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Papers by Dr.Mallika Pinnawala
Tropical agricultural research, Jul 1, 2024
Research Square (Research Square), Dec 22, 2023
Objectives: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was diverse and disproportionate among nations an... more Objectives: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was diverse and disproportionate among nations and population segments. The impacts of the disease and the containment strategies adopted are broad and cut across multiple facets of life, society, and the economy, which are intimately interlinked. To ascertain the socioeconomic impact and human behavior changes due to the pandemic and the containment strategies adopted a large household survey was conducted covering all the provinces in Sri Lanka. Data description: We conducted a cross-sectional Household survey covering all 9 provinces, including 20 districts in Sri Lanka from August 2021 to September 2021. This dataset consists of the data collected from 3020 households, on the impact of the pandemic through three distinctly identified pandemic waves in Sri Lanka. The questionnaire was designed to capture COVID-19 impact in 2 primary sections (socioeconomic impact and behavioral impact) which were further divided into 8 sub-sections:...
Sustainability
It is crucial to immediately curb the spread of a disease once an outbreak is identified in a pan... more It is crucial to immediately curb the spread of a disease once an outbreak is identified in a pandemic. An agent-based simulator will enable policymakers to evaluate the effectiveness of different hypothetical strategies and policies with a higher level of granularity. This will allow them to identify vulnerabilities and asses the threat level more effectively, which in turn can be used to build resilience within the community against a pandemic. This study proposes a PanDemic SIMulator (PDSIM), which is capable of modeling complex environments while simulating realistic human motion patterns. The ability of the PDSIM to track the infection propagation patterns, contact paths, places visited, characteristics of people, vaccination, and testing information of the population allows the user to check the efficacy of different containment strategies and testing protocols. The results obtained based on the case studies of COVID-19 are used to validate the proposed model. However, they ar...
It is crucial to immediately curb the spread of a disease once an outbreak is identified in a pan... more It is crucial to immediately curb the spread of a disease once an outbreak is identified in a pandemic. An agent based simulator will enable the policymakers to evaluate the effectiveness of different hypothetical strategies and policies with a higher level of granularity. This will allow them to identify the vulnerabilities and asses the threat level more effectively, which in turn can be used to build resilience within the community against a pandemic. This study proposes a PanDemic SIMulator (PDSIM ) which is capable of modeling complex environments while simulating realistic human motion patterns. The ability of PDSIM to track the infection propagation patterns, contact paths, places visited, characteristics of people, vaccination, and testing information of the population, allows the user to check the efficacy of different containment strategies and testing protocols. The results obtained based on the case studies of Covid-19 are used to validate the proposed model. However, it...
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science
The COVID-19 pandemic has created a reflective tremor worldwide, with different implications for ... more The COVID-19 pandemic has created a reflective tremor worldwide, with different implications for men and women while affecting all aspects of human beings. Accordingly, this pandemic has affected women in unique gender-specific ways, particularly their traditional status as household managers. The main aim of this study is to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the quality of life and the mental health of women in Sri Lanka using qualitative research methods. The information for the study was gathered through semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 50 respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique. The collected data from the interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. The findings of the study indicated that quality of life and mental health difficulties have been exacerbated during the pandemic for many women in households in Sri Lanka. Due to the pandemic, income and consumption levels have significantly changed within the households and that has adv...
Sri Lanka Journal of Advanced Social Studies, 2016
Sri Lankan agriculture is a culture itself. Rural woman plays a key role in it.Rise in women‟s pa... more Sri Lankan agriculture is a culture itself. Rural woman plays a key role in it.Rise in women‟s participation in agriculture was evident by 34% in 1996 and by 41% in2006 (Census and Statistics, 2007), revealing a rising trend of women‟s involvement inagriculture. Human Development in South Asia (2002) stated that South Asian womankeeps the rural life alive and she suffers a lot for it. Similarly in Sri Lanka too ruralwoman struggles with domestic, livelihood related and social drudgeries every-day. This paper examined factors affecting the role performance in domestic,economic and social spheres of rural woman in dry zone agriculture. The study area wasAnuradhpura district which has the highest female labor force participation (40.7%)(Census and Statistics, 2007). The study sample was 150 rural women involved inagriculture from six rural villages in Anuradhpura. Primary data sources were householdsurvey, case studies, in-depth interviews, key informants‟ discussions, time use diaries...
Education Sciences, 2022
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the education system in Sri Lanka, similar to many countries i... more The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the education system in Sri Lanka, similar to many countries in the world. As a result, the mode of education shifted from conventional face-to-face classes to online mode. The main objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the changes to the educational system due to the COVID-19 pandemic among engineering undergraduates of Sri Lanka over three identified pandemic periods. Quantitative descriptive analysis was used together with chi-square statistics to answer the research questions using the data collected through a google survey from engineering undergraduates in Sri Lanka. According to the results, students’ attendance in online classes has improved over time compared to the initial pandemic period. Nearly 50% of students’ family income has been impacted, either stopped or reduced due to the pandemic. Most students have issues regarding computing devices, internet connectivity, and the home environment. According to the ...
in domestic services have today become the principal income earners of many households. Using dat... more in domestic services have today become the principal income earners of many households. Using data collected from a group of returned migrants in three communities in the area of Kandy in Sri Lanka, this article adds a new dimension to theorizing about migration as livelihood diversifi cation. It shows that the spatial separation of migrants from their families has meant that issues of resources use and management are taken outside the confi nes of the household. This results in the separation of earner from manager, and creates spatially separated parallel power centers within the transnational family space with the manager of income as the center of power in local family/household space and earner of income (woman migrant) as the center of power in the new livelihood space. Gender and kinship are two important factors in determining the selection of the manager while the earner is away, and in shaping supportive social networks to support the basis of relative strength of the two ...
This paper attempts to shed light on changes of power structure in the households of Sri Lankan m... more This paper attempts to shed light on changes of power structure in the households of Sri Lankan migrant women who have returned from working in the Middle East as housemaids. It examines the changing power structure in relation to changes of tasks, responsibilities, decision-making roles, and gender relations in post-migration households. The changing power structure of post-migration households cannot be understood in isolation since it is an outcome of the entire migration process. This paper briefly addresses power relations in premigration households as well as during-migration households, in addition to post-migration households. The study reveals that the covert and manipulatory power of women, a characteristic of pre-migration households, changes to overt power or controlling power in postmigration households. This development results in the emergence of an active wife who plays an increasing role in public space, and a cooperative husband who accepts the private space of the...
Malaysian Journal of Science, Dec 30, 2016
Solid Waste Management (SWM) refers to the supervising and handling of SW from its generation to ... more Solid Waste Management (SWM) refers to the supervising and handling of SW from its generation to disposal. As a developing country, in Sri Lanka, Solid Waste has become one of the growing national problems, especially in urban areas where there is no proper mechanism to manage it. Citizens always assume that SWM is a responsibility of Local Authorities (LAs). But waste is generated from human activities and citizens also have a responsibility in managing them. Therefore community participation is a crucial factor for sustainable SWM process in a country. There are two objectives of this study, namely, to examine community strategies in managing SW at the household level and to understand community cooperation with LAs in managing it in community level. The study was conducted in one administrative zone in Kurunagala Municipal Council in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka covering 160 households selected through simple random sampling method. A Questionnaire survey was used to collect data to understand community participation in SWM at the household level. In-depth interviews with Municipal Council (MC) officers and sanitary labours who are involved in SWM of the Municipal Council were conducted to gather data on community cooperation with LA in Managing SW. The study revealed around 90 % of residents use one strategy of 3R concept in managing SW. Reduced solid waste through reuse is a popular and common strategy used by the respondents in the area. The percentage is around 88%. Respondents also prefer recycling and separation to manage their household solid waste but the facilities provided by the LA are not sufficient. Some people are not aware of the problem of solid waste and also about managing strategies of solid waste. According to LA officers, community cooperation for solid waste management is at average level.
Traditionally the woman's place of "work" has been confined to the so-called privat... more Traditionally the woman's place of "work" has been confined to the so-called private sphere, namely, the household. In the household, she was expected to perform traditional womens' work such as looking after the children, washing, cooking, etc. The husband was the provider of the family and his tasks were almost exclusively in the public sphere. Many women today have become providers, sometimes even as sole income earners of the family. One modern context in which this traditional division of gender roles comes into question is when woman become independent migrants requiring husbands to takeover traditional household tasks. Research shows that this has often resulted in displacing the husband from the traditional role of the sole decision maker in migrant households. These changes are challenging the traditional pattern of male-dominated household organization and have resulted in emergence of a new phenomenon described as migrant-wife or househusband.
Tropical agricultural research, Jul 1, 2024
Research Square (Research Square), Dec 22, 2023
Objectives: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was diverse and disproportionate among nations an... more Objectives: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was diverse and disproportionate among nations and population segments. The impacts of the disease and the containment strategies adopted are broad and cut across multiple facets of life, society, and the economy, which are intimately interlinked. To ascertain the socioeconomic impact and human behavior changes due to the pandemic and the containment strategies adopted a large household survey was conducted covering all the provinces in Sri Lanka. Data description: We conducted a cross-sectional Household survey covering all 9 provinces, including 20 districts in Sri Lanka from August 2021 to September 2021. This dataset consists of the data collected from 3020 households, on the impact of the pandemic through three distinctly identified pandemic waves in Sri Lanka. The questionnaire was designed to capture COVID-19 impact in 2 primary sections (socioeconomic impact and behavioral impact) which were further divided into 8 sub-sections:...
Sustainability
It is crucial to immediately curb the spread of a disease once an outbreak is identified in a pan... more It is crucial to immediately curb the spread of a disease once an outbreak is identified in a pandemic. An agent-based simulator will enable policymakers to evaluate the effectiveness of different hypothetical strategies and policies with a higher level of granularity. This will allow them to identify vulnerabilities and asses the threat level more effectively, which in turn can be used to build resilience within the community against a pandemic. This study proposes a PanDemic SIMulator (PDSIM), which is capable of modeling complex environments while simulating realistic human motion patterns. The ability of the PDSIM to track the infection propagation patterns, contact paths, places visited, characteristics of people, vaccination, and testing information of the population allows the user to check the efficacy of different containment strategies and testing protocols. The results obtained based on the case studies of COVID-19 are used to validate the proposed model. However, they ar...
It is crucial to immediately curb the spread of a disease once an outbreak is identified in a pan... more It is crucial to immediately curb the spread of a disease once an outbreak is identified in a pandemic. An agent based simulator will enable the policymakers to evaluate the effectiveness of different hypothetical strategies and policies with a higher level of granularity. This will allow them to identify the vulnerabilities and asses the threat level more effectively, which in turn can be used to build resilience within the community against a pandemic. This study proposes a PanDemic SIMulator (PDSIM ) which is capable of modeling complex environments while simulating realistic human motion patterns. The ability of PDSIM to track the infection propagation patterns, contact paths, places visited, characteristics of people, vaccination, and testing information of the population, allows the user to check the efficacy of different containment strategies and testing protocols. The results obtained based on the case studies of Covid-19 are used to validate the proposed model. However, it...
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science
The COVID-19 pandemic has created a reflective tremor worldwide, with different implications for ... more The COVID-19 pandemic has created a reflective tremor worldwide, with different implications for men and women while affecting all aspects of human beings. Accordingly, this pandemic has affected women in unique gender-specific ways, particularly their traditional status as household managers. The main aim of this study is to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the quality of life and the mental health of women in Sri Lanka using qualitative research methods. The information for the study was gathered through semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 50 respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique. The collected data from the interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. The findings of the study indicated that quality of life and mental health difficulties have been exacerbated during the pandemic for many women in households in Sri Lanka. Due to the pandemic, income and consumption levels have significantly changed within the households and that has adv...
Sri Lanka Journal of Advanced Social Studies, 2016
Sri Lankan agriculture is a culture itself. Rural woman plays a key role in it.Rise in women‟s pa... more Sri Lankan agriculture is a culture itself. Rural woman plays a key role in it.Rise in women‟s participation in agriculture was evident by 34% in 1996 and by 41% in2006 (Census and Statistics, 2007), revealing a rising trend of women‟s involvement inagriculture. Human Development in South Asia (2002) stated that South Asian womankeeps the rural life alive and she suffers a lot for it. Similarly in Sri Lanka too ruralwoman struggles with domestic, livelihood related and social drudgeries every-day. This paper examined factors affecting the role performance in domestic,economic and social spheres of rural woman in dry zone agriculture. The study area wasAnuradhpura district which has the highest female labor force participation (40.7%)(Census and Statistics, 2007). The study sample was 150 rural women involved inagriculture from six rural villages in Anuradhpura. Primary data sources were householdsurvey, case studies, in-depth interviews, key informants‟ discussions, time use diaries...
Education Sciences, 2022
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the education system in Sri Lanka, similar to many countries i... more The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the education system in Sri Lanka, similar to many countries in the world. As a result, the mode of education shifted from conventional face-to-face classes to online mode. The main objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the changes to the educational system due to the COVID-19 pandemic among engineering undergraduates of Sri Lanka over three identified pandemic periods. Quantitative descriptive analysis was used together with chi-square statistics to answer the research questions using the data collected through a google survey from engineering undergraduates in Sri Lanka. According to the results, students’ attendance in online classes has improved over time compared to the initial pandemic period. Nearly 50% of students’ family income has been impacted, either stopped or reduced due to the pandemic. Most students have issues regarding computing devices, internet connectivity, and the home environment. According to the ...
in domestic services have today become the principal income earners of many households. Using dat... more in domestic services have today become the principal income earners of many households. Using data collected from a group of returned migrants in three communities in the area of Kandy in Sri Lanka, this article adds a new dimension to theorizing about migration as livelihood diversifi cation. It shows that the spatial separation of migrants from their families has meant that issues of resources use and management are taken outside the confi nes of the household. This results in the separation of earner from manager, and creates spatially separated parallel power centers within the transnational family space with the manager of income as the center of power in local family/household space and earner of income (woman migrant) as the center of power in the new livelihood space. Gender and kinship are two important factors in determining the selection of the manager while the earner is away, and in shaping supportive social networks to support the basis of relative strength of the two ...
This paper attempts to shed light on changes of power structure in the households of Sri Lankan m... more This paper attempts to shed light on changes of power structure in the households of Sri Lankan migrant women who have returned from working in the Middle East as housemaids. It examines the changing power structure in relation to changes of tasks, responsibilities, decision-making roles, and gender relations in post-migration households. The changing power structure of post-migration households cannot be understood in isolation since it is an outcome of the entire migration process. This paper briefly addresses power relations in premigration households as well as during-migration households, in addition to post-migration households. The study reveals that the covert and manipulatory power of women, a characteristic of pre-migration households, changes to overt power or controlling power in postmigration households. This development results in the emergence of an active wife who plays an increasing role in public space, and a cooperative husband who accepts the private space of the...
Malaysian Journal of Science, Dec 30, 2016
Solid Waste Management (SWM) refers to the supervising and handling of SW from its generation to ... more Solid Waste Management (SWM) refers to the supervising and handling of SW from its generation to disposal. As a developing country, in Sri Lanka, Solid Waste has become one of the growing national problems, especially in urban areas where there is no proper mechanism to manage it. Citizens always assume that SWM is a responsibility of Local Authorities (LAs). But waste is generated from human activities and citizens also have a responsibility in managing them. Therefore community participation is a crucial factor for sustainable SWM process in a country. There are two objectives of this study, namely, to examine community strategies in managing SW at the household level and to understand community cooperation with LAs in managing it in community level. The study was conducted in one administrative zone in Kurunagala Municipal Council in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka covering 160 households selected through simple random sampling method. A Questionnaire survey was used to collect data to understand community participation in SWM at the household level. In-depth interviews with Municipal Council (MC) officers and sanitary labours who are involved in SWM of the Municipal Council were conducted to gather data on community cooperation with LA in Managing SW. The study revealed around 90 % of residents use one strategy of 3R concept in managing SW. Reduced solid waste through reuse is a popular and common strategy used by the respondents in the area. The percentage is around 88%. Respondents also prefer recycling and separation to manage their household solid waste but the facilities provided by the LA are not sufficient. Some people are not aware of the problem of solid waste and also about managing strategies of solid waste. According to LA officers, community cooperation for solid waste management is at average level.
Traditionally the woman's place of "work" has been confined to the so-called privat... more Traditionally the woman's place of "work" has been confined to the so-called private sphere, namely, the household. In the household, she was expected to perform traditional womens' work such as looking after the children, washing, cooking, etc. The husband was the provider of the family and his tasks were almost exclusively in the public sphere. Many women today have become providers, sometimes even as sole income earners of the family. One modern context in which this traditional division of gender roles comes into question is when woman become independent migrants requiring husbands to takeover traditional household tasks. Research shows that this has often resulted in displacing the husband from the traditional role of the sole decision maker in migrant households. These changes are challenging the traditional pattern of male-dominated household organization and have resulted in emergence of a new phenomenon described as migrant-wife or househusband.