Cynthia Franklin - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Cynthia Franklin

School Mental Health

School social workers are integral to the school mental health workforce and the leading social s... more School social workers are integral to the school mental health workforce and the leading social service providers in educational settings. In recent decades, school social work practice has been largely influenced by the multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) approach, ecological systems views, and the promotion of evidence-based practice. However, none of the existing school social work reviews have examined the latest characteristics and outcomes of school social work services. This scoping review analyzed and synthesized the focuses and functions of school social workers and the state-of-the-art social and mental/behavioral health services they provide. Findings showed that in the past two decades, school social workers in different parts of the world shared a common understanding of practice models and interests. Most school social work interventions and services targeted high-needs students to improve their social, mental/behavioral health, and academic outcomes, followed by primary and secondary prevention activities to promote school climate, school culture, teacher, student, and parent interactions, and parents' wellbeing. The synthesis also supports the multiple roles of school social workers and their collaborative, cross-systems approach to serving students, families, and staff in education settings. Implications and directions for future school social work research are discussed.

Children and Youth Services Review

Abstract Objectives MindUP is a mindfulness-based social-emotional learning program designed for ... more Abstract Objectives MindUP is a mindfulness-based social-emotional learning program designed for implementation by teachers in school settings. The purpose of this pilot study is to examine whether MindUP can effectively improve the classroom conduct of students with behavioral challenges in general education classrooms. Study hypotheses are: after receiving the intervention, students will demonstrate (a) more frequent positive classroom behaviors including both active and passive on-task behaviors, and (b) less frequent negative classroom behaviors including both disruptive off-task behaviors and non-disruptive off-task behaviors. Methods This study used a single-case design (A-B design). Primary data collection was conducted through direct behavioral observation of 11 5th-grade students in their natural classroom environment. Treatment outcomes included positive classroom behaviors (active on-task behaviors and passive on-task behaviors) and negative classroom behaviors (disruptive off-task behaviors and non-disruptive off-task behaviors). Visual analysis, percentage of non-overlapping data analysis, and multilevel analysis were conducted to examine treatment effects. Results Analyses results consistently showed changes in passive on-task behaviors and non-disruptive off-task behaviors in the expected direction—an increase in passive on-task behaviors and a decrease in non-disruptive off-task behaviors. However, contrary to the hypothesis, active on-task behaviors decreased during the intervention and follow-up phases. No significant changes in disruptive off-task behaviors were found. Conclusions MindUP showed promise in effectively increasing elementary school students’ passive on-task behaviors and decreasing non-disruptive off-task behaviors. However, it demonstrated an unexpected effect on active on-task behaviors and no effect on disruptive off-task behaviors. Implications for practice and future research are provided.

Journal of Affective Disorders, 2018

Background: Depressive and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and detrimental in primary care... more Background: Depressive and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and detrimental in primary care settings. However, there are gaps in the literature concerning effectiveness and generalizability of empirically supported interventions and treatment of both depression and anxiety in primary care settings. The aim of this review is to systematically assess and meta-analyze the effectiveness of brief empirically-supported psychotherapies for treating depression and/or anxiety in primary care. Methods: Seven electronic databases, five professional websites and manual search of reference lists were searched through April 2017 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of four psychotherapies treating primary care depression and anxiety: cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT), problem-solving therapy (PST), motivational interviewing (MI), and solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT). Results: From an initial pool of 1140 articles, 179 articles were eligible for full-text review and 65 articles were included for final analysis. Sixty-five articles containing 198 effect sizes reported an overall treatment effect size of d = 0.462, p < 0.001. Single-predictor meta-regression indicated that marital status, treatment modality (individual versus group), and treatment composition were significant moderators. Multiple-predictor metaregression discovered treatment setting (inside versus outside primary care) significantly moderated treatment effect, b = −0.863, p = 0.039 after controlling for other intervention characteristics. Conclusion: Treatment effects were found for CBT and PST, both for depressive and anxiety disorders. Interventions delivered outside primary care settings were more effective than those within, individual treatment had greater treatment effects compared to group treatment, and both technology-assisted and in-person treatments were found to be effective.

Oxford Scholarship Online, 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the SFBT model and highlight the contributions made by SFBT ... more This chapter provides an overview of the SFBT model and highlight the contributions made by SFBT pioneers Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer as well as other school-based SFBT practitioners and scholars. It contrasts the techniques of SFBT with typical approaches used in schools, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, to show how SFBT differs from other approaches that school social workers are already using. It also discusses the 2nd edition of the Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Association Treatment Manual which provides more details about the specific SFBT techniques and ways to use solution-building questions in this therapy model approach. Lastly, it discusses the theory of change in SFBT and how it helps create behavioral change in students.

Oxford Scholarship Online, 2017

This chapter offers an up-to-date survey of the best available evidence for SFBT. There is a lot ... more This chapter offers an up-to-date survey of the best available evidence for SFBT. There is a lot of good news here for SFBT practitioners and researchers alike. First of all, as this chapter amply demonstrates, SFBT has been increasingly shown to be an effective treatment for a range of mental health and behavioral problems and is now listed as an evidence-based practice by federal agencies like Substance Abuse Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA). Additionally, the research base for SFBT as an evidence-based practice in school settings is also growing, indicating that SFBT is a workable and empirically-supported alternative to other approaches that are more driven by deficit thinking and labeling of students. This chapter outlines the “state of the science” for this exciting approach.

Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets, 2013

Brief therapies serve as evidenced-based practices that place a strong emphasis on effective, tim... more Brief therapies serve as evidenced-based practices that place a strong emphasis on effective, time-limited treatments that aid in resolving clients’ presenting problems. The resources presented in this article summarize for professionals and educators the abundant literature evaluating brief therapies within social work practice. Brief therapies have appeared in many different schools of psychotherapy, and several approaches have also evolved within social work practice, but two approaches—the task-centered model and solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT)—stand out as being grounded in research and have also gained international acclaim as important interventions for implementation and further study. These two approaches are the focus of this bibliography. The task-centered model and SFBT were developed by social work practitioners and researchers for the purposes of making clinical practice more effective, and they share a common bond in hoping to improve the services delivered to c...

Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 2015

The primary aim of this study was to assess the overall effectiveness of solution-focused brief t... more The primary aim of this study was to assess the overall effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) among Chinese populations with mental and behavioral health issues. A random effects meta-analysis of nine eligible studies was conducted on SFBT outcomes in China. SFBT was effective in reducing internalizing problems, with effect sizes ranging from g = 0.49 to 3.22. Results from pooled effect size estimates favoring SFBT (g = 1.26) were large. These results highlight the positive impact SFBT has on Chinese clients with mental health-related problems. Implications for the use of SFBT among ethnic minority populations are discussed.

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy in Schools, 2008

The Church Leader's Counseling Resource Book: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems, Feb 1, 2011

Pastor Ron was the lead pastor in a growing and successful church. Many Christians in his congreg... more Pastor Ron was the lead pastor in a growing and successful church. Many Christians in his congregation gave testimonies ofGod's grace in their lives and credited the support ofthe church for helping them through stressful family and emotional situations. In Pastor Ron's sermons and calls for prayer, he was attentive to emotional issues such as depression or fear, often calling for those who were experiencing distress to come forward for healing prayer. A new member, Sally, came forward for prayer in a Sunday prayer service. Later ...

The Church Leader's Counseling Resource Book: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems, Feb 1, 2011

Our vision for this book is to equip church leaders to help people with mental health and social ... more Our vision for this book is to equip church leaders to help people with mental health and social problems. This book includes practical information and resources to help pastoral care providers when they are faced with the most complex problems. Each chapter provides timely tips for recognizing problems and covers ways to help people in both church and community settings. After reading this book, you should now have greater hope to help the hopeless and new knowledge and skills to help those who are hurting. Although this book ...

The Church Leader's Counseling Resource Book: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems, Feb 1, 2011

Youth minister Doug Jennings was surprised early one morning to find Margaret Green and her 16-ye... more Youth minister Doug Jennings was surprised early one morning to find Margaret Green and her 16-year-old daughter, Stacie, waiting for him outside his office. Asleep in his stroller was Gordon, Stacie's 3-month-old son. Margaret sat rigidly, her mouth a tight line, and Stacie slouched in the chair with crossed arms and a grim face. Clearly, there was trouble between the two.“I thought we could do this,” Margaret began after the three were seated in the pastor's office,“but it is just wearing me down, and I hardly know my daughter anymore.” ...

The Church Leader's Counseling Resource Book: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems, Feb 1, 2011

While making routine pastoral care visits at a local community hospital, Pastor Rob met Gale Sand... more While making routine pastoral care visits at a local community hospital, Pastor Rob met Gale Sanders for the first time. Mrs. Sanders, a patient who had been recuperating from back surgery, was more interested in talking about her worry for her teenage daughter than her own back pain. Her daughter Jenna had dropped out ofhigh school and Mrs. Sanders was worried sick about her. Pastor Rob listened intently as Mrs. Sanders described Jenna's last year: skipping school, failing her classes, and staying out all night. Mrs. Sanders also ...

Page 1. 194 Establishing Successful Relationships with Expanded School Mental Health Professional... more Page 1. 194 Establishing Successful Relationships with Expanded School Mental Health Professionals By Cynthia Franklin 198 Developing a Management Information System for School Social Workers: A Field–University Partnership By Melissa Jonson-Reid, Dot Kontak, and Sandra Mueller 212 Classroom Meetings: A Program Model By Andy Frey and Hallie Davis Doyle 223 Using Solution-Focused Intervention to Address African American Male Overrepresentation in Special Education: A Case Study By Anne Meade Watkins and P. David Kurtz ...

The role of gender in practice knowledge: claiming half of the human experience, Mar 1, 1998

When we prepared to write this chapter on issues of gender in research, we found ourselves bumpin... more When we prepared to write this chapter on issues of gender in research, we found ourselves bumping up against a whole strata of issues related to research in general that complicate our efforts. As each chapter in this book attempts to illustrate, concern for the role of gender in the expansion of practice knowledge involves more than an" add-womenand-stir" concept. With respect to research, we will identify areas of content that reflect an underrepresentation of women as researchers as well as a neglect of topics of concern to ...

Culturally competent practice, 2001

Evidence-based practice manual: research and outcome measures in health and human services, Jan 15, 2004

This chapter summarizes and discusses the reliability and validity of five measures of family ass... more This chapter summarizes and discusses the reliability and validity of five measures of family assessment. Reliability is related to the consistency of a measure and is especially important when assessing measurement tools that will be used in clinical practice to guide the clinical decision-making process (Springer & Franklin, 2003). Reliability is established through four methods: test-retest, alternate form, split-half, and internal consistency. Validity addresses whether a tool measures what it is intended to measure. There are four types of validity: ...

Social Workers' Desk Reference, Jan 17, 2002

Over the past 30 years, family therapy has developed into one of the most popular forms of therap... more Over the past 30 years, family therapy has developed into one of the most popular forms of therapy. Research on the practice of family therapy is supported by several disciplines, including social work, psychology, family science, and marriage and family therapy. As a result of this indisciplinary participation, a number of effective therapeutic methods have developed. This chapter will offer a summary of current practices that are being followed. It will also summarize which family practices are the best practices based on the empirical ...

Social workers’ desk reference, Jan 17, 2002

Managed care organizations (MCOs) are no longer exclusive employers for private practitioners. Th... more Managed care organizations (MCOs) are no longer exclusive employers for private practitioners. These organizations encompass all private and public practices in mental health, substance abuse, and other human services. A recent issue of Practice Strategies (" Managed Care Updates," 1999) reports that 26 states have managed care programs in child welfare and corrections, and all but four states have adopted some form of managed care to finance and administer public mental health and substance abuse services. This ...

In any research endeavor there are many people to thank. Those special people, who make the study... more In any research endeavor there are many people to thank. Those special people, who make the study possible but do not get the full credit for execution and authorship, are still viewed by us as being full partners in this work. We would like to acknowledge The Hogg Foundation for Mental Health at The University of Texas at Austin for funding the project that led to this evaluation of Garza Independence High School. Members of the Hogg Foundation Executive Committee visited Gonzalo Garza Independence High School and ...

School Mental Health

School social workers are integral to the school mental health workforce and the leading social s... more School social workers are integral to the school mental health workforce and the leading social service providers in educational settings. In recent decades, school social work practice has been largely influenced by the multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) approach, ecological systems views, and the promotion of evidence-based practice. However, none of the existing school social work reviews have examined the latest characteristics and outcomes of school social work services. This scoping review analyzed and synthesized the focuses and functions of school social workers and the state-of-the-art social and mental/behavioral health services they provide. Findings showed that in the past two decades, school social workers in different parts of the world shared a common understanding of practice models and interests. Most school social work interventions and services targeted high-needs students to improve their social, mental/behavioral health, and academic outcomes, followed by primary and secondary prevention activities to promote school climate, school culture, teacher, student, and parent interactions, and parents' wellbeing. The synthesis also supports the multiple roles of school social workers and their collaborative, cross-systems approach to serving students, families, and staff in education settings. Implications and directions for future school social work research are discussed.

Children and Youth Services Review

Abstract Objectives MindUP is a mindfulness-based social-emotional learning program designed for ... more Abstract Objectives MindUP is a mindfulness-based social-emotional learning program designed for implementation by teachers in school settings. The purpose of this pilot study is to examine whether MindUP can effectively improve the classroom conduct of students with behavioral challenges in general education classrooms. Study hypotheses are: after receiving the intervention, students will demonstrate (a) more frequent positive classroom behaviors including both active and passive on-task behaviors, and (b) less frequent negative classroom behaviors including both disruptive off-task behaviors and non-disruptive off-task behaviors. Methods This study used a single-case design (A-B design). Primary data collection was conducted through direct behavioral observation of 11 5th-grade students in their natural classroom environment. Treatment outcomes included positive classroom behaviors (active on-task behaviors and passive on-task behaviors) and negative classroom behaviors (disruptive off-task behaviors and non-disruptive off-task behaviors). Visual analysis, percentage of non-overlapping data analysis, and multilevel analysis were conducted to examine treatment effects. Results Analyses results consistently showed changes in passive on-task behaviors and non-disruptive off-task behaviors in the expected direction—an increase in passive on-task behaviors and a decrease in non-disruptive off-task behaviors. However, contrary to the hypothesis, active on-task behaviors decreased during the intervention and follow-up phases. No significant changes in disruptive off-task behaviors were found. Conclusions MindUP showed promise in effectively increasing elementary school students’ passive on-task behaviors and decreasing non-disruptive off-task behaviors. However, it demonstrated an unexpected effect on active on-task behaviors and no effect on disruptive off-task behaviors. Implications for practice and future research are provided.

Journal of Affective Disorders, 2018

Background: Depressive and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and detrimental in primary care... more Background: Depressive and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and detrimental in primary care settings. However, there are gaps in the literature concerning effectiveness and generalizability of empirically supported interventions and treatment of both depression and anxiety in primary care settings. The aim of this review is to systematically assess and meta-analyze the effectiveness of brief empirically-supported psychotherapies for treating depression and/or anxiety in primary care. Methods: Seven electronic databases, five professional websites and manual search of reference lists were searched through April 2017 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of four psychotherapies treating primary care depression and anxiety: cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT), problem-solving therapy (PST), motivational interviewing (MI), and solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT). Results: From an initial pool of 1140 articles, 179 articles were eligible for full-text review and 65 articles were included for final analysis. Sixty-five articles containing 198 effect sizes reported an overall treatment effect size of d = 0.462, p < 0.001. Single-predictor meta-regression indicated that marital status, treatment modality (individual versus group), and treatment composition were significant moderators. Multiple-predictor metaregression discovered treatment setting (inside versus outside primary care) significantly moderated treatment effect, b = −0.863, p = 0.039 after controlling for other intervention characteristics. Conclusion: Treatment effects were found for CBT and PST, both for depressive and anxiety disorders. Interventions delivered outside primary care settings were more effective than those within, individual treatment had greater treatment effects compared to group treatment, and both technology-assisted and in-person treatments were found to be effective.

Oxford Scholarship Online, 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the SFBT model and highlight the contributions made by SFBT ... more This chapter provides an overview of the SFBT model and highlight the contributions made by SFBT pioneers Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer as well as other school-based SFBT practitioners and scholars. It contrasts the techniques of SFBT with typical approaches used in schools, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, to show how SFBT differs from other approaches that school social workers are already using. It also discusses the 2nd edition of the Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Association Treatment Manual which provides more details about the specific SFBT techniques and ways to use solution-building questions in this therapy model approach. Lastly, it discusses the theory of change in SFBT and how it helps create behavioral change in students.

Oxford Scholarship Online, 2017

This chapter offers an up-to-date survey of the best available evidence for SFBT. There is a lot ... more This chapter offers an up-to-date survey of the best available evidence for SFBT. There is a lot of good news here for SFBT practitioners and researchers alike. First of all, as this chapter amply demonstrates, SFBT has been increasingly shown to be an effective treatment for a range of mental health and behavioral problems and is now listed as an evidence-based practice by federal agencies like Substance Abuse Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA). Additionally, the research base for SFBT as an evidence-based practice in school settings is also growing, indicating that SFBT is a workable and empirically-supported alternative to other approaches that are more driven by deficit thinking and labeling of students. This chapter outlines the “state of the science” for this exciting approach.

Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets, 2013

Brief therapies serve as evidenced-based practices that place a strong emphasis on effective, tim... more Brief therapies serve as evidenced-based practices that place a strong emphasis on effective, time-limited treatments that aid in resolving clients’ presenting problems. The resources presented in this article summarize for professionals and educators the abundant literature evaluating brief therapies within social work practice. Brief therapies have appeared in many different schools of psychotherapy, and several approaches have also evolved within social work practice, but two approaches—the task-centered model and solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT)—stand out as being grounded in research and have also gained international acclaim as important interventions for implementation and further study. These two approaches are the focus of this bibliography. The task-centered model and SFBT were developed by social work practitioners and researchers for the purposes of making clinical practice more effective, and they share a common bond in hoping to improve the services delivered to c...

Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 2015

The primary aim of this study was to assess the overall effectiveness of solution-focused brief t... more The primary aim of this study was to assess the overall effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) among Chinese populations with mental and behavioral health issues. A random effects meta-analysis of nine eligible studies was conducted on SFBT outcomes in China. SFBT was effective in reducing internalizing problems, with effect sizes ranging from g = 0.49 to 3.22. Results from pooled effect size estimates favoring SFBT (g = 1.26) were large. These results highlight the positive impact SFBT has on Chinese clients with mental health-related problems. Implications for the use of SFBT among ethnic minority populations are discussed.

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy in Schools, 2008

The Church Leader's Counseling Resource Book: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems, Feb 1, 2011

Pastor Ron was the lead pastor in a growing and successful church. Many Christians in his congreg... more Pastor Ron was the lead pastor in a growing and successful church. Many Christians in his congregation gave testimonies ofGod's grace in their lives and credited the support ofthe church for helping them through stressful family and emotional situations. In Pastor Ron's sermons and calls for prayer, he was attentive to emotional issues such as depression or fear, often calling for those who were experiencing distress to come forward for healing prayer. A new member, Sally, came forward for prayer in a Sunday prayer service. Later ...

The Church Leader's Counseling Resource Book: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems, Feb 1, 2011

Our vision for this book is to equip church leaders to help people with mental health and social ... more Our vision for this book is to equip church leaders to help people with mental health and social problems. This book includes practical information and resources to help pastoral care providers when they are faced with the most complex problems. Each chapter provides timely tips for recognizing problems and covers ways to help people in both church and community settings. After reading this book, you should now have greater hope to help the hopeless and new knowledge and skills to help those who are hurting. Although this book ...

The Church Leader's Counseling Resource Book: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems, Feb 1, 2011

Youth minister Doug Jennings was surprised early one morning to find Margaret Green and her 16-ye... more Youth minister Doug Jennings was surprised early one morning to find Margaret Green and her 16-year-old daughter, Stacie, waiting for him outside his office. Asleep in his stroller was Gordon, Stacie's 3-month-old son. Margaret sat rigidly, her mouth a tight line, and Stacie slouched in the chair with crossed arms and a grim face. Clearly, there was trouble between the two.“I thought we could do this,” Margaret began after the three were seated in the pastor's office,“but it is just wearing me down, and I hardly know my daughter anymore.” ...

The Church Leader's Counseling Resource Book: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems: A Guide to Mental Health and Social Problems, Feb 1, 2011

While making routine pastoral care visits at a local community hospital, Pastor Rob met Gale Sand... more While making routine pastoral care visits at a local community hospital, Pastor Rob met Gale Sanders for the first time. Mrs. Sanders, a patient who had been recuperating from back surgery, was more interested in talking about her worry for her teenage daughter than her own back pain. Her daughter Jenna had dropped out ofhigh school and Mrs. Sanders was worried sick about her. Pastor Rob listened intently as Mrs. Sanders described Jenna's last year: skipping school, failing her classes, and staying out all night. Mrs. Sanders also ...

Page 1. 194 Establishing Successful Relationships with Expanded School Mental Health Professional... more Page 1. 194 Establishing Successful Relationships with Expanded School Mental Health Professionals By Cynthia Franklin 198 Developing a Management Information System for School Social Workers: A Field–University Partnership By Melissa Jonson-Reid, Dot Kontak, and Sandra Mueller 212 Classroom Meetings: A Program Model By Andy Frey and Hallie Davis Doyle 223 Using Solution-Focused Intervention to Address African American Male Overrepresentation in Special Education: A Case Study By Anne Meade Watkins and P. David Kurtz ...

The role of gender in practice knowledge: claiming half of the human experience, Mar 1, 1998

When we prepared to write this chapter on issues of gender in research, we found ourselves bumpin... more When we prepared to write this chapter on issues of gender in research, we found ourselves bumping up against a whole strata of issues related to research in general that complicate our efforts. As each chapter in this book attempts to illustrate, concern for the role of gender in the expansion of practice knowledge involves more than an" add-womenand-stir" concept. With respect to research, we will identify areas of content that reflect an underrepresentation of women as researchers as well as a neglect of topics of concern to ...

Culturally competent practice, 2001

Evidence-based practice manual: research and outcome measures in health and human services, Jan 15, 2004

This chapter summarizes and discusses the reliability and validity of five measures of family ass... more This chapter summarizes and discusses the reliability and validity of five measures of family assessment. Reliability is related to the consistency of a measure and is especially important when assessing measurement tools that will be used in clinical practice to guide the clinical decision-making process (Springer & Franklin, 2003). Reliability is established through four methods: test-retest, alternate form, split-half, and internal consistency. Validity addresses whether a tool measures what it is intended to measure. There are four types of validity: ...

Social Workers' Desk Reference, Jan 17, 2002

Over the past 30 years, family therapy has developed into one of the most popular forms of therap... more Over the past 30 years, family therapy has developed into one of the most popular forms of therapy. Research on the practice of family therapy is supported by several disciplines, including social work, psychology, family science, and marriage and family therapy. As a result of this indisciplinary participation, a number of effective therapeutic methods have developed. This chapter will offer a summary of current practices that are being followed. It will also summarize which family practices are the best practices based on the empirical ...

Social workers’ desk reference, Jan 17, 2002

Managed care organizations (MCOs) are no longer exclusive employers for private practitioners. Th... more Managed care organizations (MCOs) are no longer exclusive employers for private practitioners. These organizations encompass all private and public practices in mental health, substance abuse, and other human services. A recent issue of Practice Strategies (" Managed Care Updates," 1999) reports that 26 states have managed care programs in child welfare and corrections, and all but four states have adopted some form of managed care to finance and administer public mental health and substance abuse services. This ...

In any research endeavor there are many people to thank. Those special people, who make the study... more In any research endeavor there are many people to thank. Those special people, who make the study possible but do not get the full credit for execution and authorship, are still viewed by us as being full partners in this work. We would like to acknowledge The Hogg Foundation for Mental Health at The University of Texas at Austin for funding the project that led to this evaluation of Garza Independence High School. Members of the Hogg Foundation Executive Committee visited Gonzalo Garza Independence High School and ...