Eduardus Budi Nursanto - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Eduardus Budi Nursanto

IJRED (International Journal of Renewable Energy Development), Mar 12, 2024

In order to fulfill the demand for high energy and capacity, an electrode with high-voltage capab... more In order to fulfill the demand for high energy and capacity, an electrode with high-voltage capability, namely LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) that has an operating potential of up to 4.7 V vs Li/Li + , is currently becoming popular in Li-ion battery chemistries. This research produced LNMO by using a solid-state method with only one-step synthesis route to compare its electrochemical performance with different lithium sources, including hydroxide (LNMO-LiOH), acetate (LNMO-LiAce), and carbonate (LNMO-LiCar) precursors. TGA/DSC was first performed for all three sample precursors to ensure the optimal calcination temperature, while XRD and SEM characterized the physical properties. The electrochemical measurements, including cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge, were conducted in the half-cell configurations of LNMO//Li-metal using a standard 1 M LiPF6 electrolyte. LNMO-LiOH samples exhibited the highest purity and the smallest particle size, with values of 93.3% and 418 nm, respectively. In contrast, samples with higher impurities, such as LNMO-LiCar, mainly in the form of LixNi1-xO (LiNiO), displayed the largest particle size. The highest working voltage possessed by LNMO-LiOH samples was 4.735 V vs Li/Li +. The results showed that LNMO samples with LiNiO impurities would affect the reaction behavior that occurs at the cathode-electrolyte interface during the release of lithium-ions, resulting in high resistance at the battery operations and decreasing the specific capacity of the LNMO during discharging. The highest value, shown by LNMO-LiOH, was up to 92.75 mAh/g. On the other side, LNMO-LiCar only possessed a specific capacity of 44.57 mAh/g, indicating a significant impact of different lithium sources in the overall performances of LNMO cathode.

AIP conference proceedings, 2024

AIP conference proceedings, 2024

Journal of Emerging Supply Chain Clean Energy and Process Engineering, Oct 30, 2023

In this study, banana peel was used as a natural sunscreen compound because of its natural antiox... more In this study, banana peel was used as a natural sunscreen compound because of its natural antioxidants, such as flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and phenols. Extraction is carried out using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction method with variations in ethanol solvent concentration and material to solvent ratio at 45 o C for 45 minutes. The ethanol concentrations used are 96%, 70%, and 50% and the material to solvent ratio 1/10, 1/20, and 1/30. From the results of the study, the highest yield and SPF value were obtained at ethanol concentration of 50% and material to solvent ratio 1/30. The yield in this variation is 15.2646%, and the SPF value is 8.9874 with the maximum protection category. The highest Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) results was obtained at 70% ethanol concentration and the ratio of material to solvent 1/30, namely 1.6559 mg QE/g. From the variation with the best TFC value, the mass transfer coefficient is 0.0151 mL/µg QE.min.

AIP conference proceedings, 2024

Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia

The research studied about the effect of ammonia on the synthesis of lithium-ion battery cathode ... more The research studied about the effect of ammonia on the synthesis of lithium-ion battery cathode materials LiNi0.5Mn0.4Co0.1O2 (NMC541) through a sol-gel method by modifying the mole ratio of ammonia to metal forming ratios (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; and 2.0). The precipitation formed at pH 11 and at temperature of 80oC. Characterization was carried out on samples resulting from pyrolysis (pyrolysis result), with calcination for once and twice at 850oC for 3 hours, X-ray diffraction pattern characterization, morphological characterization using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and conductivity characterization using an impedance capacitance conductance (LCR) meter. The result of the synthesis is in the form of spherical particles. The addition of ammonia affected the particle size distribution and stoichiometry of the metal forming NMC541, eventhough it was not significant. The ammonia to metal ratio of 1.5 (Sample N1.5-K) resulted in the distribution with the optimum particle homogeneity. ...

Journal of Emerging Supply Chain, Clean Energy, and Process Engineering

Synthetic compounds with photoprotective property have their limited concentration in sunscreen f... more Synthetic compounds with photoprotective property have their limited concentration in sunscreen formulation. Therefore, reaching the maximum UV protection by themselves is difficult. Natural compounds are good consideration to include in sunscreen formulations. Papaya seeds contain large amounts of nutraceutical compounds. However, their presence is often considered as waste. One of many benefits it has is due to the presence of flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Flavonoid is one of the alternative compounds that provide beneficial effects on skin UV-protection. Therefore, this study aimed to extract the flavonoid compounds in papaya seeds and test its sun protection factor (SPF) value. Extraction was carried out by varying the mass ratio of the solid/solvent (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30), and the solvent concentration of ethanol (50%, 70%, and 96%) at 45oC for 45 minutes. The results of this study indicate the presence of these compounds in papaya seed extract which wa...

Polymer International, 2005

Unfortunately, the introduction of ring-substituted groups results often in a decrease in the con... more Unfortunately, the introduction of ring-substituted groups results often in a decrease in the conductivity of the polymer due to an increase in electronic localization,7–9 hence it is necessary to investigate the effect of ring-substitution on the feasibility of the process and on the physical and ...

Journal of Emerging Supply Chain, Clean Energy, and Process Engineering

TiO2 is one of the photocatalyst materials that is widely used and proven for environmental treat... more TiO2 is one of the photocatalyst materials that is widely used and proven for environmental treatment. To increase the activity of TiO2, TiO2 has been modified into a nanotube shape with nickel metal doping. The TiO2 nanotubes with Ni doping have been synthesized with one step hydrothermal process. In this research, it shows that nickel doped with TiO2 led to a reduction of crystal size and band gap energy. The smaller crystalline size and lower band gap energy enhanced its photocatalytic activity. The best results for photocatalytic activity were TiO2/Ni with a crystal size of 7.30 nm and a band gap energy value of 3.12 eV. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2/Ni was tested by degrading methylene blue under mercury lamp radiation, with the best result of 92.73 % degradation of methylene blue, within 240 minutes of photocatalytic activity.

Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Gelatin is utilised as a nitrogen source to synthesise nitrogen (N)-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs)... more Gelatin is utilised as a nitrogen source to synthesise nitrogen (N)-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The N-doped CNT was prepared by mixing gelatin and CNT, followed by calcination at 500 °C and 800 °C under N2 atmosphere. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the higher gelatin weight ratio results in a decrease of the crystallisation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy deconvolution analysis confirms that pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N have appeared at the surface of the samples. The higher calcination temperature affects the surface properties of N-doped CNT which tend to shift the pyrrolic-N to the pyridinic-N. Cyclic voltammetry analysis reveals that the presences of pyridinic-N and graphitic-N configuration have higher oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity compared to the N-pyrrolic structure.

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

This paper is about the selection process of packaging design for liquid organic fertilizer made ... more This paper is about the selection process of packaging design for liquid organic fertilizer made of chicken slaughterhouse waste in South Jakarta. The purpose of using packaging is to contain, transport, protect, provide product-related information, and market the product. The research aims to determine the most appropriate design, additional features, and the type of plastic as the liquid organic fertilizer container that applies the reverse logistics concept: refillable. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is applied to select the best packaging type that fulfils consumers’ requirements. This QFD method analyses the features and helps to select the best design out of various liquid container designs available in the market. The results showed that the liquid organic fertilizer to be used is made of thick High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic bottle with sprays on its screw-type lid that enables the reverse logistics concept.

Materials Letters, 2021

Abstract Graphitic carbon materials are synthesized by mixing petroleum coke with Fe-based cataly... more Abstract Graphitic carbon materials are synthesized by mixing petroleum coke with Fe-based catalysts, followed with annealing under N2 atmosphere at various iron-based catalysts at 1300 °C. We have found that the utilization of iron or iron oxide as catalyst lead to similar graphitic structure formation during heat treatment of petroleum coke. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern showed that iron oxide catalyst leads to the formation of ordered graphitic structure. The use of iron-based catalyst tends to decrease the turbostratic peak, lead to a higher ordered graphite peak. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed that the morphology structure of graphite powder synthesized using iron or iron oxide is similar. From the full cell testing using NMC-622 cathode, the as-synthesized sample shows good electrochemical properties and comparable to graphite commercial.

Sustainability, 2021

Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environm... more Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary...

Nanohybrids in Environmental & Biomedical Applications, 2019

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021

Electrocoagulation (EC) is an electrochemical technique in wastewater treatment that generates co... more Electrocoagulation (EC) is an electrochemical technique in wastewater treatment that generates coagulant species in situ by electro dissolution of the sacrificial electrode. This work aimed to optimize the operating cost of tannery wastewater treatment by EC with iron electrodes under various DC voltages and electricity consumption. The experiment was conducted in a 400 mL batch electrochemical reactor using three iron electrode plates under a mono polar configuration and parallel distances of 26 mm. Several variations of voltage (8; 12; and 16 volt) and electricity consumption (1.7; 2.6; 3.4; and 4.3 kWh/m3) were applied. The reactor performance was evaluated based on the sedimentation curve using Imhoff cone. Simultaneously, the operating cost was analysed based on the electrode mass consumption and electricity consumption under variation in iron electrode price and electricity rates. The result showed that the optimum operating condition was obtained at the electrical voltage of ...

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019

TiO2-CuInS2 is one of the promising materials for 3D nanocomposite solar cells. To utilize for 3D... more TiO2-CuInS2 is one of the promising materials for 3D nanocomposite solar cells. To utilize for 3D nanocomposite solar cells, TiO2-CuInS2 should well deposited onto transparent conducting oxide such as indium doped tin oxide (ITO). High pressure coating with liquid carbondioxide (l-CO2) was successfully deposited TiO2-metals chalcogenide onto ITO substrate. Further heat treatment (oxidation and sulfurization) lead the formation of CuInS2 from metals chalcogenide deposited on the mesoporous TiO2. The formation of CuInS2 on the was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The atomic ratios of deposited CuInS2 were nearly stoichiometric after sulfurization. The crystal growths of CuInS2 were controlled by adjusting the number of coating cycles.

The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2017

A liquid CO 2 (l-CO 2)-based coating technique is used for the pore-filling of a porous copper in... more A liquid CO 2 (l-CO 2)-based coating technique is used for the pore-filling of a porous copper indium gallium sulfide (CuIn x Ga 1−x S 2 , CIGS) film synthesized by a solution-based method. In the l-CO 2-based coating, copper and indium precursors dissolved in l-CO 2 are deposited on the porous copper indium gallium oxide film, followed by low-temperature sulfurization. After the high-temperature sulfurization of the deposited film with the l-CO 2-based coating, a highly dense CIGS film with almost complete pore-filling is obtained. The use of an indium rich solution in l-CO 2 leads to the formation of near stoichiometric ratio of Cu:(In + Ga) that improves the pore filling behavior.

Catalysis Today, 2016

Abstract CO 2 electro-reduction is a promising method for sustainable production of carbon fuels ... more Abstract CO 2 electro-reduction is a promising method for sustainable production of carbon fuels as well as valuable chemicals. Herein, we investigated a direct electro-catalytic CO 2 conversion to CO by nanostructured gold catalysts from the small nanoparticles to aggregated clusters to layered film. The selectivity of CO formation was found to increase as the gold amount increased and it reached a saturation point of ∼78% (−0.59 V vs. RHE) at the morphological transition from aggregated cluster to layered film. Furthermore, the ∼4 nm gold nanoparticle exhibited a remarkable CO formation mass activity value at 166.1 A/g (−0.59 V vs. RHE).

Thin Solid Films, 2014

ABSTRACT We report the simultaneous deposition of two different metal precursors dissolved in liq... more ABSTRACT We report the simultaneous deposition of two different metal precursors dissolved in liquid carbon dioxide (l-CO2), aiming to the synthesis of ternary chalcopyrite (e.g. CuInS2) nanoparticles on a mesoporous TiO2 film. The l-CO2-based deposition of Cu and In precursors and subsequent reaction with a dilute H2S gas resulted in CuxInySz nanoparticles uniformly deposited across the entire thickness of a mesoporous TiO2 film. Further heat treatment (air annealing and sulfurization) led to the formation of more stoichiometric CuInS2 nanoparticles. The formation of CuInS2 on TiO2 was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The crystal growth of CuInS2 was also found to be controllable by adjusting the number of coating cycles of the l-CO2-based deposition.

Supercritical water and supercritical alcohols can offer environmentally benign and facile synthe... more Supercritical water and supercritical alcohols can offer environmentally benign and facile synthetic conditions for the production of nanomaterials owing to their unique physical properties, including low viscosity, fast diffusion, zero surface tension, and ...

IJRED (International Journal of Renewable Energy Development), Mar 12, 2024

In order to fulfill the demand for high energy and capacity, an electrode with high-voltage capab... more In order to fulfill the demand for high energy and capacity, an electrode with high-voltage capability, namely LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) that has an operating potential of up to 4.7 V vs Li/Li + , is currently becoming popular in Li-ion battery chemistries. This research produced LNMO by using a solid-state method with only one-step synthesis route to compare its electrochemical performance with different lithium sources, including hydroxide (LNMO-LiOH), acetate (LNMO-LiAce), and carbonate (LNMO-LiCar) precursors. TGA/DSC was first performed for all three sample precursors to ensure the optimal calcination temperature, while XRD and SEM characterized the physical properties. The electrochemical measurements, including cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge, were conducted in the half-cell configurations of LNMO//Li-metal using a standard 1 M LiPF6 electrolyte. LNMO-LiOH samples exhibited the highest purity and the smallest particle size, with values of 93.3% and 418 nm, respectively. In contrast, samples with higher impurities, such as LNMO-LiCar, mainly in the form of LixNi1-xO (LiNiO), displayed the largest particle size. The highest working voltage possessed by LNMO-LiOH samples was 4.735 V vs Li/Li +. The results showed that LNMO samples with LiNiO impurities would affect the reaction behavior that occurs at the cathode-electrolyte interface during the release of lithium-ions, resulting in high resistance at the battery operations and decreasing the specific capacity of the LNMO during discharging. The highest value, shown by LNMO-LiOH, was up to 92.75 mAh/g. On the other side, LNMO-LiCar only possessed a specific capacity of 44.57 mAh/g, indicating a significant impact of different lithium sources in the overall performances of LNMO cathode.

AIP conference proceedings, 2024

AIP conference proceedings, 2024

Journal of Emerging Supply Chain Clean Energy and Process Engineering, Oct 30, 2023

In this study, banana peel was used as a natural sunscreen compound because of its natural antiox... more In this study, banana peel was used as a natural sunscreen compound because of its natural antioxidants, such as flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and phenols. Extraction is carried out using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction method with variations in ethanol solvent concentration and material to solvent ratio at 45 o C for 45 minutes. The ethanol concentrations used are 96%, 70%, and 50% and the material to solvent ratio 1/10, 1/20, and 1/30. From the results of the study, the highest yield and SPF value were obtained at ethanol concentration of 50% and material to solvent ratio 1/30. The yield in this variation is 15.2646%, and the SPF value is 8.9874 with the maximum protection category. The highest Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) results was obtained at 70% ethanol concentration and the ratio of material to solvent 1/30, namely 1.6559 mg QE/g. From the variation with the best TFC value, the mass transfer coefficient is 0.0151 mL/µg QE.min.

AIP conference proceedings, 2024

Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia

The research studied about the effect of ammonia on the synthesis of lithium-ion battery cathode ... more The research studied about the effect of ammonia on the synthesis of lithium-ion battery cathode materials LiNi0.5Mn0.4Co0.1O2 (NMC541) through a sol-gel method by modifying the mole ratio of ammonia to metal forming ratios (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; and 2.0). The precipitation formed at pH 11 and at temperature of 80oC. Characterization was carried out on samples resulting from pyrolysis (pyrolysis result), with calcination for once and twice at 850oC for 3 hours, X-ray diffraction pattern characterization, morphological characterization using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and conductivity characterization using an impedance capacitance conductance (LCR) meter. The result of the synthesis is in the form of spherical particles. The addition of ammonia affected the particle size distribution and stoichiometry of the metal forming NMC541, eventhough it was not significant. The ammonia to metal ratio of 1.5 (Sample N1.5-K) resulted in the distribution with the optimum particle homogeneity. ...

Journal of Emerging Supply Chain, Clean Energy, and Process Engineering

Synthetic compounds with photoprotective property have their limited concentration in sunscreen f... more Synthetic compounds with photoprotective property have their limited concentration in sunscreen formulation. Therefore, reaching the maximum UV protection by themselves is difficult. Natural compounds are good consideration to include in sunscreen formulations. Papaya seeds contain large amounts of nutraceutical compounds. However, their presence is often considered as waste. One of many benefits it has is due to the presence of flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Flavonoid is one of the alternative compounds that provide beneficial effects on skin UV-protection. Therefore, this study aimed to extract the flavonoid compounds in papaya seeds and test its sun protection factor (SPF) value. Extraction was carried out by varying the mass ratio of the solid/solvent (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30), and the solvent concentration of ethanol (50%, 70%, and 96%) at 45oC for 45 minutes. The results of this study indicate the presence of these compounds in papaya seed extract which wa...

Polymer International, 2005

Unfortunately, the introduction of ring-substituted groups results often in a decrease in the con... more Unfortunately, the introduction of ring-substituted groups results often in a decrease in the conductivity of the polymer due to an increase in electronic localization,7–9 hence it is necessary to investigate the effect of ring-substitution on the feasibility of the process and on the physical and ...

Journal of Emerging Supply Chain, Clean Energy, and Process Engineering

TiO2 is one of the photocatalyst materials that is widely used and proven for environmental treat... more TiO2 is one of the photocatalyst materials that is widely used and proven for environmental treatment. To increase the activity of TiO2, TiO2 has been modified into a nanotube shape with nickel metal doping. The TiO2 nanotubes with Ni doping have been synthesized with one step hydrothermal process. In this research, it shows that nickel doped with TiO2 led to a reduction of crystal size and band gap energy. The smaller crystalline size and lower band gap energy enhanced its photocatalytic activity. The best results for photocatalytic activity were TiO2/Ni with a crystal size of 7.30 nm and a band gap energy value of 3.12 eV. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2/Ni was tested by degrading methylene blue under mercury lamp radiation, with the best result of 92.73 % degradation of methylene blue, within 240 minutes of photocatalytic activity.

Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Gelatin is utilised as a nitrogen source to synthesise nitrogen (N)-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs)... more Gelatin is utilised as a nitrogen source to synthesise nitrogen (N)-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The N-doped CNT was prepared by mixing gelatin and CNT, followed by calcination at 500 °C and 800 °C under N2 atmosphere. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the higher gelatin weight ratio results in a decrease of the crystallisation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy deconvolution analysis confirms that pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N have appeared at the surface of the samples. The higher calcination temperature affects the surface properties of N-doped CNT which tend to shift the pyrrolic-N to the pyridinic-N. Cyclic voltammetry analysis reveals that the presences of pyridinic-N and graphitic-N configuration have higher oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity compared to the N-pyrrolic structure.

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

This paper is about the selection process of packaging design for liquid organic fertilizer made ... more This paper is about the selection process of packaging design for liquid organic fertilizer made of chicken slaughterhouse waste in South Jakarta. The purpose of using packaging is to contain, transport, protect, provide product-related information, and market the product. The research aims to determine the most appropriate design, additional features, and the type of plastic as the liquid organic fertilizer container that applies the reverse logistics concept: refillable. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is applied to select the best packaging type that fulfils consumers’ requirements. This QFD method analyses the features and helps to select the best design out of various liquid container designs available in the market. The results showed that the liquid organic fertilizer to be used is made of thick High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic bottle with sprays on its screw-type lid that enables the reverse logistics concept.

Materials Letters, 2021

Abstract Graphitic carbon materials are synthesized by mixing petroleum coke with Fe-based cataly... more Abstract Graphitic carbon materials are synthesized by mixing petroleum coke with Fe-based catalysts, followed with annealing under N2 atmosphere at various iron-based catalysts at 1300 °C. We have found that the utilization of iron or iron oxide as catalyst lead to similar graphitic structure formation during heat treatment of petroleum coke. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern showed that iron oxide catalyst leads to the formation of ordered graphitic structure. The use of iron-based catalyst tends to decrease the turbostratic peak, lead to a higher ordered graphite peak. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed that the morphology structure of graphite powder synthesized using iron or iron oxide is similar. From the full cell testing using NMC-622 cathode, the as-synthesized sample shows good electrochemical properties and comparable to graphite commercial.

Sustainability, 2021

Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environm... more Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary...

Nanohybrids in Environmental & Biomedical Applications, 2019

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021

Electrocoagulation (EC) is an electrochemical technique in wastewater treatment that generates co... more Electrocoagulation (EC) is an electrochemical technique in wastewater treatment that generates coagulant species in situ by electro dissolution of the sacrificial electrode. This work aimed to optimize the operating cost of tannery wastewater treatment by EC with iron electrodes under various DC voltages and electricity consumption. The experiment was conducted in a 400 mL batch electrochemical reactor using three iron electrode plates under a mono polar configuration and parallel distances of 26 mm. Several variations of voltage (8; 12; and 16 volt) and electricity consumption (1.7; 2.6; 3.4; and 4.3 kWh/m3) were applied. The reactor performance was evaluated based on the sedimentation curve using Imhoff cone. Simultaneously, the operating cost was analysed based on the electrode mass consumption and electricity consumption under variation in iron electrode price and electricity rates. The result showed that the optimum operating condition was obtained at the electrical voltage of ...

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019

TiO2-CuInS2 is one of the promising materials for 3D nanocomposite solar cells. To utilize for 3D... more TiO2-CuInS2 is one of the promising materials for 3D nanocomposite solar cells. To utilize for 3D nanocomposite solar cells, TiO2-CuInS2 should well deposited onto transparent conducting oxide such as indium doped tin oxide (ITO). High pressure coating with liquid carbondioxide (l-CO2) was successfully deposited TiO2-metals chalcogenide onto ITO substrate. Further heat treatment (oxidation and sulfurization) lead the formation of CuInS2 from metals chalcogenide deposited on the mesoporous TiO2. The formation of CuInS2 on the was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The atomic ratios of deposited CuInS2 were nearly stoichiometric after sulfurization. The crystal growths of CuInS2 were controlled by adjusting the number of coating cycles.

The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2017

A liquid CO 2 (l-CO 2)-based coating technique is used for the pore-filling of a porous copper in... more A liquid CO 2 (l-CO 2)-based coating technique is used for the pore-filling of a porous copper indium gallium sulfide (CuIn x Ga 1−x S 2 , CIGS) film synthesized by a solution-based method. In the l-CO 2-based coating, copper and indium precursors dissolved in l-CO 2 are deposited on the porous copper indium gallium oxide film, followed by low-temperature sulfurization. After the high-temperature sulfurization of the deposited film with the l-CO 2-based coating, a highly dense CIGS film with almost complete pore-filling is obtained. The use of an indium rich solution in l-CO 2 leads to the formation of near stoichiometric ratio of Cu:(In + Ga) that improves the pore filling behavior.

Catalysis Today, 2016

Abstract CO 2 electro-reduction is a promising method for sustainable production of carbon fuels ... more Abstract CO 2 electro-reduction is a promising method for sustainable production of carbon fuels as well as valuable chemicals. Herein, we investigated a direct electro-catalytic CO 2 conversion to CO by nanostructured gold catalysts from the small nanoparticles to aggregated clusters to layered film. The selectivity of CO formation was found to increase as the gold amount increased and it reached a saturation point of ∼78% (−0.59 V vs. RHE) at the morphological transition from aggregated cluster to layered film. Furthermore, the ∼4 nm gold nanoparticle exhibited a remarkable CO formation mass activity value at 166.1 A/g (−0.59 V vs. RHE).

Thin Solid Films, 2014

ABSTRACT We report the simultaneous deposition of two different metal precursors dissolved in liq... more ABSTRACT We report the simultaneous deposition of two different metal precursors dissolved in liquid carbon dioxide (l-CO2), aiming to the synthesis of ternary chalcopyrite (e.g. CuInS2) nanoparticles on a mesoporous TiO2 film. The l-CO2-based deposition of Cu and In precursors and subsequent reaction with a dilute H2S gas resulted in CuxInySz nanoparticles uniformly deposited across the entire thickness of a mesoporous TiO2 film. Further heat treatment (air annealing and sulfurization) led to the formation of more stoichiometric CuInS2 nanoparticles. The formation of CuInS2 on TiO2 was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The crystal growth of CuInS2 was also found to be controllable by adjusting the number of coating cycles of the l-CO2-based deposition.

Supercritical water and supercritical alcohols can offer environmentally benign and facile synthe... more Supercritical water and supercritical alcohols can offer environmentally benign and facile synthetic conditions for the production of nanomaterials owing to their unique physical properties, including low viscosity, fast diffusion, zero surface tension, and ...