as well as team configurations must change when moving to the online environment. Collaboration is a key component in creating quality E-learning. Effective collaboration requires faculty to understand various roles (e.g., instructional designers, multimedia specialists), and activities involved in e-learning as well as how professionals in different roles work together. This article discusses the use of an E-Learning framework and development of a survey based on the framework’s dimensions as two strategies to broaden faculty understanding of E-Learning collaboration. The survey was used to expose faculty across five Midwestern campuses to all dimensions of E-learning including areas such as management, ethics, and interface design.

Public Health and Welfare: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Many nurses may not be aware of the role that healthcare plays in the cycle of harm. Healthcare p... more Many nurses may not be aware of the role that healthcare plays in the cycle of harm. Healthcare participates in the cycle of harm by mismanaging waste, using fossil fuel energy and offering meat-based diets. Lack of knowledge, resources and empowerment potentiate this participation. Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use and meat-based diets, with resultant water pollution, contribute to climate change. Climate change and healthcare source pollution in water from mismanaged waste, contributes to illnesses of community members. Once sickened, individuals come to the healthcare center for treatment. This illness care then contributes to more environmental pollution. Specific human health consequences of resultant water pollution and climate change will be discussed. With healthcare professionals collaborating with others concerned, the connections potentiating this cycle of harm can be broken. Recommendations will be offered for healthcare's forward movement to help create ...

Public Health Nursing, 2011

Nursing Administration Quarterly, 2015

Less than 12.5% of nurses aspire to leadership roles, noting lack of support and stress as major ... more Less than 12.5% of nurses aspire to leadership roles, noting lack of support and stress as major factors in their decision not to pursue this area of practice. Psychological resiliency, described as the ability to properly adapt to stress and adversity, is key to successful nurse managers. Emotional intelligence (EI) is a related concept to resiliency and is another noteworthy predictor of leadership and management success. This study was undertaken to determine the level of and relationship between EI and leadership style of nurse managers employed in Wisconsin and Illinois facilities. A descriptive, exploratory study design was utilized, with a convenience sample of nurse managers working in 6 large Midwestern health systems. Nurse managers were invited to participate in the study by their employer, completing the online consent form and the demographic, Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) Form 5X and the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i 2.0) surveys. Statistically significant positive relationships were noted between EI and transformational leadership and the outcomes of leadership (extra effort, effectiveness, and satisfaction). No statistically significant relationships were noted between EI and transactional or laissez-faire leadership styles.

Journal of Nursing Education

BACKGROUND Peripheral intravenous (PIV) management requires knowledge, skill, and clinical judgme... more BACKGROUND Peripheral intravenous (PIV) management requires knowledge, skill, and clinical judgment to ensure positive patient outcomes; yet, many nurses lack confidence in their PIV knowledge and skills. It is important that graduate nurses acquire PIV knowledge and skills in nursing school. This study aimed to explore PIV content coverage and clinical opportunities provided in U.S. and Canadian nursing curricula. METHOD Using a descriptive, exploratory design, representatives of nursing schools completed a 12-item, web-based PIV curriculum survey. RESULTS Most schools covered PIV content in classroom, laboratory, and clinical settings; however, some indicated students were not allowed to initiate PIVs in clinical settings. Participants noted that PIV education was a shared responsibility with health systems. CONCLUSION It is important that nursing students develop PIV competence; however, competing pressures for time in nursing curricula may limit PIV coverage. Nurse educators can benefit from PIV and infusion therapy specialty organization resources. [J Nurs Educ. 2020;59(9):493-500.].

Journal for Nurses in Professional Development

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of mindfulness education of new gradua... more The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of mindfulness education of new graduate nurse residents' awareness and use of mindfulness strategies. This pre-post education design study was approved by the university institutional review board. Mindfulness has been shown to improve focus on patient care and reduce job stress and nurse turnover. Improved awareness and use of mindfulness strategies have the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce the cost of nurse turnover.

Journal of Humanistic Psychology

The purpose of this article is to identify the influences of U.S. Army nurses on the nursing prof... more The purpose of this article is to identify the influences of U.S. Army nurses on the nursing profession in South Korea, focusing on the interactions between U.S. Army nurses and Korean nurses durin...

Journal for Nurses in Professional Development

The nursing care of hospitalized patients with dementia is planned and supervised by registered n... more The nursing care of hospitalized patients with dementia is planned and supervised by registered nurses. This care is delivered using a team approach, including certified nursing assistants, who may lack the knowledge and skills to properly provide care and manage the challenging behaviors associated with dementia. This article describes an innovative, multimodal education program designed to help certified nursing assistants acquire this knowledge and skill. Use of post-then-pre evaluation showed the positive results of this program.

ABSTRACT Level of political participation and factors contributing to participation were measured... more ABSTRACT Level of political participation and factors contributing to participation were measured among Midwest RNs (n = 468) via an online survey (Cronbach's α = .95). Respondents reported engaging in primarily "low cost" activities (e.g., voting, discussing politics, and contacting elected officials), with fewer reporting speaking at public gatherings, participating in demonstrations, and membership in nursing organizations. Psychological engagement was most predictive (p < .001) of political participation with the dimensions of political interest, political efficacy, and political information/knowledge highly significant (p < .001). Resources (time/money/civic skills) significantly contributed to political participation (p < .001). Less than half (40%) felt they could impact local decisions, and fewer (32%) felt they could impact state or national government decisions. Most respondents (80%) indicated their nursing courses lacked political content and did not prepare them for political participation. Findings showed that nurse educators and leaders of professional nursing organizations need to model and cultivate greater psychological engagement among students and nurses.

ABSTRACT The current nursing shortage and declining national pass rates on the National Council L... more ABSTRACT The current nursing shortage and declining national pass rates on the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) demand that colleges of nursing select and retain students with greater likelihood of success. While some investigators have identified possible predictors of NCLEX-RN success, little is known about predictors of failure. The ability of Assessment Technologies Institute's Comprehensive Assessment and Review Program (ATI CARP) to predict NCLEX-RN success or failure is unknown. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine predictors of success or failure on the NCLEX-RN for graduates of a Midwestern, single purpose, Baccalaureate nursing program. A convenience sample of previously collected academic achievement data for 296 graduates between May, 2002 and May, 2007 was included. Descriptive statistics demonstrated the majority of graduates were Caucasian (96%) females (93%), with an average age on admission of 22.2 years. Logistic regression analyses indicated older age on admission, higher ACT Comprehensive scores, course grades in Pharmacology, Adult Medical Surgical I, Community Health Nursing: Family Focused Care and Community Health Nursing: Population Focused Care were able to predict success on the NCLEX-RN examination. ATI CARP scores for Fundamentals, Maternal Newborn, Medical Surgical, Leadership, Community Health, and Pharmacology were able to predict NCLEX-RN success as well. The end-of-program variables, ATI RN Comprehensive Predictor exam results and cumulative GPA also were predictive of NCLEX-RN success. Regression models were less effective at predicting NCLEX-RN failure. The age on admission, course grades for Pharmacology, Adult Medical Surgical I, and Community Health Nursing: Population Focused Care were able to predict NCLEX-RN failure to a significant degree. In addition, the ATI content exam scores for the Fundamentals, Medical Surgical, Maternal Newborn, Leadership, Community Health, and Pharmacology examinations were predictive of failure. Similar to predicting success, lower scores on the RN Comprehensive Predictor and lower cumulative GPA were associated with NCLEX-RN failure. Findings provide preliminary evidence that the ATI CARP, course grades, and age on admission may predict NCLEX-RN success, and to a lesser degree failure. Future studies including data from graduates from multiple programs with more diverse student bodies are needed to improve the generalizability of the findings.

The current nursing shortage and declining national pass rates on the National Council Licensure ... more The current nursing shortage and declining national pass rates on the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) demand that colleges of nursing select and retain students with greater likelihood of success. While some investigators have identified possible predictors of NCLEX-RN success, little is known about predictors of failure. The ability of Assessment Technologies Institute's Comprehensive Assessment and Review Program (ATI CARP) to predict NCLEX-RN success or failure is unknown. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine predictors of success or failure on the NCLEX-RN for graduates of a Midwestern, single purpose, Baccalaureate nursing program. A convenience sample of previously collected academic achievement data for 296 graduates between May, 2002 and May, 2007 was included. Descriptive statistics demonstrated the majority of graduates were Caucasian (96%) females (93%), with an average age on admission of 22.2 years. Logisti...

IGI Global eBooks, Mar 27, 2018

This chapter focuses on aspects of the technological and interface dimensions of Badrul Khan&... more This chapter focuses on aspects of the technological and interface dimensions of Badrul Khan's model, arguing that a correlation exists between the medium of instruction, students' performance, and the instructional content. Media-based learning is not necessarily more effective, simply because it uses a medium. Several variables exist that influence its success: the medium itself, its properties, production and consumption restraints; the content, and the way it can be presented in the context of a specific medium, and learners' cognitive styles. All these variables and more have to be taken into consideration, alone and interacting, in order to decide whether and where media-based learning is to be used, and where it might be counterproductive.

Public Health Nursing, Mar 1, 2013

Public Health Nursing Certification Exam on the Verge of Extinction? Act Fast! Barbara B. Little,... more Public Health Nursing Certification Exam on the Verge of Extinction? Act Fast! Barbara B. Little, D.N.P., M.P.H., R.N., A.P.H.N.-B.C., C.N.E., Christine L. Vandenhouten, Ph.D., R.N., A.P.H.N.-B.C., and Crystal De-Vance-Wilson, M.S.N., M.B.A., P.H.C.N.S.-B.C. Florida State University College of Nursing, Tallahassee, Florida; University of Wisconsin Green Bay Professional Program in Nursing, Green Bay, Wisconsin; and University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland

Nursing Management, 2019

Software offers real-time data for prompt identification and assistance

Education Research International, 2019

This study examined RN-to-BSN and Master of Social Work students’ attitudes and readiness for int... more This study examined RN-to-BSN and Master of Social Work students’ attitudes and readiness for interprofessional (IP) practice and educational experiences. The Attitudes toward Health Care Teams Scale (ATHCTS) developed by Heinemann et al. measures attitudes toward health care teams including the quality of care/process and physician centrality. Students’ readiness for IP education was measured by the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) developed by Parsell and Bligh. Discussion of an interprofessional activity including student reactions is provided. Statistically significant differences were found in the mean scores for the Patient-Centeredness subscale of the RIPLS and in overall ATHCTS scores as well as the Physician Centrality subscale scores. Overall, participants demonstrated readiness and benefits of IP education.

Journal of the Association for Vascular Access, 2018

Background: Greater than 90% of hospitalized patients receive some form of peripheral intravenous... more Background: Greater than 90% of hospitalized patients receive some form of peripheral intravenous therapy for the delivery of fluids, medication, or parenteral nutrition. Nurses are the largest group of clinicians responsible for the placement and management of peripheral intravenous therapies. The literature suggests that many graduate nurses lack the confidence, knowledge, and ability to not only place peripheral intravenous catheters, but also adequately maintain peripheral intravenous sites. This fact, combined with the increasing acuity of hospitalized patients with multiple comorbidities, makes peripheral intravenous placement and management even more challenging. This drove a team of researchers to explore the current state of peripheral intravenous education in health care institutions and examine potential gaps in ongoing professional development and competency assessment. Methods: A convenience sample of United States and Canadian health care institution representatives we...

Nursing Management (Springhouse), 2018

New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 2017

Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is an increasingly popular interdisciplinary pedagogy. In this chapt... more Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is an increasingly popular interdisciplinary pedagogy. In this chapter, we discuss its roots, benefits, and potential trade-offs and give practical advice applicable to a variety of academic disciplines.

Online Learning, 2014

E-Learning remains a new frontier for many faculty. When compared to the traditional classroom, E... more E-Learning remains a new frontier for many faculty. When compared to the traditional classroom, E-learning requires greater collaboration among team members and use of different teaching and learning strategies. Pedagogy as well as team configurations must change when moving to the online environment. Collaboration is a key component in creating quality E-learning. Effective collaboration requires faculty to understand various roles (e.g., instructional designers, multimedia specialists), and activities involved in e-learning as well as how professionals in different roles work together. This article discusses the use of an E-Learning framework and development of a survey based on the framework’s dimensions as two strategies to broaden faculty understanding of E-Learning collaboration. The survey was used to expose faculty across five Midwestern campuses to all dimensions of E-learning including areas such as management, ethics, and interface design.

Public Health and Welfare: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Many nurses may not be aware of the role that healthcare plays in the cycle of harm. Healthcare p... more Many nurses may not be aware of the role that healthcare plays in the cycle of harm. Healthcare participates in the cycle of harm by mismanaging waste, using fossil fuel energy and offering meat-based diets. Lack of knowledge, resources and empowerment potentiate this participation. Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use and meat-based diets, with resultant water pollution, contribute to climate change. Climate change and healthcare source pollution in water from mismanaged waste, contributes to illnesses of community members. Once sickened, individuals come to the healthcare center for treatment. This illness care then contributes to more environmental pollution. Specific human health consequences of resultant water pollution and climate change will be discussed. With healthcare professionals collaborating with others concerned, the connections potentiating this cycle of harm can be broken. Recommendations will be offered for healthcare's forward movement to help create ...

Public Health Nursing, 2011

Nursing Administration Quarterly, 2015

Less than 12.5% of nurses aspire to leadership roles, noting lack of support and stress as major ... more Less than 12.5% of nurses aspire to leadership roles, noting lack of support and stress as major factors in their decision not to pursue this area of practice. Psychological resiliency, described as the ability to properly adapt to stress and adversity, is key to successful nurse managers. Emotional intelligence (EI) is a related concept to resiliency and is another noteworthy predictor of leadership and management success. This study was undertaken to determine the level of and relationship between EI and leadership style of nurse managers employed in Wisconsin and Illinois facilities. A descriptive, exploratory study design was utilized, with a convenience sample of nurse managers working in 6 large Midwestern health systems. Nurse managers were invited to participate in the study by their employer, completing the online consent form and the demographic, Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) Form 5X and the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i 2.0) surveys. Statistically significant positive relationships were noted between EI and transformational leadership and the outcomes of leadership (extra effort, effectiveness, and satisfaction). No statistically significant relationships were noted between EI and transactional or laissez-faire leadership styles.

Journal of Nursing Education

BACKGROUND Peripheral intravenous (PIV) management requires knowledge, skill, and clinical judgme... more BACKGROUND Peripheral intravenous (PIV) management requires knowledge, skill, and clinical judgment to ensure positive patient outcomes; yet, many nurses lack confidence in their PIV knowledge and skills. It is important that graduate nurses acquire PIV knowledge and skills in nursing school. This study aimed to explore PIV content coverage and clinical opportunities provided in U.S. and Canadian nursing curricula. METHOD Using a descriptive, exploratory design, representatives of nursing schools completed a 12-item, web-based PIV curriculum survey. RESULTS Most schools covered PIV content in classroom, laboratory, and clinical settings; however, some indicated students were not allowed to initiate PIVs in clinical settings. Participants noted that PIV education was a shared responsibility with health systems. CONCLUSION It is important that nursing students develop PIV competence; however, competing pressures for time in nursing curricula may limit PIV coverage. Nurse educators can benefit from PIV and infusion therapy specialty organization resources. [J Nurs Educ. 2020;59(9):493-500.].

Journal for Nurses in Professional Development

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of mindfulness education of new gradua... more The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of mindfulness education of new graduate nurse residents' awareness and use of mindfulness strategies. This pre-post education design study was approved by the university institutional review board. Mindfulness has been shown to improve focus on patient care and reduce job stress and nurse turnover. Improved awareness and use of mindfulness strategies have the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce the cost of nurse turnover.

Journal of Humanistic Psychology

The purpose of this article is to identify the influences of U.S. Army nurses on the nursing prof... more The purpose of this article is to identify the influences of U.S. Army nurses on the nursing profession in South Korea, focusing on the interactions between U.S. Army nurses and Korean nurses durin...

Journal for Nurses in Professional Development

The nursing care of hospitalized patients with dementia is planned and supervised by registered n... more The nursing care of hospitalized patients with dementia is planned and supervised by registered nurses. This care is delivered using a team approach, including certified nursing assistants, who may lack the knowledge and skills to properly provide care and manage the challenging behaviors associated with dementia. This article describes an innovative, multimodal education program designed to help certified nursing assistants acquire this knowledge and skill. Use of post-then-pre evaluation showed the positive results of this program.

ABSTRACT Level of political participation and factors contributing to participation were measured... more ABSTRACT Level of political participation and factors contributing to participation were measured among Midwest RNs (n = 468) via an online survey (Cronbach's α = .95). Respondents reported engaging in primarily "low cost" activities (e.g., voting, discussing politics, and contacting elected officials), with fewer reporting speaking at public gatherings, participating in demonstrations, and membership in nursing organizations. Psychological engagement was most predictive (p < .001) of political participation with the dimensions of political interest, political efficacy, and political information/knowledge highly significant (p < .001). Resources (time/money/civic skills) significantly contributed to political participation (p < .001). Less than half (40%) felt they could impact local decisions, and fewer (32%) felt they could impact state or national government decisions. Most respondents (80%) indicated their nursing courses lacked political content and did not prepare them for political participation. Findings showed that nurse educators and leaders of professional nursing organizations need to model and cultivate greater psychological engagement among students and nurses.

ABSTRACT The current nursing shortage and declining national pass rates on the National Council L... more ABSTRACT The current nursing shortage and declining national pass rates on the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) demand that colleges of nursing select and retain students with greater likelihood of success. While some investigators have identified possible predictors of NCLEX-RN success, little is known about predictors of failure. The ability of Assessment Technologies Institute's Comprehensive Assessment and Review Program (ATI CARP) to predict NCLEX-RN success or failure is unknown. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine predictors of success or failure on the NCLEX-RN for graduates of a Midwestern, single purpose, Baccalaureate nursing program. A convenience sample of previously collected academic achievement data for 296 graduates between May, 2002 and May, 2007 was included. Descriptive statistics demonstrated the majority of graduates were Caucasian (96%) females (93%), with an average age on admission of 22.2 years. Logistic regression analyses indicated older age on admission, higher ACT Comprehensive scores, course grades in Pharmacology, Adult Medical Surgical I, Community Health Nursing: Family Focused Care and Community Health Nursing: Population Focused Care were able to predict success on the NCLEX-RN examination. ATI CARP scores for Fundamentals, Maternal Newborn, Medical Surgical, Leadership, Community Health, and Pharmacology were able to predict NCLEX-RN success as well. The end-of-program variables, ATI RN Comprehensive Predictor exam results and cumulative GPA also were predictive of NCLEX-RN success. Regression models were less effective at predicting NCLEX-RN failure. The age on admission, course grades for Pharmacology, Adult Medical Surgical I, and Community Health Nursing: Population Focused Care were able to predict NCLEX-RN failure to a significant degree. In addition, the ATI content exam scores for the Fundamentals, Medical Surgical, Maternal Newborn, Leadership, Community Health, and Pharmacology examinations were predictive of failure. Similar to predicting success, lower scores on the RN Comprehensive Predictor and lower cumulative GPA were associated with NCLEX-RN failure. Findings provide preliminary evidence that the ATI CARP, course grades, and age on admission may predict NCLEX-RN success, and to a lesser degree failure. Future studies including data from graduates from multiple programs with more diverse student bodies are needed to improve the generalizability of the findings.

The current nursing shortage and declining national pass rates on the National Council Licensure ... more The current nursing shortage and declining national pass rates on the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) demand that colleges of nursing select and retain students with greater likelihood of success. While some investigators have identified possible predictors of NCLEX-RN success, little is known about predictors of failure. The ability of Assessment Technologies Institute's Comprehensive Assessment and Review Program (ATI CARP) to predict NCLEX-RN success or failure is unknown. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine predictors of success or failure on the NCLEX-RN for graduates of a Midwestern, single purpose, Baccalaureate nursing program. A convenience sample of previously collected academic achievement data for 296 graduates between May, 2002 and May, 2007 was included. Descriptive statistics demonstrated the majority of graduates were Caucasian (96%) females (93%), with an average age on admission of 22.2 years. Logisti...