Prabhavathy Devi - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Prabhavathy Devi

Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research, 2018

Background: Healthy women give rise to healthy nation. Nutritional status is an important predica... more Background: Healthy women give rise to healthy nation. Nutritional status is an important predicator of one's health. On one hand, young women are more prone to anemia and underweight. On the other hand, overweight is also equally prevalent. This is high time to assess the nutritional status of young women in order to prevent non-communicable and deficiency-based diseases. Objectives: To assess the nutritional status of the young women with respect to hemoglobin level and BMI. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 young people in the age group of 19-22 years were selected by using purposive random sampling. General profile and eating patterns were obtained from the participants using an interview schedule. Anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin levels of them were assessed. Thus obtained information was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: In our study, only 39% of the participants had normal BMI. About 24% reported under nutrition, and 24.4% reported to fall under the category of overweight and obese category. The prevalence of anemia was reported among 77.8%. Conclusion: Nutrition Education programs such as workshops, camps, and nutrition screening should be periodically conducted to combat anemia, under nutrition, and over nutrition. Inclusion of nutrient-dense foods from childhood should be encouraged to lead a healthy life.

Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University, 2019

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), a constellation of specific cardiometabolic risk factors i... more Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), a constellation of specific cardiometabolic risk factors increases the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. These risk factors can be largely reversed through lifestyle changes. To develop individualized lifestyle therapeutic interventions among patients attending non-communicable disease specialty departments, there is a need for identification of people with high risk of developing MetS. Aim and Objectives: To determine the prevalence of MetS, it's associated demographic and clinical characteristics among patients attending specialty Outpatient Department (OPD) in a tertiary care centre. Material and Methods: In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, randomly selected adults (aged 20 years or more) attending the diabetology or cardiology OPD were included. Using pretested interview tool, demographic details, height, weight and waist circumference were measured as per standard guidelines. Blood pressure, fasting blood sugar an...

Background: India was always focused for "undernutrition" and poverty with poor health status. Re... more Background: India was always focused for "undernutrition" and poverty with poor health status. Recently, India is undergoing a greater transition phase in nutrition. Obesity can be noted as the initial wave of a defined group of non-communicable diseases called "New World Syndrome," generating a huge socioeconomic and public health burden in low and middle income countries Aim: To study the factors contributing to the increased waist circumference among the study population Materials and Methods: About 1000 samples were selected using stratified and simple random sampling technique. Waist circumference and hip circumference were measured for the subjects using appropriate methods. Interview schedule was used to collect the details. Food frequency questionnaire was used to collect the food consumption pattern. The obtained details were coded and subjected to statistical analysis. The required data were correlated. Results and Discussion: Our study clearly showed the lower intake of wheat, ragi, oats, and barley. The lower intake of above mentioned cereals has an effect of increased waist circumference among the study group with the correlation value of-0.231,-0.103,-0.189 and-0. 137 and it is also statistically significant (p<0.001). Chocolates, sweets and carbonated beverages are positively associated with increased waist circumference (p<0.001). Physical inactivity and eating energy dense food during watching television become reasons for increased BMI and waist circumference in our study. a strong significant positive correlation was observed between the BMI and waist circumference (0.679, P<0.001), Hip Circumference (0.795, P<0.001) and waist to hip ration (0.168, P<0.001). Conclusion In order to prevent diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, waist circumference must be normal. Thus it is essential to consume fiber and antioxidant rich foods and avoid consuming sugar loaded foods and other empty calorie foods.

According to WHO, the prevalence of anemia is highest in South Asia, and India has the maximum pr... more According to WHO, the prevalence of anemia is highest in South Asia, and India has the maximum prevalence of anemia among the South Asian countries. Anemia is major concern in developing countries like India. Thus, the present study explored the dietary factors influencing hemoglobin levels among the college students. Adopting stratified and Simple random sampling technique, this study was conducted at three Arts and Science Colleges situated in North Chennai. This study was conducted among 1000 students in the age group of 19 to 22 years. Interview schedule was used for collection of the details regarding the background information and eating habits of the participants. . Biochemical tests are the most objective and sensitive measures of nutritional status. In the present study, hemoglobin is evaluated using Drabkin Method. The obtained details were coded and entered into Microsoft excel. The coded raw data were subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for Social...

International Journal of Innovative Knowledge Concepts, 2018

The present study explored the impact of nutritional intake on clinical manifestation. Physical s... more The present study explored the impact of nutritional intake on clinical manifestation. Physical signs and symptoms of malnutrition can be valuable aids in detecting nutritional deficiencies. Protein and micro nutrient deficiency have been the major nutritional problems faced by developing countries such as India. This study was conducted among 1000 students. The samples are selected by means of stratified sampling and simple random sampling techniques. Adopting Anthropometry (Waist circumference, Hip circumference, Waist to Hip ratio), Biochemical (Hemoglobin using Drabki method, Clinical, and Dietary details (Food frequency, three day dietary record) were obtained from the subjects by appropriate methods. The obtained details were coded and entered into Microsoft excel. The coded raw data were subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. Anthropometry, biochemical, clinical, dietary details were correlated and results were inte...

Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2020

Background: Obesity remains to be a serious problem in all parts of the world and is not restrict... more Background: Obesity remains to be a serious problem in all parts of the world and is not restricted to adults but also found in children, teenagers, and young adults. Consumption of snacks and junk foods high in fat and sugars constitutes a risk factor for obesity and cardiovascular diseases.Aim: To study the influence of the dietary habits on the Body Mass Index of the selected population Methods: About 1000 samples were selected using a stratified and simple random sampling technique. Height, weight, and BMI were measured for the subjects using appropriate methods. An interview schedule was used to collect the details. Food frequency questionnaire and three-day dietary recall was used to collect the food consumption pattern. The obtained details were coded and subjected to statistical analysis. The required data were correlated.Results: In the present study, BMI increases with an increased frequency of outside food consumption. BMI was higher among the vegetarian population compar...

Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2020

Background: Adequate and balanced nourishment is vital for upholding health and quality of life. ... more Background: Adequate and balanced nourishment is vital for upholding health and quality of life. Maintaining the right eating habits of college students means a lot for the prevention of many diseases that could occur in the adult period. Thus the purpose of the study is to assess the junk food consumption of college students.Aim: To study the dietary habits concerning junk food consumption of college studentsResults: About 16% consume junk foods daily. Hungry was the main reason to consume junk foods; Ice cream was the most preferred food for most of the participants. Majority of the participant mentioned taste as the major factor influencing the food intake.Conclusion: Nutrition professionals should take up the role and spread awareness in the general public and give them better guidance. A well-balanced diet, periodic physical activity, sufficient sleep, with good life style habits help in sound mind and healthy body leading to a happy life.

Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2019

Background: Students from metropolitan cities were more prone to stress due to their lifestyle, c... more Background: Students from metropolitan cities were more prone to stress due to their lifestyle, curriculum, availability of gadgets and many other social factors. Earlier studies also proved that stress has an impact on food intake, either hyperphagia or hypophagia. Since students are the future pillars of nation, the present study has been carried out to know the impact of stress on the students of metropolitan city like Chennai. Aim: To study the impact of stress on food intake of the study Methods and Tools: 1000 samples (500 males and 500 females) from Chennai colleges were selected using stratified and simple random technique. A pre tested interview schedule were used to collect the information. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis and results were discussed Results: Majority of the students (40.7) cope stress by watching TV. About 88% male and 12% female prefers to go out and eat. 47% and 29.9% subjects respectively consume more and less food during stress....

Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2019

Background: As per the saying 'Health is wealth', physical activity plays a vital role in improvi... more Background: As per the saying 'Health is wealth', physical activity plays a vital role in improving and maintaining individuals, physical, mental and social wellbeing. Physical activity among the students is signi cant since they are the future pillars of the nations. Aim: To study the physical activity pattern of the male college students in Chennai Methods and Tools: 500 male students from Arts and Sciences college in Chennai were randomly selected for the study. Using an interview schedule, the physical activity pattern of the subjects like type, frequency, duration of physical activity were determined. Reasons and barriers to physical activity were also studied. Results: only 41.4% of subjects performed physical activity regularly-the majority of the students engaged in walking and gym activities. Most of the students showed physical activity for 0-2 days per week. Fitness and enjoyment were the reasons mentioned for performing physical activity. Lack of time was reported to be the barrier for performing the physical activity by the study group. Conclusion: Students must spend more time on physical activity both on-campus and off-college for well-being of health, to de-stress themselves, to maintain the social relationship. This may enhance the effectiveness of studying and thus improve student performance.

Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2020

Background: In present India, due to increased urbanization and various other factors, there is a... more Background: In present India, due to increased urbanization and various other factors, there is a drastic change in the dietary patterns of college students and young adults. Maintaining the right eating habits of college student means a lot for the prevention of many diseases that could occur in adult period. Aim: To evaluate the Macro and micro nutrients intake of the college population of Chennai Methods and Tools: Using Random sampling techniques, 1000 (500 male and 500 female) college students were selected and data regarding food frequency intake was evaluated. Nutrient intake is assessed by means of three-day dietary record. The food consumed for three consecutive days were recorded by the subjects. Food intake data were converted into raw amounts in terms of food groups and in turn were translated into energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber using food composition tables. The nutrient intakes of the subjects were computed against Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) fo...

There has been an evident correlation between an increased intake of dietary fiber and the preven... more There has been an evident correlation between an increased intake of dietary fiber and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, diverticlosis and colon cancer. Rice bran contains 25 to 30% fiber and its soluble fiber can affect blood cholesterol level when combined with biliary acid. Moreover, due to the emulsifier property, rice bran has a good effect on the texture of cookies. The stabilized rice bran, unlike wheat bran as well as other fibers, has sweet and palatable taste. The wister rat was fed with cholesterol and Atorvastatin and the standardized rice bran and rice bran oil incorporated cookies for 30 days. The results shows that the RB & RBO incorporated cookies significantly suppress the elevated blood concentration of TGs. Hence the anti hyperlipidemic effect on rice bran and rice bran oil in particular could be considered as a possible therapeutic value.

Raw milk often contains micro organisms which may cause food borne diseases. The objective of the... more Raw milk often contains micro organisms which may cause food borne diseases. The objective of the present study is to analyse the presence of micro organisms in cow’s milk with special reference to food borne pathogens. A total 60 samples of raw cow’s milk were collected from four locations (north, central, south and suburban). Representative 20g portions were aseptically weighed mixed with 180ml peptones saline (0.1% neutral peptone 0.9% Nacl) and homogenized by shaking. Subsequent decimal dilutions were prepared with the same diluents and in all cases duplicated counting plates were prepared. Total count of mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TC) and Bacterial endospores (BS) were enumerated in pour-plates of PCA after incubation at 37 0 C for 2 days. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was enumerated in pour-plates of de man, Rogosa and sharpe medium, after incubation at 37 0 C for 3 days. Coliforms and E-coli were enumerated using 3M petrifilm after incubation at 37 0 C for 1 day and 2 days res...

Joint families have been a peculiarity and an important identity of Indian society. Modernization... more Joint families have been a peculiarity and an important identity of Indian society. Modernization and globalization have disintegrated the Indian family system and elders are forced to stay in old age homes. In the present study, methodology included survey to elicit information about functioning of the five paid and five unpaid old age homes using questionnaire. Background information of 400 senior citizens, both male and female in the age group of 60 to 80 years, were collected using interview schedule. The study revealed that the main source of income were grants sanctioned by the state and central government. Percentage of female elders were more than males i.e seventy four per cent. Forty four per cent had no issues. More than fifty per cent did not have anyone to take care of their minimal needs. Though the elders were satisfied with their fulfillment of basic needs, the psychological and financial needs were amiss. The psychological factors leading to depression were social i...

Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research, 2018

Background: Healthy women give rise to healthy nation. Nutritional status is an important predica... more Background: Healthy women give rise to healthy nation. Nutritional status is an important predicator of one's health. On one hand, young women are more prone to anemia and underweight. On the other hand, overweight is also equally prevalent. This is high time to assess the nutritional status of young women in order to prevent non-communicable and deficiency-based diseases. Objectives: To assess the nutritional status of the young women with respect to hemoglobin level and BMI. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 young people in the age group of 19-22 years were selected by using purposive random sampling. General profile and eating patterns were obtained from the participants using an interview schedule. Anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin levels of them were assessed. Thus obtained information was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: In our study, only 39% of the participants had normal BMI. About 24% reported under nutrition, and 24.4% reported to fall under the category of overweight and obese category. The prevalence of anemia was reported among 77.8%. Conclusion: Nutrition Education programs such as workshops, camps, and nutrition screening should be periodically conducted to combat anemia, under nutrition, and over nutrition. Inclusion of nutrient-dense foods from childhood should be encouraged to lead a healthy life.

Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University, 2019

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), a constellation of specific cardiometabolic risk factors i... more Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), a constellation of specific cardiometabolic risk factors increases the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. These risk factors can be largely reversed through lifestyle changes. To develop individualized lifestyle therapeutic interventions among patients attending non-communicable disease specialty departments, there is a need for identification of people with high risk of developing MetS. Aim and Objectives: To determine the prevalence of MetS, it's associated demographic and clinical characteristics among patients attending specialty Outpatient Department (OPD) in a tertiary care centre. Material and Methods: In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, randomly selected adults (aged 20 years or more) attending the diabetology or cardiology OPD were included. Using pretested interview tool, demographic details, height, weight and waist circumference were measured as per standard guidelines. Blood pressure, fasting blood sugar an...

Background: India was always focused for "undernutrition" and poverty with poor health status. Re... more Background: India was always focused for "undernutrition" and poverty with poor health status. Recently, India is undergoing a greater transition phase in nutrition. Obesity can be noted as the initial wave of a defined group of non-communicable diseases called "New World Syndrome," generating a huge socioeconomic and public health burden in low and middle income countries Aim: To study the factors contributing to the increased waist circumference among the study population Materials and Methods: About 1000 samples were selected using stratified and simple random sampling technique. Waist circumference and hip circumference were measured for the subjects using appropriate methods. Interview schedule was used to collect the details. Food frequency questionnaire was used to collect the food consumption pattern. The obtained details were coded and subjected to statistical analysis. The required data were correlated. Results and Discussion: Our study clearly showed the lower intake of wheat, ragi, oats, and barley. The lower intake of above mentioned cereals has an effect of increased waist circumference among the study group with the correlation value of-0.231,-0.103,-0.189 and-0. 137 and it is also statistically significant (p<0.001). Chocolates, sweets and carbonated beverages are positively associated with increased waist circumference (p<0.001). Physical inactivity and eating energy dense food during watching television become reasons for increased BMI and waist circumference in our study. a strong significant positive correlation was observed between the BMI and waist circumference (0.679, P<0.001), Hip Circumference (0.795, P<0.001) and waist to hip ration (0.168, P<0.001). Conclusion In order to prevent diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, waist circumference must be normal. Thus it is essential to consume fiber and antioxidant rich foods and avoid consuming sugar loaded foods and other empty calorie foods.

According to WHO, the prevalence of anemia is highest in South Asia, and India has the maximum pr... more According to WHO, the prevalence of anemia is highest in South Asia, and India has the maximum prevalence of anemia among the South Asian countries. Anemia is major concern in developing countries like India. Thus, the present study explored the dietary factors influencing hemoglobin levels among the college students. Adopting stratified and Simple random sampling technique, this study was conducted at three Arts and Science Colleges situated in North Chennai. This study was conducted among 1000 students in the age group of 19 to 22 years. Interview schedule was used for collection of the details regarding the background information and eating habits of the participants. . Biochemical tests are the most objective and sensitive measures of nutritional status. In the present study, hemoglobin is evaluated using Drabkin Method. The obtained details were coded and entered into Microsoft excel. The coded raw data were subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for Social...

International Journal of Innovative Knowledge Concepts, 2018

The present study explored the impact of nutritional intake on clinical manifestation. Physical s... more The present study explored the impact of nutritional intake on clinical manifestation. Physical signs and symptoms of malnutrition can be valuable aids in detecting nutritional deficiencies. Protein and micro nutrient deficiency have been the major nutritional problems faced by developing countries such as India. This study was conducted among 1000 students. The samples are selected by means of stratified sampling and simple random sampling techniques. Adopting Anthropometry (Waist circumference, Hip circumference, Waist to Hip ratio), Biochemical (Hemoglobin using Drabki method, Clinical, and Dietary details (Food frequency, three day dietary record) were obtained from the subjects by appropriate methods. The obtained details were coded and entered into Microsoft excel. The coded raw data were subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. Anthropometry, biochemical, clinical, dietary details were correlated and results were inte...

Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2020

Background: Obesity remains to be a serious problem in all parts of the world and is not restrict... more Background: Obesity remains to be a serious problem in all parts of the world and is not restricted to adults but also found in children, teenagers, and young adults. Consumption of snacks and junk foods high in fat and sugars constitutes a risk factor for obesity and cardiovascular diseases.Aim: To study the influence of the dietary habits on the Body Mass Index of the selected population Methods: About 1000 samples were selected using a stratified and simple random sampling technique. Height, weight, and BMI were measured for the subjects using appropriate methods. An interview schedule was used to collect the details. Food frequency questionnaire and three-day dietary recall was used to collect the food consumption pattern. The obtained details were coded and subjected to statistical analysis. The required data were correlated.Results: In the present study, BMI increases with an increased frequency of outside food consumption. BMI was higher among the vegetarian population compar...

Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2020

Background: Adequate and balanced nourishment is vital for upholding health and quality of life. ... more Background: Adequate and balanced nourishment is vital for upholding health and quality of life. Maintaining the right eating habits of college students means a lot for the prevention of many diseases that could occur in the adult period. Thus the purpose of the study is to assess the junk food consumption of college students.Aim: To study the dietary habits concerning junk food consumption of college studentsResults: About 16% consume junk foods daily. Hungry was the main reason to consume junk foods; Ice cream was the most preferred food for most of the participants. Majority of the participant mentioned taste as the major factor influencing the food intake.Conclusion: Nutrition professionals should take up the role and spread awareness in the general public and give them better guidance. A well-balanced diet, periodic physical activity, sufficient sleep, with good life style habits help in sound mind and healthy body leading to a happy life.

Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2019

Background: Students from metropolitan cities were more prone to stress due to their lifestyle, c... more Background: Students from metropolitan cities were more prone to stress due to their lifestyle, curriculum, availability of gadgets and many other social factors. Earlier studies also proved that stress has an impact on food intake, either hyperphagia or hypophagia. Since students are the future pillars of nation, the present study has been carried out to know the impact of stress on the students of metropolitan city like Chennai. Aim: To study the impact of stress on food intake of the study Methods and Tools: 1000 samples (500 males and 500 females) from Chennai colleges were selected using stratified and simple random technique. A pre tested interview schedule were used to collect the information. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis and results were discussed Results: Majority of the students (40.7) cope stress by watching TV. About 88% male and 12% female prefers to go out and eat. 47% and 29.9% subjects respectively consume more and less food during stress....

Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2019

Background: As per the saying 'Health is wealth', physical activity plays a vital role in improvi... more Background: As per the saying 'Health is wealth', physical activity plays a vital role in improving and maintaining individuals, physical, mental and social wellbeing. Physical activity among the students is signi cant since they are the future pillars of the nations. Aim: To study the physical activity pattern of the male college students in Chennai Methods and Tools: 500 male students from Arts and Sciences college in Chennai were randomly selected for the study. Using an interview schedule, the physical activity pattern of the subjects like type, frequency, duration of physical activity were determined. Reasons and barriers to physical activity were also studied. Results: only 41.4% of subjects performed physical activity regularly-the majority of the students engaged in walking and gym activities. Most of the students showed physical activity for 0-2 days per week. Fitness and enjoyment were the reasons mentioned for performing physical activity. Lack of time was reported to be the barrier for performing the physical activity by the study group. Conclusion: Students must spend more time on physical activity both on-campus and off-college for well-being of health, to de-stress themselves, to maintain the social relationship. This may enhance the effectiveness of studying and thus improve student performance.

Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2020

Background: In present India, due to increased urbanization and various other factors, there is a... more Background: In present India, due to increased urbanization and various other factors, there is a drastic change in the dietary patterns of college students and young adults. Maintaining the right eating habits of college student means a lot for the prevention of many diseases that could occur in adult period. Aim: To evaluate the Macro and micro nutrients intake of the college population of Chennai Methods and Tools: Using Random sampling techniques, 1000 (500 male and 500 female) college students were selected and data regarding food frequency intake was evaluated. Nutrient intake is assessed by means of three-day dietary record. The food consumed for three consecutive days were recorded by the subjects. Food intake data were converted into raw amounts in terms of food groups and in turn were translated into energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber using food composition tables. The nutrient intakes of the subjects were computed against Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) fo...

There has been an evident correlation between an increased intake of dietary fiber and the preven... more There has been an evident correlation between an increased intake of dietary fiber and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, diverticlosis and colon cancer. Rice bran contains 25 to 30% fiber and its soluble fiber can affect blood cholesterol level when combined with biliary acid. Moreover, due to the emulsifier property, rice bran has a good effect on the texture of cookies. The stabilized rice bran, unlike wheat bran as well as other fibers, has sweet and palatable taste. The wister rat was fed with cholesterol and Atorvastatin and the standardized rice bran and rice bran oil incorporated cookies for 30 days. The results shows that the RB & RBO incorporated cookies significantly suppress the elevated blood concentration of TGs. Hence the anti hyperlipidemic effect on rice bran and rice bran oil in particular could be considered as a possible therapeutic value.

Raw milk often contains micro organisms which may cause food borne diseases. The objective of the... more Raw milk often contains micro organisms which may cause food borne diseases. The objective of the present study is to analyse the presence of micro organisms in cow’s milk with special reference to food borne pathogens. A total 60 samples of raw cow’s milk were collected from four locations (north, central, south and suburban). Representative 20g portions were aseptically weighed mixed with 180ml peptones saline (0.1% neutral peptone 0.9% Nacl) and homogenized by shaking. Subsequent decimal dilutions were prepared with the same diluents and in all cases duplicated counting plates were prepared. Total count of mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TC) and Bacterial endospores (BS) were enumerated in pour-plates of PCA after incubation at 37 0 C for 2 days. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was enumerated in pour-plates of de man, Rogosa and sharpe medium, after incubation at 37 0 C for 3 days. Coliforms and E-coli were enumerated using 3M petrifilm after incubation at 37 0 C for 1 day and 2 days res...

Joint families have been a peculiarity and an important identity of Indian society. Modernization... more Joint families have been a peculiarity and an important identity of Indian society. Modernization and globalization have disintegrated the Indian family system and elders are forced to stay in old age homes. In the present study, methodology included survey to elicit information about functioning of the five paid and five unpaid old age homes using questionnaire. Background information of 400 senior citizens, both male and female in the age group of 60 to 80 years, were collected using interview schedule. The study revealed that the main source of income were grants sanctioned by the state and central government. Percentage of female elders were more than males i.e seventy four per cent. Forty four per cent had no issues. More than fifty per cent did not have anyone to take care of their minimal needs. Though the elders were satisfied with their fulfillment of basic needs, the psychological and financial needs were amiss. The psychological factors leading to depression were social i...