Elizabeth Lindstad - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Elizabeth Lindstad

The Dynamic Energy Landscape,33rd USAEE/IAEE North American Conference,Oct 25-28, 2015, Oct 25, 2015

Shorter shipping routes through the Arctic are not necessarily more climate friendly blogs.lse.ac... more Shorter shipping routes through the Arctic are not necessarily more climate friendly blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2016/08/24/shorter-shipping-routes-through-the-arctic-are-not-necessarily-more-climate-friendly/ Long inaccessible to ships, as a consequence of global warming, much of the Arctic Ocean is now navigable in the summer months. While the newly ice-free Northern Sea Route cuts the distance of the journey between Northern Europe and Japan by 40 percent, recent research from Haakon-Elizabeth Lindstad and colleagues shows that it may not be more climate-friendly. Assessing the cost, emissions and climate impact of using the Northern Sea Route compared to the Indian Ocean and the Suez Canal, they find that the impact of shipping-related greenhouse gas emissions in the Arctic region counteracts the benefits of the shorter voyage distance and lower fuel consumption.

Ocean Engineering, Dec 1, 2015

 Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose... more  Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.  You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain  You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, 2017

This paper assesses the pros and the cons of installing batteries on offshore support vessels. Th... more This paper assesses the pros and the cons of installing batteries on offshore support vessels. These vessels are specially designed to provide services to oil and gas operations, such as anchor handling, supply and subsea operations. They have multiple engines and advanced dynamic positioning systems to ensure that they can perform their duties with high reliability at nearly any sea state. Combined with high safety requirements, this has resulted in general operational patterns with vessels running multiple combustion engines even at calm water conditions. For emissions, low engine loads yield high emissions of exhaust gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and aerosols such as black carbon (BC), due to less favorable combustion conditions. The high span for these vessels between low loads and high, and their great need for potential power at short notice, motivate our examination of hybrid setups with electric: the vessel segment should be more favorable than many. We find that combining batteries with combustion engines reduces local pollution and climate impact, while the economics with current battery cost and fuel prices is good enough for new vessels, but not good enough for retrofits.

Energy Policy, Jun 1, 2011

... B vessel beam (maximum width) of the vessel at the waterline, m C cost per freight unit, USD/... more ... B vessel beam (maximum width) of the vessel at the waterline, m C cost per freight unit, USD/ton nautical mile C HFO cost for heavy fuel oil per ton, USD/ton C IR the annual interest rate as calculated by industry or financial institutions, % C M export value per ton of transported ...

SNAME Maritime Convention, 2016

Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks, Jan 12, 2012

Abstract A trend in modern supply chain management has been to substitute information for invento... more Abstract A trend in modern supply chain management has been to substitute information for inventory. In this chapter, an approach to how information and communication technology can be used to achieve this in a maritime logistics context is outlined and described based upon a bulk shipping case. The approach used is based on data-driven modeling and analysis, in which current logistics and commodity storage costs are benchmarked against a “best possible solution.” To make a new solution operative, a change should be made based upon an analytical decision-making approach, ICT infrastructure development, and inter-organizational development. Thus, the proper use of analytical and transactional information and communication technology in maritime logistics would enable logistics chain stakeholders to track stock levels and ultimately allocate vessels to move cargo when that is logistically most cost effective. Further, this could support a development in the contractual relationships between producer and shipping line changing from a Contract of Affreightment to a Service Level Agreement relationship. There is room for enhanced use of information and communication technology to provide decision and operational support at strategic, tactical, and operational levels within maritime logistics. This chapter explains some of the driving forces for this, together with a tested approach and method for this, given into a specific, practical case.

Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, Dec 1, 2015

Three responses that reduce energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in maritime transport are slowe... more Three responses that reduce energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in maritime transport are slower speeds, larger vessels and slender hull designs. We use crude oil carriers as our illustrative example; these represent nearly a quarter of international sea cargo movements. We estimate the potential and costs in these which can all be described as capital substituting for energy and emissions. At different degrees of flexibility and time scales: speed reductions are feasible immediately when there are vessels available, though more capital will be tied up in cargo. Deployment of larger and more slender vessels to a greater extent requires fleet renovation, and also investments in ports and infrastructure. A novel finding in our analysis is that if bunker costs rise as a result of emission costs (fees, quotas), then this may depress speeds and emissions more than if they result from higher oil prices. The reason is that for higher oil prices, more capital tied up in cargo may give cargo owners an interest in speeding up, partly counteracting the impulse from fuel costs that tends to slow vessels down. Emission costs, in contrast, do not raise cargo values.

Energy Policy, Jul 1, 2012

CO 2 emissions from maritime transport represent 3.3% of the world's total CO 2 emissions and are... more CO 2 emissions from maritime transport represent 3.3% of the world's total CO 2 emissions and are forecast to increase by 150%-250% by 2050, due to increased freight volumes (Second IMO GHG study, 2009). Fulfilling anticipated climate requirements (IPCC, 2007) could require the sector to reduce emissions per freight unit by a factor of five or six. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is currently debating technical, operational and market-based measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from shipping. This paper also investigates the effects of economies of scale on the direct emissions and costs of maritime transport. We compared emissions from the current fleet (2007), with what can be achieved by increasing average vessel size. The comparison is based on the 2007 levels of trade and predictions for 2050. The results show that emissions can be reduced by up to 30% at a negative abatement cost per ton of CO 2 by replacing the existing fleet with larger vessels. Replacing the whole fleet might take as long as 25 years, so the reduction in emissions will be achieved gradually as the current fleet is renewed.

Maritime Policy & Management, Oct 1, 2009

The fleet deployment problem is an important planning problem in liner shipping. It deals with op... more The fleet deployment problem is an important planning problem in liner shipping. It deals with optimally assigning voyages to available vessels in the fleet and determining vessel routes and schedules in a way that minimizes costs or maximizes profit. This paper presents a new model for a fleet deployment problem in liner shipping, and we also propose a multi-start local search heuristic to solve the problem. The heuristic has been embedded in a prototype decision support system (DSS) that has been implemented and tested at Höegh Autoliners, a major global provider of ro-ro (roll-on roll-off) vehicle transportation services. The heuristic was able to produce high-quality solutions within a few minutes to a real planning problem with more than 55 vessels and 150 voyages over a planning horizon of 4–6 months. Tests indicated that the solutions suggested by the DSS gave between 2 and 10% improvements compared with solutions from manual planning. What is almost equally important is that using the DSS can ease the planning process.

Transport Policy, 2016

This paper assesses costs, emissions, and climate impact by freight shipping in the Arctic with m... more This paper assesses costs, emissions, and climate impact by freight shipping in the Arctic with main focus on the Northern Sea Route. The entire route lies in Arctic waters, which due to global warming, has become ice free during summer and autumn. The route goes from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Russian Arctic coast and reduces voyage distance by 40 % between Northern Europe and Japan. Traditionally, comparisons of the climate impact of transport solutions have been based on fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2), while other trace emissions in the exhaust gas have been ignored. It is becoming increasingly well-known however, that aerosols, and their precursors emitted from shipping are strong climate forcers, with a magnitude that is intimately connected to the specific region of emission. Taking into account these considerations, we apply region-specific Global Warming Potential (GWP) characterization factors to estimate the relative magnitude of the short-lived climate forcers in the Arctic compared to traditional shipping regions and to the impact of CO2 emissions in light of reduced overall fuel consumption. The results indicate that there are no general climate benefits of utilizing the Northern Sea Route, even with cleaner fuels, since the additional impact of emissions in the Arctic more than offsets the effect of shorter voyages. In terms of climate change mitigation, managing this trade-off will be challenging, as the Northern Sea Route offers cost savings per ton of freight transported.

Volume 1: Offshore Technology; Offshore Geotechnics, 2016

As oil and gas (O&G) activities are moving north in the Arctic region new challenges for the offs... more As oil and gas (O&G) activities are moving north in the Arctic region new challenges for the offshore logistics have arisen. These challenges impose more stringent requirements for the logistics system setup, especially on the design and operation of vessels. We propose a methodology for quick evaluation of the feasibility and cost of the logistics system in the early stages of offshore supply planning. This methodology allows for testing the effects of using alternative ship designs and the overall supply fleet composition on system’s cost and performance while satisfying prospective campaign requirements. Safety standards and requirements for emergency preparedness and environmental performance are taken into account while cost effectiveness of the logistics system as a whole is the main quantifiable measure. The presented methodology is also very relevant for evaluation and planning of the logistics supply system for O&G activities in other areas around the world that are conside...

The IMDC'03 Conference Paper) Logistics, including the development and operation of supply an... more The IMDC'03 Conference Paper) Logistics, including the development and operation of supply and distribution chains, are the means that integrate suppliers, producers and customers. The awareness and importance of logistics as a competitive factor is increasing. The background study focuses on different transport concept for heavy machinery, new cars, and forestry products. The method developed is general, though the examples are based upon distribution of new cars from hinterland areas in cont inental Europe to Australia, and transport of paper rolls from mills in the Nordic countries to customers in Europe. Design, technology and organisation are within the logistics chain important aspects to consider. Ro-Ro technologies used throughout multimodal logistic solutions are concepts that represent great potential in cost savings and lead-time reductions, compared to existing systems. In this paper we will present different Ro-Ro technology for vessels (Enisys), terminals (Ipsi), a...

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 21, 2022

Uncertainties on the global availability and affordability of alternative marine fuels are stalli... more Uncertainties on the global availability and affordability of alternative marine fuels are stalling the shipping sector's decarbonization course. Several candidate measures are proposed at the International Maritime Organization, including market-based measures (MBMs), environmental policies like carbon taxes and emissions trading systems. Their implementation increases the cost of fossil fuel consumption and provides fiscal incentives towards greenhouse gas emissions reductions. MBMs can bridge the price gap between alternative and conventional fuels and generate revenues for funding the up-scaling of alternative fuels' production, storage and distribution facilities and, thus, enhance their availability. By estimating the fuels' implementation and operational costs and carbon abatement potential, this study develops their marginal abatement cost curves and estimates the optimal level of carbon pricing needed to render investments into alternative fuels cost-effective. The results can assist policymakers in establishing the fundamental factors and MBM design principles that can make MBMs a robust and effective decarbonization measure.

Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, Dec 1, 2021

Social Science Research Network, 2017

In 2016, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) decided on global regulations to reduce su... more In 2016, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) decided on global regulations to reduce sulphur emissions to air from maritime shipping starting 2020. The regulation implies that ships can continue to use residual fuels with a high sulphur content, such as heavy fuel oil (HFO), if they employ scrubbers to desulphurise the exhaust gases. Alternatively, they can use fuels with less than 0.5% sulphur, such as desulphurised HFO, distillates (diesel) or liquefied natural gas (LNG). The options of lighter fuels and desulphurisation entail costs, including higher energy consumption at refineries, and the present study identifies and compares compliance options as a function of ship type and operational patterns. The results indicate distillates as an attractive option for smaller vessels, while scrubbers will be an attractive option for larger vessels. For all vessels, apart from the largest fuel consumers, residual fuels desulphurised to less than 0.5 % sulphur are also a competing abatement option. Moreover, we analyse the interaction between global SOX reductions and CO2 (and fuel consumption), and the results indicate that the higher fuel cost for distillates will motivate shippers to lower speeds, which will offset the increased CO2 emissions at the refineries. Scrubbers, in contrast, will raise speeds and CO2 emissions.

Social Science Research Network, 2016

This paper assesses the pros and the cons of installing batteries on offshore support vessels. Th... more This paper assesses the pros and the cons of installing batteries on offshore support vessels. These vessels are specially designed to provide services to oil and gas operations, such as anchor handling, supply and subsea operations. They have multiple engines and advanced dynamic positioning systems to ensure that they can perform their duties with high reliability at nearly any sea state. Combined with high safety requirements, this has resulted in general operational patterns with vessels running multiple combustion engines even at calm water conditions. For emissions, low engine loads yield high emissions of exhaust gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and aerosols such as black carbon (BC), due to less favorable combustion conditions. The high span for these vessels between low loads and high, and their great need for potential power at short notice, motivate our examination of hybrid setups with electric: the vessel segment should be more favorable than many. We find that combining batteries with combustion engines reduces local pollution and climate impact, while the economics with current battery cost and fuel prices is good enough for new vessels, but not good enough for retrofits.

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 21, 2022

Uncertainties on the global availability and affordability of alternative marine fuels are stalli... more Uncertainties on the global availability and affordability of alternative marine fuels are stalling the shipping sector's decarbonization course. Several candidate measures are proposed at the International Maritime Organization, including market-based measures (MBMs), environmental policies like carbon taxes and emissions trading systems. Their implementation increases the cost of fossil fuel consumption and provides fiscal incentives towards greenhouse gas emissions reductions. MBMs can bridge the price gap between alternative and conventional fuels and generate revenues for funding the up-scaling of alternative fuels' production, storage and distribution facilities and, thus, enhance their availability. By estimating the fuels' implementation and operational costs and carbon abatement potential, this study develops their marginal abatement cost curves and estimates the optimal level of carbon pricing needed to render investments into alternative fuels cost-effective. The results can assist policymakers in establishing the fundamental factors and MBM design principles that can make MBMs a robust and effective decarbonization measure.

Omega, Jun 1, 2000

This paper considers the real problem of determining an ecient policy for a supply operation in t... more This paper considers the real problem of determining an ecient policy for a supply operation in the Norwegian Sea, where a number of oshore installations are serviced from an onshore depot by supply vessels. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the eect on the total supply cost of having some or all of the oshore installations closed for service during night, and to determine an optimal routing policy. Six scenarios were developed, varying in the opening hours and the number of weekly services of the installations, as well as an algorithm to ®nd an optimal routing policy (which vessels to operate and the coherent weekly schedules) for each of the scenarios. By also evaluating the qualitative aspects of the solution of each scenario, a routing policy was recommended, involving potential savings of 7 million dollars. The proposed policy has been implemented and the experience so far is good.

Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, Jun 1, 2023

The Dynamic Energy Landscape,33rd USAEE/IAEE North American Conference,Oct 25-28, 2015, Oct 25, 2015

Shorter shipping routes through the Arctic are not necessarily more climate friendly blogs.lse.ac... more Shorter shipping routes through the Arctic are not necessarily more climate friendly blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2016/08/24/shorter-shipping-routes-through-the-arctic-are-not-necessarily-more-climate-friendly/ Long inaccessible to ships, as a consequence of global warming, much of the Arctic Ocean is now navigable in the summer months. While the newly ice-free Northern Sea Route cuts the distance of the journey between Northern Europe and Japan by 40 percent, recent research from Haakon-Elizabeth Lindstad and colleagues shows that it may not be more climate-friendly. Assessing the cost, emissions and climate impact of using the Northern Sea Route compared to the Indian Ocean and the Suez Canal, they find that the impact of shipping-related greenhouse gas emissions in the Arctic region counteracts the benefits of the shorter voyage distance and lower fuel consumption.

Ocean Engineering, Dec 1, 2015

 Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose... more  Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.  You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain  You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, 2017

This paper assesses the pros and the cons of installing batteries on offshore support vessels. Th... more This paper assesses the pros and the cons of installing batteries on offshore support vessels. These vessels are specially designed to provide services to oil and gas operations, such as anchor handling, supply and subsea operations. They have multiple engines and advanced dynamic positioning systems to ensure that they can perform their duties with high reliability at nearly any sea state. Combined with high safety requirements, this has resulted in general operational patterns with vessels running multiple combustion engines even at calm water conditions. For emissions, low engine loads yield high emissions of exhaust gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and aerosols such as black carbon (BC), due to less favorable combustion conditions. The high span for these vessels between low loads and high, and their great need for potential power at short notice, motivate our examination of hybrid setups with electric: the vessel segment should be more favorable than many. We find that combining batteries with combustion engines reduces local pollution and climate impact, while the economics with current battery cost and fuel prices is good enough for new vessels, but not good enough for retrofits.

Energy Policy, Jun 1, 2011

... B vessel beam (maximum width) of the vessel at the waterline, m C cost per freight unit, USD/... more ... B vessel beam (maximum width) of the vessel at the waterline, m C cost per freight unit, USD/ton nautical mile C HFO cost for heavy fuel oil per ton, USD/ton C IR the annual interest rate as calculated by industry or financial institutions, % C M export value per ton of transported ...

SNAME Maritime Convention, 2016

Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks, Jan 12, 2012

Abstract A trend in modern supply chain management has been to substitute information for invento... more Abstract A trend in modern supply chain management has been to substitute information for inventory. In this chapter, an approach to how information and communication technology can be used to achieve this in a maritime logistics context is outlined and described based upon a bulk shipping case. The approach used is based on data-driven modeling and analysis, in which current logistics and commodity storage costs are benchmarked against a “best possible solution.” To make a new solution operative, a change should be made based upon an analytical decision-making approach, ICT infrastructure development, and inter-organizational development. Thus, the proper use of analytical and transactional information and communication technology in maritime logistics would enable logistics chain stakeholders to track stock levels and ultimately allocate vessels to move cargo when that is logistically most cost effective. Further, this could support a development in the contractual relationships between producer and shipping line changing from a Contract of Affreightment to a Service Level Agreement relationship. There is room for enhanced use of information and communication technology to provide decision and operational support at strategic, tactical, and operational levels within maritime logistics. This chapter explains some of the driving forces for this, together with a tested approach and method for this, given into a specific, practical case.

Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, Dec 1, 2015

Three responses that reduce energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in maritime transport are slowe... more Three responses that reduce energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in maritime transport are slower speeds, larger vessels and slender hull designs. We use crude oil carriers as our illustrative example; these represent nearly a quarter of international sea cargo movements. We estimate the potential and costs in these which can all be described as capital substituting for energy and emissions. At different degrees of flexibility and time scales: speed reductions are feasible immediately when there are vessels available, though more capital will be tied up in cargo. Deployment of larger and more slender vessels to a greater extent requires fleet renovation, and also investments in ports and infrastructure. A novel finding in our analysis is that if bunker costs rise as a result of emission costs (fees, quotas), then this may depress speeds and emissions more than if they result from higher oil prices. The reason is that for higher oil prices, more capital tied up in cargo may give cargo owners an interest in speeding up, partly counteracting the impulse from fuel costs that tends to slow vessels down. Emission costs, in contrast, do not raise cargo values.

Energy Policy, Jul 1, 2012

CO 2 emissions from maritime transport represent 3.3% of the world's total CO 2 emissions and are... more CO 2 emissions from maritime transport represent 3.3% of the world's total CO 2 emissions and are forecast to increase by 150%-250% by 2050, due to increased freight volumes (Second IMO GHG study, 2009). Fulfilling anticipated climate requirements (IPCC, 2007) could require the sector to reduce emissions per freight unit by a factor of five or six. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is currently debating technical, operational and market-based measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from shipping. This paper also investigates the effects of economies of scale on the direct emissions and costs of maritime transport. We compared emissions from the current fleet (2007), with what can be achieved by increasing average vessel size. The comparison is based on the 2007 levels of trade and predictions for 2050. The results show that emissions can be reduced by up to 30% at a negative abatement cost per ton of CO 2 by replacing the existing fleet with larger vessels. Replacing the whole fleet might take as long as 25 years, so the reduction in emissions will be achieved gradually as the current fleet is renewed.

Maritime Policy & Management, Oct 1, 2009

The fleet deployment problem is an important planning problem in liner shipping. It deals with op... more The fleet deployment problem is an important planning problem in liner shipping. It deals with optimally assigning voyages to available vessels in the fleet and determining vessel routes and schedules in a way that minimizes costs or maximizes profit. This paper presents a new model for a fleet deployment problem in liner shipping, and we also propose a multi-start local search heuristic to solve the problem. The heuristic has been embedded in a prototype decision support system (DSS) that has been implemented and tested at Höegh Autoliners, a major global provider of ro-ro (roll-on roll-off) vehicle transportation services. The heuristic was able to produce high-quality solutions within a few minutes to a real planning problem with more than 55 vessels and 150 voyages over a planning horizon of 4–6 months. Tests indicated that the solutions suggested by the DSS gave between 2 and 10% improvements compared with solutions from manual planning. What is almost equally important is that using the DSS can ease the planning process.

Transport Policy, 2016

This paper assesses costs, emissions, and climate impact by freight shipping in the Arctic with m... more This paper assesses costs, emissions, and climate impact by freight shipping in the Arctic with main focus on the Northern Sea Route. The entire route lies in Arctic waters, which due to global warming, has become ice free during summer and autumn. The route goes from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Russian Arctic coast and reduces voyage distance by 40 % between Northern Europe and Japan. Traditionally, comparisons of the climate impact of transport solutions have been based on fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2), while other trace emissions in the exhaust gas have been ignored. It is becoming increasingly well-known however, that aerosols, and their precursors emitted from shipping are strong climate forcers, with a magnitude that is intimately connected to the specific region of emission. Taking into account these considerations, we apply region-specific Global Warming Potential (GWP) characterization factors to estimate the relative magnitude of the short-lived climate forcers in the Arctic compared to traditional shipping regions and to the impact of CO2 emissions in light of reduced overall fuel consumption. The results indicate that there are no general climate benefits of utilizing the Northern Sea Route, even with cleaner fuels, since the additional impact of emissions in the Arctic more than offsets the effect of shorter voyages. In terms of climate change mitigation, managing this trade-off will be challenging, as the Northern Sea Route offers cost savings per ton of freight transported.

Volume 1: Offshore Technology; Offshore Geotechnics, 2016

As oil and gas (O&G) activities are moving north in the Arctic region new challenges for the offs... more As oil and gas (O&G) activities are moving north in the Arctic region new challenges for the offshore logistics have arisen. These challenges impose more stringent requirements for the logistics system setup, especially on the design and operation of vessels. We propose a methodology for quick evaluation of the feasibility and cost of the logistics system in the early stages of offshore supply planning. This methodology allows for testing the effects of using alternative ship designs and the overall supply fleet composition on system’s cost and performance while satisfying prospective campaign requirements. Safety standards and requirements for emergency preparedness and environmental performance are taken into account while cost effectiveness of the logistics system as a whole is the main quantifiable measure. The presented methodology is also very relevant for evaluation and planning of the logistics supply system for O&G activities in other areas around the world that are conside...

The IMDC'03 Conference Paper) Logistics, including the development and operation of supply an... more The IMDC'03 Conference Paper) Logistics, including the development and operation of supply and distribution chains, are the means that integrate suppliers, producers and customers. The awareness and importance of logistics as a competitive factor is increasing. The background study focuses on different transport concept for heavy machinery, new cars, and forestry products. The method developed is general, though the examples are based upon distribution of new cars from hinterland areas in cont inental Europe to Australia, and transport of paper rolls from mills in the Nordic countries to customers in Europe. Design, technology and organisation are within the logistics chain important aspects to consider. Ro-Ro technologies used throughout multimodal logistic solutions are concepts that represent great potential in cost savings and lead-time reductions, compared to existing systems. In this paper we will present different Ro-Ro technology for vessels (Enisys), terminals (Ipsi), a...

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 21, 2022

Uncertainties on the global availability and affordability of alternative marine fuels are stalli... more Uncertainties on the global availability and affordability of alternative marine fuels are stalling the shipping sector's decarbonization course. Several candidate measures are proposed at the International Maritime Organization, including market-based measures (MBMs), environmental policies like carbon taxes and emissions trading systems. Their implementation increases the cost of fossil fuel consumption and provides fiscal incentives towards greenhouse gas emissions reductions. MBMs can bridge the price gap between alternative and conventional fuels and generate revenues for funding the up-scaling of alternative fuels' production, storage and distribution facilities and, thus, enhance their availability. By estimating the fuels' implementation and operational costs and carbon abatement potential, this study develops their marginal abatement cost curves and estimates the optimal level of carbon pricing needed to render investments into alternative fuels cost-effective. The results can assist policymakers in establishing the fundamental factors and MBM design principles that can make MBMs a robust and effective decarbonization measure.

Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, Dec 1, 2021

Social Science Research Network, 2017

In 2016, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) decided on global regulations to reduce su... more In 2016, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) decided on global regulations to reduce sulphur emissions to air from maritime shipping starting 2020. The regulation implies that ships can continue to use residual fuels with a high sulphur content, such as heavy fuel oil (HFO), if they employ scrubbers to desulphurise the exhaust gases. Alternatively, they can use fuels with less than 0.5% sulphur, such as desulphurised HFO, distillates (diesel) or liquefied natural gas (LNG). The options of lighter fuels and desulphurisation entail costs, including higher energy consumption at refineries, and the present study identifies and compares compliance options as a function of ship type and operational patterns. The results indicate distillates as an attractive option for smaller vessels, while scrubbers will be an attractive option for larger vessels. For all vessels, apart from the largest fuel consumers, residual fuels desulphurised to less than 0.5 % sulphur are also a competing abatement option. Moreover, we analyse the interaction between global SOX reductions and CO2 (and fuel consumption), and the results indicate that the higher fuel cost for distillates will motivate shippers to lower speeds, which will offset the increased CO2 emissions at the refineries. Scrubbers, in contrast, will raise speeds and CO2 emissions.

Social Science Research Network, 2016

This paper assesses the pros and the cons of installing batteries on offshore support vessels. Th... more This paper assesses the pros and the cons of installing batteries on offshore support vessels. These vessels are specially designed to provide services to oil and gas operations, such as anchor handling, supply and subsea operations. They have multiple engines and advanced dynamic positioning systems to ensure that they can perform their duties with high reliability at nearly any sea state. Combined with high safety requirements, this has resulted in general operational patterns with vessels running multiple combustion engines even at calm water conditions. For emissions, low engine loads yield high emissions of exhaust gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and aerosols such as black carbon (BC), due to less favorable combustion conditions. The high span for these vessels between low loads and high, and their great need for potential power at short notice, motivate our examination of hybrid setups with electric: the vessel segment should be more favorable than many. We find that combining batteries with combustion engines reduces local pollution and climate impact, while the economics with current battery cost and fuel prices is good enough for new vessels, but not good enough for retrofits.

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 21, 2022

Uncertainties on the global availability and affordability of alternative marine fuels are stalli... more Uncertainties on the global availability and affordability of alternative marine fuels are stalling the shipping sector's decarbonization course. Several candidate measures are proposed at the International Maritime Organization, including market-based measures (MBMs), environmental policies like carbon taxes and emissions trading systems. Their implementation increases the cost of fossil fuel consumption and provides fiscal incentives towards greenhouse gas emissions reductions. MBMs can bridge the price gap between alternative and conventional fuels and generate revenues for funding the up-scaling of alternative fuels' production, storage and distribution facilities and, thus, enhance their availability. By estimating the fuels' implementation and operational costs and carbon abatement potential, this study develops their marginal abatement cost curves and estimates the optimal level of carbon pricing needed to render investments into alternative fuels cost-effective. The results can assist policymakers in establishing the fundamental factors and MBM design principles that can make MBMs a robust and effective decarbonization measure.

Omega, Jun 1, 2000

This paper considers the real problem of determining an ecient policy for a supply operation in t... more This paper considers the real problem of determining an ecient policy for a supply operation in the Norwegian Sea, where a number of oshore installations are serviced from an onshore depot by supply vessels. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the eect on the total supply cost of having some or all of the oshore installations closed for service during night, and to determine an optimal routing policy. Six scenarios were developed, varying in the opening hours and the number of weekly services of the installations, as well as an algorithm to ®nd an optimal routing policy (which vessels to operate and the coherent weekly schedules) for each of the scenarios. By also evaluating the qualitative aspects of the solution of each scenario, a routing policy was recommended, involving potential savings of 7 million dollars. The proposed policy has been implemented and the experience so far is good.

Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, Jun 1, 2023