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Papers by Dillee Paudel

SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS, 2013

Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the World’s public health problems particularly in... more Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the World’s public health problems particularly in developing countries including Nepal. Every year, thousands of people suffered from active tuberculosis in Nepal; of whom 50 percent have infectious pulmonary tuberculosis. It is more common among men than women, and affects mostly adults of economically productive age. There is scantiness of such information in Nepal. Hence the study was carried out to identify the gender difference on case identifi cation of pulmonary tuberculosis in Chitwan district of Nepal. Methodology: Descriptive cross sectional study was carried out from July to December 2012 in Jutpani Village Development Committee of Chitwan, Nepal. All symptomatic cases attending in Jutpani Primary Health Center with the clinical history pulmonary tuberculosis were included. Microscopic examination of sputum samples of three consecutive days was done for AFB. Results were disseminated in tabular, graphical and narrative form ...

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you... more All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.

Thyroid dysfunction is one of the major global public health problems. It arises from the abnorma... more Thyroid dysfunction is one of the major global public health problems. It arises from the abnormalities in the synthesis, storage or release of thyroid hormone. Fluctuations in the level of thyroid hormone on certain molecular pathways in the heart and vasculature causes relevant cardiovascular derangements. Hence, the aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and risk to coronary heart disease based on serum cholesterol level among suspected cases. A laboratory based cross sectional study was carried out (n=80, male=23, female=57) in Kathmandu Model Hospital, Nepal during January to April 2010. Blood samples were collected after taking the consent of participants and analyzed for FT3, FT4, TSH, and total cholesterol. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 13.0 applying appropriate statistical tools.The median age of the participants was 51 years (range 25-75 years). About 7.5 % (6/80) comprised of hypothyroidism, 38.75% (31/80) subclinical hypothyroidism...

Journal of the Scientific Society, 2012

Background: Hepatitis B is an acute systemic infection caused by Hepatitis B virus. It is transmi... more Background: Hepatitis B is an acute systemic infection caused by Hepatitis B virus. It is transmitted through direct contacts and iatrogenics. Health professionals (laboratory technicians, nursing staffs, medical professionals and surgeons) are most at risk population for Hepatitis B. This study was conducted during January 2010 to May 2010, to examine Hepatitis B prevention practices among nursing students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five randomly selected Nursing Colleges (out of total 16 Colleges) of Kathmandu, Nepal. All 385 students studying in Proficiency Certificate Level (first, second, and third year) nursing were the participants. Data were collected by interview using structured questionnaire and an observation checklist was filled. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 13). Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied; results were presented in tabular and narrative forms. Results: All participants were female (mean age 18.54 ± 2.01 years). About 39.5% participants were studying in 1 st , 31.7% in 2 nd , and 28.8% were in the 3 rd year. Almost all (97.7%) were unmarried and 87.5% were Hindus. About 96.4% participants heard about Hepatitis B and Radio/Television (83.6%) were common sources of information. Almost all (99.7%) reported; vaccination followed by avoidance of needles sharing (93.5%) is the most effective preventive measures. Three-quarters of the participants were vaccinated against Hepatitis B and 12.2% tested their blood for Hepatitis B. About 96.4% participants avoided the sharing of needle after using syringes after patient care, 82.6% used sterilized instruments, 81.8% used gloves, and only 27.2% used mask during patient care. Conclusion: Only two-thirds of nursing students had good Hepatitis B prevention practices, a quarter of the participants were not vaccinated against Hepatitis B, and rather poor practice of using mask during their service time skill imparting trainings and supervision of the practices are recommended for good prevention practices.

SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS, 2013

Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the World’s public health problems particularly in... more Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the World’s public health problems particularly in developing countries including Nepal. Every year, thousands of people suffered from active tuberculosis in Nepal; of whom 50 percent have infectious pulmonary tuberculosis. It is more common among men than women, and affects mostly adults of economically productive age. There is scantiness of such information in Nepal. Hence the study was carried out to identify the gender difference on case identifi cation of pulmonary tuberculosis in Chitwan district of Nepal. Methodology: Descriptive cross sectional study was carried out from July to December 2012 in Jutpani Village Development Committee of Chitwan, Nepal. All symptomatic cases attending in Jutpani Primary Health Center with the clinical history pulmonary tuberculosis were included. Microscopic examination of sputum samples of three consecutive days was done for AFB. Results were disseminated in tabular, graphical and narrative form ...

International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences, 2014

Background: Despite the remarkable success been made in the prevention and control of Tuberculosi... more Background: Despite the remarkable success been made in the prevention and control of Tuberculosis, it remains one of the major public health problems in developing countries. It is the second leading cause of death amongst infectious diseases. Objective: To assess awareness and attitudes of ex/current TB patients (under DOTS) regarding tuberculosis (TB) in Jutpani Village Development Committee (VDC) of Chitwan district, Nepal. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out during July to December 2012 in Jutpani VDC of Chitwan district, Nepal. All (114) the patients of Pulmonary TB undergoing treatment with DOTS therapy including those who had completed the treatment during July 2010 to June 2012 constituted participants of the study. Data were collected through individual interview and analysed by SPSS (16.version). Results: Blood in sputum (80.7%), evening fever (71.9%), and chronic cough (21.1%) were reported as common symptoms of TB. Only 17.5percent were known about the causative organism of TB. Primary immunization (81.5%), avoiding personal contact (54.6%) with the TB patients and use of face masks (12.2%) were the reported preventive measures of TB. Most of the participants had strongly agreed (68.4%) that DOTS is an effective treatment and the treatment should not be discontinued during the course of treatment (61.4%). Out of 14 attitude measurement statements, there were positive agreements amongst more than 60 percent which indicate the affirmative opinions with respect to existing knowledge. Conclusion: Knowledge regarding signs and symptoms of tuberculosis was good amongst participants; however, only few had correct knowledge about the cause, modes of transmission, and prevention of TB. Majority had positive attitude toward the TB prevention and control in accordance with the existing knowledge of TB. Selective approaches need to be employed to create awareness and case identification of tuberculosis in such pocket areas where the tubercular infection persists as a public health problem.

SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS, 2016

Introduction: HIV/AIDS is an emerging challenge to public health, social development and modern h... more Introduction: HIV/AIDS is an emerging challenge to public health, social development and modern human civilization. Thousands of Nepalese people are migrating to India and other countries every year in order to seek employment. Migrants are often a medically underserved population and are getting more exposed to unsafe sexual activities, increasing their risk for HIV/AIDS. Awareness is a powerful weapon to combat such problems like HIV/AIDS. Hence this study was conducted to explore the understanding, awareness and perceived behavior of migrant workers on HIV/AIDS. Methodology: This Population based cross-sectional study was carried out in the border area of Far-Western region of Nepal. Altogether 372 returnee migrants who were selected randomly were interviewed after obtaining their written consent. Aggregation of correct knowledge on HIV/AIDS was considered as good understanding, positive perception as good perceived behavior and good understanding with positive perceived behavior as good awareness. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 applying appropiate statistics. Criterion for statistical significance was set at test value P < 0.05. Results: Total, 372 male migrant workers (mean age ± SD: 29.6 ± 1.9 years; range: 18-47 years) participated in the study. Majority (29.84%) were 28-32 years. Half (50.81%) were from primary and informal educational background and 74.20 percent were Hindus. About 41.94 percent of the participants' earning was < 3000 NRs. /month and 53.22 percent were scheduled caste. About 46.77 percent were porters followed by 29.84 percent who work as construction workers. Almost 81percent had heard about the HIV/AIDS with 45.9 percent reporting virus as an etiology. Similarly 65 percent reported that unsafe sexual contact is the major mode of HIV transmission and one-quarter had the idea that HIV cannot be transmitted through hugging/kissing or shaking hands. Almost 80.0% reported that condom use is the most important preventive measure. Nearly half (49.20%) were found to be aware of HIV/AIDS. Age of participants (χ2= 13.09, p <0.001), educational background (χ2=10.65, p <0.001), religion (χ2= 8.03, p <0.02), monthly income (χ2= 12.38, p <0.001) and nature of job/work performed (χ2 = 7, p<0.02) during staying in India were found to be significant factors affecting the level of awareness. Conclusion: Nearly half of the participants were found to be aware on HIV/AIDS. The level of awareness was significantly affected by the age of participants, educational background, religion, monthly income and nature of job/work performed during staying in India. Awareness creating package programs like behavior change communication (BCC) on HIV/AIDS are supportive to decrease the vulnerability of HIV/ AIDS among migrant workers.

Background: Hepatitis B is the world’s most common blood borne viral infection. Millions of peopl... more Background: Hepatitis B is the world’s most common blood borne viral infection. Millions of people are affecting and dying each year from hepatitis B. It is transmitted through direct contact. Clinical Health Professionals (Laboratory technicians, nursing staffs and medical surgeons) are most at risk population of hepatitis B. The main objective of this study was to explore the knowledge and perception of nursing students about Hepatitis B. Methods and materials: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during January to May 2010 among 385 nursing students in five nursing colleges of Kathmandu. Data were collected by using self administrated questionnaires. Level of knowledge was established by compiling all related information. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 13). Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Results were disseminated in tabular, graphical and narrative appearance. Results: All participants were female with mean age 18.54±2.001 years. About 3...

SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS, 2013

Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the World’s public health problems particularly in... more Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the World’s public health problems particularly in developing countries including Nepal. Every year, thousands of people suffered from active tuberculosis in Nepal; of whom 50 percent have infectious pulmonary tuberculosis. It is more common among men than women, and affects mostly adults of economically productive age. There is scantiness of such information in Nepal. Hence the study was carried out to identify the gender difference on case identifi cation of pulmonary tuberculosis in Chitwan district of Nepal. Methodology: Descriptive cross sectional study was carried out from July to December 2012 in Jutpani Village Development Committee of Chitwan, Nepal. All symptomatic cases attending in Jutpani Primary Health Center with the clinical history pulmonary tuberculosis were included. Microscopic examination of sputum samples of three consecutive days was done for AFB. Results were disseminated in tabular, graphical and narrative form ...

Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, Nov 27, 2019

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2013

Background: Pregnancy and childbirth are special events in women's lives and their families. Care... more Background: Pregnancy and childbirth are special events in women's lives and their families. Care of women during pregnancy is the most effective health interventions for safer and healthier outcome. Accessibility, quality of care, personal attitudes and socioeconomic characteristics affect on antenatal care (ANC) service use. This study was carried out to explore ANC service utilization pattern and contributing factors in a rural area of Belgaum in relation to generate Community based data of India for addressing the contributing factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2012 to January 2013 in rural Belgaum Karnataka, India. All together 630 mothers with under one year child were interviewed by using pretested structure questionnaire after taking written consent. Analysis was done in computer based software; SPSS-20 version applying appropriate statistics. Results: Out of 630 participants; 54.6% were 20-24 years of age, 61.6% were having secondary education, 89.8% were house wives and 91.6% were Hindus. About 69.7% were from joint family with low economic status. Almost 94.8% were registered for ANC service, 85.7% visited ≥3 times, 66.0% visited during first trimester and 42.3% visited in primary healthcare Centre. Three-fifth of the participants resided ≤6 Km. far from health service facilities. Education, family income, knowledge on ANC, distance of health facility from residence and transportation cost were significant contributors (p<0.05) of ANC service utilization. Conclusion: ANC service utilization rate in rural Belgaum is higher than the national level figure available till date. Education, income, knowledge level, distances and transportation cost were significant contributors. Effort to bring about to significant change in major factors at individual and community level supports to increase the full ANC service use.

International Journal of Medicine and Public Health

Background: The postnatal period is critical to the health and survival of a mother and her newbo... more Background: The postnatal period is critical to the health and survival of a mother and her newborn. Lack of care in this period may result in death or disability as well as missed opportunities to promote healthy behaviors, affecting women and newborn children. Hence, the study was carried out to explore determinants of postnatal maternity service utilization in the rural area of Belgaum. Materials and Methods: Community based cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2012 to January 2013 in rural Belgaum. Total 630 mothers with less than 1 year child were interviewed using pretested questionnaire with her written consent. Analysis was done in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 applying appropriate statistics. Results were presented in tabular and narrative forms. Results: Among 630 mothers, 54.6% were 20-24 years of age, 61.6% were having secondary level of education, 89.8% house wives and 91.6% Hindus. About 69.7% were from joint family with low economic status. Regarding postnatal service use; 79.0% use properly. Almost; three-fi fth met with nurse/health workers at least three times, four-fi fth got advice about breast/nipple care, 92.5% about breast-feeding, 67.9% about post-natal exercise, 89.0% on nutrition education, and 85% got the advice of uterus care. About 29.8% perceived some health problems. Education, income, awareness, and delivery places were found most signifi cant determinants (P < 0.01) of postnatal services use. Conclusion: More than three quarters of mothers had used the proper postnatal maternity services. Education, family income, awareness, and delivery place were found as most signifi cant factors. Sustainable maternal and child healthcare (MCH) programs and awareness will support to achieve furthermore better results.

International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences

ABSTRACT Background: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a global ... more ABSTRACT Background: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a global public health problem; enormously affecting the national economy, social development and human rights with posing a challenge to human civilization. Seasonal labor migrants are the most at risk population for HIV/AIDS and their risky sexual behaviors exacerbate its transmission.

Background: Hepatitis B is the world's most common blood borne viral infection. Millions of peopl... more Background: Hepatitis B is the world's most common blood borne viral infection. Millions of people are affecting and dying each year from hepatitis B. It is transmitted through direct contact. Clinical Health Professionals (Laboratory technicians, nursing staffs and medical surgeons) are most at risk population of hepatitis B. The main objective of this study was to explore the knowledge and perception of nursing students about Hepatitis B. Methods and materials: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during January to May 2010 among 385 nursing students in five nursing colleges of Kathmandu. Data were collected by using self administrated questionnaires. Level of knowledge was established by compiling all related information. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 13). Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Results were disseminated in tabular, graphical and narrative appearance. Results: All participants were female with mean age 18.54±2.001 years. About 39.5% were studying in 1 st year whereas 31.7% in 2 nd and 28.8% in 3 rd years. Majority (96.4%) heard about Hepatitis B and used radio/television (83.6 %) as potential source of information. Almost; 92.2% and 82.6% had the good understanding about causative agents and sign/symptoms respectively. About 97.7% understood 'infected blood transfusion' as common means of disease transmission. Majority (85.7%) perceived 'liver damage' as major complication. About 97.4% reported 'infected blood receivers' are the high risk population. Almost; 99.7% mentioned that vaccination is the effective preventive measure. Conclusion: Level of knowledge was significantly associated with age and academic grade of participants. Overall knowledge was found to be high.

Health Science Journal

Adolescence is both a period of opportunity and threats. It is an episode of exploring new option... more Adolescence is both a period of opportunity and threats. It is an episode of exploring new options and ideas as opportunity. Due to the lack of awareness and proper guidance on sexuality and reproductive health, adolescents are becoming more vulnerable of sexual exploitation, early unintended pregnancy and other health hazards; STDs & HIV/AIDS; this exertion as threats of adolescent. The aim of the study was to assess the prevailing level awareness on reproductive and sexual health of adolescents. Descriptive cross sectional type of study was conducted among 385 subjects. Awareness was measured in the high and low level with combining knowledge, attitude and behavior pattern of adolescents on reproductive and sexual health (RSH). The mean age of respondents was 17.7±0.86 years and majority (57.9%) of them was in grade XII. 73.2% had high level knowledge and 70.9% had good practice of RSH. Most of the respondents (83.9%) had positive attitude towards importance of RSH related awarene...

Muller Journal of Medical Sciences and Research, 2014

Background: Adolescence is a period of both opportunities and threats. It is an episode of explor... more Background: Adolescence is a period of both opportunities and threats. It is an episode of exploring new options and ideas as opportunity. It is also a phase in life marked by vulnerability to risky sexual behavior and underprivileged reproductive health outcomes. Due to the defi ciency of courtesy and proper guidance, millions of adolescents are facing the problems of teenage pregnancy, unsafe-abortion, psycho-social abomination, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS. The aim of the study was to explore the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) practices, perceived behavior, and associated factors among the adolescents. Materials and Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2007 in different educational institutions of Kathmandu. Information was collected from 417 adolescents using pretested and self-administered questionnaire with their informed consent. Analysis was done using computer database SPSS-12.5 version applying appropriate statistical rules. Results were presented in tabular, graphical, and narrative forms. Results: The mean age of respondents was 17.7 ± 0.86 years and 57.9% of them were in grade XII. About 70.9% had good practice on Sexual and reproductive health (SRH). Most of them (83.9%) were informed on SRH via radio, TV or the internet (98.63%) and through books and newspapers (94.52%). About (22.9%) were involved in premarital sex in which 75.0% of them used condom. About 44.2% discussed on the SRH issues with family members. Gender, family income, family types, and knowledge of SRH were found signifi cant (P < 0.05) factors affecting SRH practice. Conclusion: Nearly one quarter of the adolescents under the study had been involved in premarital sexual contact. Half of them were found to discuss on SRH with their family members. Awareness and curriculum based teaching-learning activities will support to reduce the consequences of premarital sexual contact and teenage pregnancy.

SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS, 2013

Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the World’s public health problems particularly in... more Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the World’s public health problems particularly in developing countries including Nepal. Every year, thousands of people suffered from active tuberculosis in Nepal; of whom 50 percent have infectious pulmonary tuberculosis. It is more common among men than women, and affects mostly adults of economically productive age. There is scantiness of such information in Nepal. Hence the study was carried out to identify the gender difference on case identifi cation of pulmonary tuberculosis in Chitwan district of Nepal. Methodology: Descriptive cross sectional study was carried out from July to December 2012 in Jutpani Village Development Committee of Chitwan, Nepal. All symptomatic cases attending in Jutpani Primary Health Center with the clinical history pulmonary tuberculosis were included. Microscopic examination of sputum samples of three consecutive days was done for AFB. Results were disseminated in tabular, graphical and narrative form ...

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you... more All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.

Thyroid dysfunction is one of the major global public health problems. It arises from the abnorma... more Thyroid dysfunction is one of the major global public health problems. It arises from the abnormalities in the synthesis, storage or release of thyroid hormone. Fluctuations in the level of thyroid hormone on certain molecular pathways in the heart and vasculature causes relevant cardiovascular derangements. Hence, the aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and risk to coronary heart disease based on serum cholesterol level among suspected cases. A laboratory based cross sectional study was carried out (n=80, male=23, female=57) in Kathmandu Model Hospital, Nepal during January to April 2010. Blood samples were collected after taking the consent of participants and analyzed for FT3, FT4, TSH, and total cholesterol. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 13.0 applying appropriate statistical tools.The median age of the participants was 51 years (range 25-75 years). About 7.5 % (6/80) comprised of hypothyroidism, 38.75% (31/80) subclinical hypothyroidism...

Journal of the Scientific Society, 2012

Background: Hepatitis B is an acute systemic infection caused by Hepatitis B virus. It is transmi... more Background: Hepatitis B is an acute systemic infection caused by Hepatitis B virus. It is transmitted through direct contacts and iatrogenics. Health professionals (laboratory technicians, nursing staffs, medical professionals and surgeons) are most at risk population for Hepatitis B. This study was conducted during January 2010 to May 2010, to examine Hepatitis B prevention practices among nursing students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five randomly selected Nursing Colleges (out of total 16 Colleges) of Kathmandu, Nepal. All 385 students studying in Proficiency Certificate Level (first, second, and third year) nursing were the participants. Data were collected by interview using structured questionnaire and an observation checklist was filled. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 13). Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied; results were presented in tabular and narrative forms. Results: All participants were female (mean age 18.54 ± 2.01 years). About 39.5% participants were studying in 1 st , 31.7% in 2 nd , and 28.8% were in the 3 rd year. Almost all (97.7%) were unmarried and 87.5% were Hindus. About 96.4% participants heard about Hepatitis B and Radio/Television (83.6%) were common sources of information. Almost all (99.7%) reported; vaccination followed by avoidance of needles sharing (93.5%) is the most effective preventive measures. Three-quarters of the participants were vaccinated against Hepatitis B and 12.2% tested their blood for Hepatitis B. About 96.4% participants avoided the sharing of needle after using syringes after patient care, 82.6% used sterilized instruments, 81.8% used gloves, and only 27.2% used mask during patient care. Conclusion: Only two-thirds of nursing students had good Hepatitis B prevention practices, a quarter of the participants were not vaccinated against Hepatitis B, and rather poor practice of using mask during their service time skill imparting trainings and supervision of the practices are recommended for good prevention practices.

SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS, 2013

Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the World’s public health problems particularly in... more Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the World’s public health problems particularly in developing countries including Nepal. Every year, thousands of people suffered from active tuberculosis in Nepal; of whom 50 percent have infectious pulmonary tuberculosis. It is more common among men than women, and affects mostly adults of economically productive age. There is scantiness of such information in Nepal. Hence the study was carried out to identify the gender difference on case identifi cation of pulmonary tuberculosis in Chitwan district of Nepal. Methodology: Descriptive cross sectional study was carried out from July to December 2012 in Jutpani Village Development Committee of Chitwan, Nepal. All symptomatic cases attending in Jutpani Primary Health Center with the clinical history pulmonary tuberculosis were included. Microscopic examination of sputum samples of three consecutive days was done for AFB. Results were disseminated in tabular, graphical and narrative form ...

International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences, 2014

Background: Despite the remarkable success been made in the prevention and control of Tuberculosi... more Background: Despite the remarkable success been made in the prevention and control of Tuberculosis, it remains one of the major public health problems in developing countries. It is the second leading cause of death amongst infectious diseases. Objective: To assess awareness and attitudes of ex/current TB patients (under DOTS) regarding tuberculosis (TB) in Jutpani Village Development Committee (VDC) of Chitwan district, Nepal. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out during July to December 2012 in Jutpani VDC of Chitwan district, Nepal. All (114) the patients of Pulmonary TB undergoing treatment with DOTS therapy including those who had completed the treatment during July 2010 to June 2012 constituted participants of the study. Data were collected through individual interview and analysed by SPSS (16.version). Results: Blood in sputum (80.7%), evening fever (71.9%), and chronic cough (21.1%) were reported as common symptoms of TB. Only 17.5percent were known about the causative organism of TB. Primary immunization (81.5%), avoiding personal contact (54.6%) with the TB patients and use of face masks (12.2%) were the reported preventive measures of TB. Most of the participants had strongly agreed (68.4%) that DOTS is an effective treatment and the treatment should not be discontinued during the course of treatment (61.4%). Out of 14 attitude measurement statements, there were positive agreements amongst more than 60 percent which indicate the affirmative opinions with respect to existing knowledge. Conclusion: Knowledge regarding signs and symptoms of tuberculosis was good amongst participants; however, only few had correct knowledge about the cause, modes of transmission, and prevention of TB. Majority had positive attitude toward the TB prevention and control in accordance with the existing knowledge of TB. Selective approaches need to be employed to create awareness and case identification of tuberculosis in such pocket areas where the tubercular infection persists as a public health problem.

SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS, 2016

Introduction: HIV/AIDS is an emerging challenge to public health, social development and modern h... more Introduction: HIV/AIDS is an emerging challenge to public health, social development and modern human civilization. Thousands of Nepalese people are migrating to India and other countries every year in order to seek employment. Migrants are often a medically underserved population and are getting more exposed to unsafe sexual activities, increasing their risk for HIV/AIDS. Awareness is a powerful weapon to combat such problems like HIV/AIDS. Hence this study was conducted to explore the understanding, awareness and perceived behavior of migrant workers on HIV/AIDS. Methodology: This Population based cross-sectional study was carried out in the border area of Far-Western region of Nepal. Altogether 372 returnee migrants who were selected randomly were interviewed after obtaining their written consent. Aggregation of correct knowledge on HIV/AIDS was considered as good understanding, positive perception as good perceived behavior and good understanding with positive perceived behavior as good awareness. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 applying appropiate statistics. Criterion for statistical significance was set at test value P < 0.05. Results: Total, 372 male migrant workers (mean age ± SD: 29.6 ± 1.9 years; range: 18-47 years) participated in the study. Majority (29.84%) were 28-32 years. Half (50.81%) were from primary and informal educational background and 74.20 percent were Hindus. About 41.94 percent of the participants' earning was < 3000 NRs. /month and 53.22 percent were scheduled caste. About 46.77 percent were porters followed by 29.84 percent who work as construction workers. Almost 81percent had heard about the HIV/AIDS with 45.9 percent reporting virus as an etiology. Similarly 65 percent reported that unsafe sexual contact is the major mode of HIV transmission and one-quarter had the idea that HIV cannot be transmitted through hugging/kissing or shaking hands. Almost 80.0% reported that condom use is the most important preventive measure. Nearly half (49.20%) were found to be aware of HIV/AIDS. Age of participants (χ2= 13.09, p <0.001), educational background (χ2=10.65, p <0.001), religion (χ2= 8.03, p <0.02), monthly income (χ2= 12.38, p <0.001) and nature of job/work performed (χ2 = 7, p<0.02) during staying in India were found to be significant factors affecting the level of awareness. Conclusion: Nearly half of the participants were found to be aware on HIV/AIDS. The level of awareness was significantly affected by the age of participants, educational background, religion, monthly income and nature of job/work performed during staying in India. Awareness creating package programs like behavior change communication (BCC) on HIV/AIDS are supportive to decrease the vulnerability of HIV/ AIDS among migrant workers.

Background: Hepatitis B is the world’s most common blood borne viral infection. Millions of peopl... more Background: Hepatitis B is the world’s most common blood borne viral infection. Millions of people are affecting and dying each year from hepatitis B. It is transmitted through direct contact. Clinical Health Professionals (Laboratory technicians, nursing staffs and medical surgeons) are most at risk population of hepatitis B. The main objective of this study was to explore the knowledge and perception of nursing students about Hepatitis B. Methods and materials: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during January to May 2010 among 385 nursing students in five nursing colleges of Kathmandu. Data were collected by using self administrated questionnaires. Level of knowledge was established by compiling all related information. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 13). Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Results were disseminated in tabular, graphical and narrative appearance. Results: All participants were female with mean age 18.54±2.001 years. About 3...

SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS, 2013

Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the World’s public health problems particularly in... more Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the World’s public health problems particularly in developing countries including Nepal. Every year, thousands of people suffered from active tuberculosis in Nepal; of whom 50 percent have infectious pulmonary tuberculosis. It is more common among men than women, and affects mostly adults of economically productive age. There is scantiness of such information in Nepal. Hence the study was carried out to identify the gender difference on case identifi cation of pulmonary tuberculosis in Chitwan district of Nepal. Methodology: Descriptive cross sectional study was carried out from July to December 2012 in Jutpani Village Development Committee of Chitwan, Nepal. All symptomatic cases attending in Jutpani Primary Health Center with the clinical history pulmonary tuberculosis were included. Microscopic examination of sputum samples of three consecutive days was done for AFB. Results were disseminated in tabular, graphical and narrative form ...

Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, Nov 27, 2019

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2013

Background: Pregnancy and childbirth are special events in women's lives and their families. Care... more Background: Pregnancy and childbirth are special events in women's lives and their families. Care of women during pregnancy is the most effective health interventions for safer and healthier outcome. Accessibility, quality of care, personal attitudes and socioeconomic characteristics affect on antenatal care (ANC) service use. This study was carried out to explore ANC service utilization pattern and contributing factors in a rural area of Belgaum in relation to generate Community based data of India for addressing the contributing factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2012 to January 2013 in rural Belgaum Karnataka, India. All together 630 mothers with under one year child were interviewed by using pretested structure questionnaire after taking written consent. Analysis was done in computer based software; SPSS-20 version applying appropriate statistics. Results: Out of 630 participants; 54.6% were 20-24 years of age, 61.6% were having secondary education, 89.8% were house wives and 91.6% were Hindus. About 69.7% were from joint family with low economic status. Almost 94.8% were registered for ANC service, 85.7% visited ≥3 times, 66.0% visited during first trimester and 42.3% visited in primary healthcare Centre. Three-fifth of the participants resided ≤6 Km. far from health service facilities. Education, family income, knowledge on ANC, distance of health facility from residence and transportation cost were significant contributors (p<0.05) of ANC service utilization. Conclusion: ANC service utilization rate in rural Belgaum is higher than the national level figure available till date. Education, income, knowledge level, distances and transportation cost were significant contributors. Effort to bring about to significant change in major factors at individual and community level supports to increase the full ANC service use.

International Journal of Medicine and Public Health

Background: The postnatal period is critical to the health and survival of a mother and her newbo... more Background: The postnatal period is critical to the health and survival of a mother and her newborn. Lack of care in this period may result in death or disability as well as missed opportunities to promote healthy behaviors, affecting women and newborn children. Hence, the study was carried out to explore determinants of postnatal maternity service utilization in the rural area of Belgaum. Materials and Methods: Community based cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2012 to January 2013 in rural Belgaum. Total 630 mothers with less than 1 year child were interviewed using pretested questionnaire with her written consent. Analysis was done in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 applying appropriate statistics. Results were presented in tabular and narrative forms. Results: Among 630 mothers, 54.6% were 20-24 years of age, 61.6% were having secondary level of education, 89.8% house wives and 91.6% Hindus. About 69.7% were from joint family with low economic status. Regarding postnatal service use; 79.0% use properly. Almost; three-fi fth met with nurse/health workers at least three times, four-fi fth got advice about breast/nipple care, 92.5% about breast-feeding, 67.9% about post-natal exercise, 89.0% on nutrition education, and 85% got the advice of uterus care. About 29.8% perceived some health problems. Education, income, awareness, and delivery places were found most signifi cant determinants (P < 0.01) of postnatal services use. Conclusion: More than three quarters of mothers had used the proper postnatal maternity services. Education, family income, awareness, and delivery place were found as most signifi cant factors. Sustainable maternal and child healthcare (MCH) programs and awareness will support to achieve furthermore better results.

International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences

ABSTRACT Background: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a global ... more ABSTRACT Background: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a global public health problem; enormously affecting the national economy, social development and human rights with posing a challenge to human civilization. Seasonal labor migrants are the most at risk population for HIV/AIDS and their risky sexual behaviors exacerbate its transmission.

Background: Hepatitis B is the world's most common blood borne viral infection. Millions of peopl... more Background: Hepatitis B is the world's most common blood borne viral infection. Millions of people are affecting and dying each year from hepatitis B. It is transmitted through direct contact. Clinical Health Professionals (Laboratory technicians, nursing staffs and medical surgeons) are most at risk population of hepatitis B. The main objective of this study was to explore the knowledge and perception of nursing students about Hepatitis B. Methods and materials: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during January to May 2010 among 385 nursing students in five nursing colleges of Kathmandu. Data were collected by using self administrated questionnaires. Level of knowledge was established by compiling all related information. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 13). Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Results were disseminated in tabular, graphical and narrative appearance. Results: All participants were female with mean age 18.54±2.001 years. About 39.5% were studying in 1 st year whereas 31.7% in 2 nd and 28.8% in 3 rd years. Majority (96.4%) heard about Hepatitis B and used radio/television (83.6 %) as potential source of information. Almost; 92.2% and 82.6% had the good understanding about causative agents and sign/symptoms respectively. About 97.7% understood 'infected blood transfusion' as common means of disease transmission. Majority (85.7%) perceived 'liver damage' as major complication. About 97.4% reported 'infected blood receivers' are the high risk population. Almost; 99.7% mentioned that vaccination is the effective preventive measure. Conclusion: Level of knowledge was significantly associated with age and academic grade of participants. Overall knowledge was found to be high.

Health Science Journal

Adolescence is both a period of opportunity and threats. It is an episode of exploring new option... more Adolescence is both a period of opportunity and threats. It is an episode of exploring new options and ideas as opportunity. Due to the lack of awareness and proper guidance on sexuality and reproductive health, adolescents are becoming more vulnerable of sexual exploitation, early unintended pregnancy and other health hazards; STDs & HIV/AIDS; this exertion as threats of adolescent. The aim of the study was to assess the prevailing level awareness on reproductive and sexual health of adolescents. Descriptive cross sectional type of study was conducted among 385 subjects. Awareness was measured in the high and low level with combining knowledge, attitude and behavior pattern of adolescents on reproductive and sexual health (RSH). The mean age of respondents was 17.7±0.86 years and majority (57.9%) of them was in grade XII. 73.2% had high level knowledge and 70.9% had good practice of RSH. Most of the respondents (83.9%) had positive attitude towards importance of RSH related awarene...

Muller Journal of Medical Sciences and Research, 2014

Background: Adolescence is a period of both opportunities and threats. It is an episode of explor... more Background: Adolescence is a period of both opportunities and threats. It is an episode of exploring new options and ideas as opportunity. It is also a phase in life marked by vulnerability to risky sexual behavior and underprivileged reproductive health outcomes. Due to the defi ciency of courtesy and proper guidance, millions of adolescents are facing the problems of teenage pregnancy, unsafe-abortion, psycho-social abomination, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS. The aim of the study was to explore the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) practices, perceived behavior, and associated factors among the adolescents. Materials and Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2007 in different educational institutions of Kathmandu. Information was collected from 417 adolescents using pretested and self-administered questionnaire with their informed consent. Analysis was done using computer database SPSS-12.5 version applying appropriate statistical rules. Results were presented in tabular, graphical, and narrative forms. Results: The mean age of respondents was 17.7 ± 0.86 years and 57.9% of them were in grade XII. About 70.9% had good practice on Sexual and reproductive health (SRH). Most of them (83.9%) were informed on SRH via radio, TV or the internet (98.63%) and through books and newspapers (94.52%). About (22.9%) were involved in premarital sex in which 75.0% of them used condom. About 44.2% discussed on the SRH issues with family members. Gender, family income, family types, and knowledge of SRH were found signifi cant (P < 0.05) factors affecting SRH practice. Conclusion: Nearly one quarter of the adolescents under the study had been involved in premarital sexual contact. Half of them were found to discuss on SRH with their family members. Awareness and curriculum based teaching-learning activities will support to reduce the consequences of premarital sexual contact and teenage pregnancy.