Faisal Farrukh - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Faisal Farrukh

Unlike other computer systems, the grid computation stands for systematically interrelated hetero... more Unlike other computer systems, the grid computation stands for systematically interrelated heterogeneous computers and computing resources under a multiple management and administrative domains. Such varyingly varying computational resources in the name of grid computing only aim at providing the users easy access to the resources. One can utilize number of ways to get access to those resources and developers can utilize different architecture to build the grids. While the constructional architecture of these grid computers are by large different in terms of their implications, objectivity and usage; researchers found grid computing security to be a major field to study and experiment. Contemporary research efforts should that the objectivity variance and implicational architectural variation among different grid computing architecture are right to be perceived as the key reason of security concerns. More explorative study of these architectures and further research on grid computing security revealed that researchers can in many instances overcome the architectural differences in security variations but they cannot completely ensure protection. This paper studies Legion, Globus, CRISIS architecture of grid computing to explore what else is impacting the grid computing security performance. Is it users usage of the grid computing that is causing security vulnerability of the system? What aspects of users usage of grid computing are actually impacting the grid computers security performance? Is there any way to overcome the situation? This paper systematically attempts to find all the answers.

The European Union is a supranational organization, its functioning is different than a governmen... more The European Union is a supranational organization, its functioning is different than a government; so its taxation policy objectives. Furthermore, it can only address the issues that are integrative and common for European nation. Taxation for countries and states have always remained a sovereign function which changes in its application and goal defining with the change in socioeconomic, cultural, political situations. Even in crisis moment such policies can change. In such a context, it is perceivable that incorporating a supranational organization's taxation policies to member states context is not only challenging but also not a wiser choice. Still, EU made significant progress in harmonizing the taxation system across the continent. Tensions between the state level counterparts of EU taxation authority, the tax governance, bilateral relationship, state's diplomatic policies etc are greatly linked with the aspect. In short there were more problems, threats and challenges for the taxation policy to make its move in the reality than the dream itself. With few downturns, European economy is now enjoying a better state, depth and credibility unlike before. Such progressively impressive transition is credited to the EU taxation. This paper explains how the EU taxation has helped to pull and lift up the EU economy and social capital to today.

Once the Second World War was over, things did not fall into places for many. Countries started t... more Once the Second World War was over, things did not fall into places for many. Countries started to strategies themselves differently as a lesson they learnt from their recent warfare. Germany, France, Britain, Russia and the US were among the key players during the war and remained equally influential in determining future courses for regions. Especially, when Ruhr and Saar were occupied from Germany by the allied forces, it created an extreme concern over the sustainability of the economic activities of Europe. European states were firm that their economic survival is impossible without securing their interests in the coal and steel mines and industries in Ruhr and Saar. Germany if let to control it singularly then it can again grow hostile. France cannot let this happen as Soviet Union is a threat for everyone in the Europe. The UK and the US finds it more diplomatically intense and complex situation as the US believes in greater continental integrity while US’s prime interest is in limiting Soviet involvement and interference to grow further. Prior this period the European integration through institutional mechanisms have experienced failure and stakeholder countries were broadly divided with different viewpoints, goals and objectives. This paper explains how France got everyone in agreement with the Schuman plan that resulted in the greater institutional framework of the European Union, challenged the US interference and got Europe everyone in agreement on Soviet Union issue.

This paper looks into the scopes of European Union's constitution through analyzing and assessing... more This paper looks into the scopes of European Union's constitution through analyzing and assessing the common constitutional identities and traditions which actually the governing factor of community laws that gets backed by state constitution. Tradition, community law and constitution; each seeks its root into the other and this has been the practice for nations to proclaim their constitutions based on the same roots. However, the context of EU constitution offers many differences in real sense and the treaties that were ratified by the member states to govern the functioning of the EU are yet to come up with a fruitful constitutional solution for the union even though the EU constitutions development is mechanized in the same way the member states constitutions have resulted – through traditions, common identities and community laws. Interestingly, EU is having European Law in force. In general the constitution creates the legislature in state level but in EU context, the European law have emerged and is remained functional without a basic backing of a EU constitution – but by the governing treaties that address the European nations homogeneity. When functionally the effectiveness is proved of the common traditions and identities backing in formation of laws, where EU is getting stuck in embodying the law inside a constitutional system? This paper seeks the answer.

For a contract to be a contract, it needs 7 elements. These are the contracting parties, offer an... more For a contract to be a contract, it needs 7 elements. These are the contracting parties, offer and acceptance, consensus, lawful relation, legal enforceability, expressed and implied terms and contracting capacity. This paper explains all the elements with example, defines the contract types, explains their application with a focus on vicarious liability and principles of negligence from the Tort Law. Read it now, things are made easier to understand for any business school student!

Migration is a very basic characteristics to every living things. Migration of beings along side ... more Migration is a very basic characteristics to every living things. Migration of beings along side human occurred from time immemorial and remained dominated by different reasons. However, as the state system has formed and established in different countries and resources to production, qualities of living started to get differentiated across geographic locations. These factors which are highly essential to human emerged as stronger motivation for people to migrate from one place to another, said (Khan & Khan, 2012). Currently, academics differentiate migration into two categories on the basis of the human movement and relocation under state system. These are internal and external. A country like Pakistan have been witnessing human migrations of both the kinds, said (Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency, 2008). Pakistani people are migrating within the country from its rural places to urban cities, rural villages to rural villages and urban cities to semi urban cities.

mastery where we see a creature is put to observe his creator but not to live his own life. It al... more mastery where we see a creature is put to observe his creator but not to live his own life. It also falls into the time line of being Victorian English literature and based on European background. In both the novels, we see the authors to have dealt with individualism with bit of twist. This twisted individualism, is referred as dualism in psychology. It is a psychological disorder, known as the dualism. Dualism is defined to be a thought of facts that is not explainable in general sense neither the thought can invalidate the very existence of the other fact. Generally it has been between two opposing characteristics of a single person. (Lucas, 2013) In both the plot we see the main character to be desirous of inventing something of such magnanimous scale to become world's leading scientist and innovator. Their works lead them to gore consequences but cannot make them stop or holding their work. Rather, in both instances of the novels, we see the main characters to encounter lots of horrifying incidents that denote immoral stands of them. Puzzled by the immoral experimentations outcome, both Dr. Jekyll and Frankenstein had to meet tragic death. But their death was necessary for the authors to construct their underlying message behind their works. In the following section we shall be comparing, analyzing and reviewing these works to understand what and which messages each of these authors attempted to deliver to their contemporary readers through reflecting the time and the society. (Wouterse, 2012) According to the story plot, both the leading characters of the novel, namely, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde were suffering from personality disorder. The author applied both philosophical and religious context to interpret the characters. However, both in the eventual context of the Analysis of similarities and differences between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Frankenstein

According to (Fitzroy Legal Service, 2016) an agreement only becomes a contract when there is an ... more According to (Fitzroy Legal Service, 2016) an agreement only becomes a contract when there is an offer, an acceptance, an intention between the parties to create legal binding, legal capacity of the parties to act and consideration to the promise and legality of the whole. In the given case we see a negotiation is going on between Livestock Brokers and Dorper Sheep Sellers. As per the provided details Dorper Sheep Sellers sets its prices and sets a deadline for the Livestock Broker to confirm it. Livestock Broker fails to accept the offer but requests for further clarification on the financing terms. Dorper Sheep did not reply to Livestock by the time but after six months Livestock Brokers writes back to Dorper Sheep about accepting the price and intended to buy the flock. Here the time lapsed and the offer validity has expired. So, Dorper Sheep refuses the offer.

According to (UNAIDS, 2010) the estimated number of people in Egypt living with HIV AIDS is about... more According to (UNAIDS, 2010) the estimated number of people in Egypt living with HIV AIDS is about 11000 of whom 1540 are between the 15 to 24 year of age ground and 2400 are women of 15+ age only. It has 1.8% mother to child transmission rate while HIV positive prevalent pregnancy is 21.1% and only 4.8% females and 18.3% of male of the total population of 15-24 age group really know about HIV and AIDS. According to (WHO, 2010), the Egyptian Ministry of Health till 2008 have kept records of 1059 death from HIV infection and AIDS cases. Even to that the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is 0.03% in 15 to 49 years age group of population.

Certainly publishing the research results is the part of research requirement, but, writing the p... more Certainly publishing the research results is the part of research requirement, but, writing the paper is not always the favorite task of a researcher because it is tedious and time consuming. It involves complying with different rules and guidelines that make that research work and its publication into quite a challenge in terms of structure, scientific and academic appeal and the sole prime considerations of the research. Therefore, having and gaining a deeper knowledge on the publication conventions of the research area is considered as researcher’s key competence. He or she should know following which publication conventions would help him to protect his work intellectually and to gain reputation. On such background the paper will explore the publication conventions in epidemiology research, since it is the research area.

What Pierre Trudeau did is important enough to discuss, because he changed Canada forever. He mad... more What Pierre Trudeau did is important enough to discuss, because he changed Canada forever. He made English and French an equal status and he created the status of women office. His government also declared the Multicultural policy. The Multicultural policy is ensuring that Canadians receive, regardless of their race, equal treatment. Trudeau's government also enacted the Canada Health Act in 1984.

The treaty number 9 is known as the James Bay Treaty which was originally made in oral form and d... more The treaty number 9 is known as the James Bay Treaty which was originally made in oral form and does not have a written copy of it. As a treaty this kept implicating between 1905-06 and 1929 -30 periods for two separate part of the Canadian provincial regions. The treaty is now protected under the Canadian constitution’s section 35 which serves the aboriginal and the treaty rights of Canadian aboriginal people particularly for Ontario, Cree and Ojibway nations of the Northern Ontario. The first treaty made in 1905 period and later in 1929 some more adhesion are made to it. Being a orally made treaty, the treaty number 9 has been centered to number of controversies and contradictions to many.

This position paper aims to gather responses and scholarly findings together based on a speculati... more This position paper aims to gather responses and scholarly findings together based on a speculation as effects in treaty nations, if 11 treaties never existed. So, the paper will firstly revisit those treaties that are concerned, in this section the position paper will try to understand the treaty implications for both the Canadian government and the First Nation. Therefore, as the paper would proceed by providing summarized view of the subjected treaties, their interpretations and implications. Then the paper will reveal and discuss why these treaties were mandate at the time. In this section these treaties would be analyzed from multiple perspectives including the First Nations, the international law and the then British government-successor-Canadian government.

Poole Jr. et.al defined privatization as the shift of responsibility either in full or partial ca... more Poole Jr. et.al defined privatization as the shift of responsibility either in full or partial capacity for a function. In its general sense the term privatization implies for the transfer of control and ownership of any economically active entity to the private sector from the public sector. Sanera, et.al ( 2009) showed that privatization can take four forms which are competitive sourcing, partnership, contracting and sale of assets. It depends mostly on the objective behind the privatization that which of these forms a government or state authority will prefer to apply in privatization. In many cases the privatization were referred as denationalization. The reasons to favor privatization were visited in detail by Shirley, et.al (1992)where she listed reasons for any government to go for privatization. According to her, government’s should privatize as it will improve
- the use of public resources
- the operating efficiency
- the dynamic efficiency
Shirley et.al (1992) also defined how the government’s should privatize state run enterprises. Per her guidelines states need to create that conducive environment for the privatization, streamline the process for it and be ready to be interacted by the enterprise once it is privatized. On this basic context, our paper is titled “Does privatization improve management controls and enhance enterprise performance to facilitate development goals?”.

The growth of borderless virtual business has experienced enormous support from the consumers. Co... more The growth of borderless virtual business has experienced enormous support from the consumers. Consumer finds the shopping spree as an experience of freedom, liberty and individualistic preferentiality; much cherished to his or her desire. Unfortunately, the growth of borderless virtual business and a dedicated consumer base behind it has never impede the industry’s growth but put and created more challenges to regulators, legislators and law enforcement agencies to safe guard consumer rights, public trust and laws. The domains of data confidentiality, consumer rights, privacy, commercial laws, shipping policy, refund policy and intellectual property rights and digital distribution-ownership rights are few examples where the debates and discussions have sparred. This paper is all about explaining the intricacies and complexities that kept emerging as the borderless virtual business keep flourishing around the globe.

The basic of accounting can be defined as the process of keeping financial accounts where account... more The basic of accounting can be defined as the process of keeping financial accounts where accounting as an informational science processes the financial data in the forms of collection, classification and manipulation for an organization and individual.(Averkamp, 2014) It helps in preparing reports and analysis of financial data while economics is the knowledge pertaining the usage of resources and its generation, distribution and transfer. Thus economic reality refers to the condition for application of economics scientific methodologies.(Davidson, 1996, p. 480)

Thus, the statement made “Accounting is implicated in the problematic construction of economic reality” is highly appreciable. Here in the analytical review we shall furnish our understanding of the same in logical manner.

Data preparation for mining web browsing patterns poses researchers and academicians with few key... more Data preparation for mining web browsing patterns poses researchers and academicians with few key questions in terms of data quality measurement that is qualifying a data, the preprocessing of the data, and then clusterization of data based on their homogeneity or heterogeneity and then after clusterization the challenge is in analyzing for which we need algorithm. In preparing this report we have discussed various mining algorithm and compared them and used more graphic interpretation for our findings.

Karl Marx at first coined the term Classical Political Economy in his Capital saying, those econo... more Karl Marx at first coined the term Classical Political Economy in his Capital saying, those economists who are from the time of William Petty investigating the real internal framework of productions bourgeois relations opposing the vulgar economists only floundering around with the apparent framework of those relations. (Samuelson) The economy characterize a state where labor theory is valued and so is the production theory; both of which account rent, wages in manufacturing production while social aspect covered the aggregative groups sustainable instead of individual perspective. (Ebner) Today’s classical political economy accounts money theory and free trade; and it all started with Adam Smith. However, before looking into Adam Smith we need to review William Petty. (Grampp)
According to William Petty the distinction between market and natural prices facilitates the depiction of price regularities which reflects in the value of the product or service and the market price has many influencers that contribute and affect its performance while many are unseen with significant effects. Petty’s defined assumption of market and natural prices include the systematic yet consistent forces operation at a given time while the market price tends towards the natural price – for undefined reasons. Petty puts more focus on the aspect in his land and labor theory by putting a bar between them. (Johnson)

Unlike other computer systems, the grid computation stands for systematically interrelated hetero... more Unlike other computer systems, the grid computation stands for systematically interrelated heterogeneous computers and computing resources under a multiple management and administrative domains. Such varyingly varying computational resources in the name of grid computing only aim at providing the users easy access to the resources. One can utilize number of ways to get access to those resources and developers can utilize different architecture to build the grids. While the constructional architecture of these grid computers are by large different in terms of their implications, objectivity and usage; researchers found grid computing security to be a major field to study and experiment. Contemporary research efforts should that the objectivity variance and implicational architectural variation among different grid computing architecture are right to be perceived as the key reason of security concerns. More explorative study of these architectures and further research on grid computing security revealed that researchers can in many instances overcome the architectural differences in security variations but they cannot completely ensure protection. This paper studies Legion, Globus, CRISIS architecture of grid computing to explore what else is impacting the grid computing security performance. Is it users usage of the grid computing that is causing security vulnerability of the system? What aspects of users usage of grid computing are actually impacting the grid computers security performance? Is there any way to overcome the situation? This paper systematically attempts to find all the answers.

The European Union is a supranational organization, its functioning is different than a governmen... more The European Union is a supranational organization, its functioning is different than a government; so its taxation policy objectives. Furthermore, it can only address the issues that are integrative and common for European nation. Taxation for countries and states have always remained a sovereign function which changes in its application and goal defining with the change in socioeconomic, cultural, political situations. Even in crisis moment such policies can change. In such a context, it is perceivable that incorporating a supranational organization's taxation policies to member states context is not only challenging but also not a wiser choice. Still, EU made significant progress in harmonizing the taxation system across the continent. Tensions between the state level counterparts of EU taxation authority, the tax governance, bilateral relationship, state's diplomatic policies etc are greatly linked with the aspect. In short there were more problems, threats and challenges for the taxation policy to make its move in the reality than the dream itself. With few downturns, European economy is now enjoying a better state, depth and credibility unlike before. Such progressively impressive transition is credited to the EU taxation. This paper explains how the EU taxation has helped to pull and lift up the EU economy and social capital to today.

Once the Second World War was over, things did not fall into places for many. Countries started t... more Once the Second World War was over, things did not fall into places for many. Countries started to strategies themselves differently as a lesson they learnt from their recent warfare. Germany, France, Britain, Russia and the US were among the key players during the war and remained equally influential in determining future courses for regions. Especially, when Ruhr and Saar were occupied from Germany by the allied forces, it created an extreme concern over the sustainability of the economic activities of Europe. European states were firm that their economic survival is impossible without securing their interests in the coal and steel mines and industries in Ruhr and Saar. Germany if let to control it singularly then it can again grow hostile. France cannot let this happen as Soviet Union is a threat for everyone in the Europe. The UK and the US finds it more diplomatically intense and complex situation as the US believes in greater continental integrity while US’s prime interest is in limiting Soviet involvement and interference to grow further. Prior this period the European integration through institutional mechanisms have experienced failure and stakeholder countries were broadly divided with different viewpoints, goals and objectives. This paper explains how France got everyone in agreement with the Schuman plan that resulted in the greater institutional framework of the European Union, challenged the US interference and got Europe everyone in agreement on Soviet Union issue.

This paper looks into the scopes of European Union's constitution through analyzing and assessing... more This paper looks into the scopes of European Union's constitution through analyzing and assessing the common constitutional identities and traditions which actually the governing factor of community laws that gets backed by state constitution. Tradition, community law and constitution; each seeks its root into the other and this has been the practice for nations to proclaim their constitutions based on the same roots. However, the context of EU constitution offers many differences in real sense and the treaties that were ratified by the member states to govern the functioning of the EU are yet to come up with a fruitful constitutional solution for the union even though the EU constitutions development is mechanized in the same way the member states constitutions have resulted – through traditions, common identities and community laws. Interestingly, EU is having European Law in force. In general the constitution creates the legislature in state level but in EU context, the European law have emerged and is remained functional without a basic backing of a EU constitution – but by the governing treaties that address the European nations homogeneity. When functionally the effectiveness is proved of the common traditions and identities backing in formation of laws, where EU is getting stuck in embodying the law inside a constitutional system? This paper seeks the answer.

For a contract to be a contract, it needs 7 elements. These are the contracting parties, offer an... more For a contract to be a contract, it needs 7 elements. These are the contracting parties, offer and acceptance, consensus, lawful relation, legal enforceability, expressed and implied terms and contracting capacity. This paper explains all the elements with example, defines the contract types, explains their application with a focus on vicarious liability and principles of negligence from the Tort Law. Read it now, things are made easier to understand for any business school student!

Migration is a very basic characteristics to every living things. Migration of beings along side ... more Migration is a very basic characteristics to every living things. Migration of beings along side human occurred from time immemorial and remained dominated by different reasons. However, as the state system has formed and established in different countries and resources to production, qualities of living started to get differentiated across geographic locations. These factors which are highly essential to human emerged as stronger motivation for people to migrate from one place to another, said (Khan & Khan, 2012). Currently, academics differentiate migration into two categories on the basis of the human movement and relocation under state system. These are internal and external. A country like Pakistan have been witnessing human migrations of both the kinds, said (Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency, 2008). Pakistani people are migrating within the country from its rural places to urban cities, rural villages to rural villages and urban cities to semi urban cities.

mastery where we see a creature is put to observe his creator but not to live his own life. It al... more mastery where we see a creature is put to observe his creator but not to live his own life. It also falls into the time line of being Victorian English literature and based on European background. In both the novels, we see the authors to have dealt with individualism with bit of twist. This twisted individualism, is referred as dualism in psychology. It is a psychological disorder, known as the dualism. Dualism is defined to be a thought of facts that is not explainable in general sense neither the thought can invalidate the very existence of the other fact. Generally it has been between two opposing characteristics of a single person. (Lucas, 2013) In both the plot we see the main character to be desirous of inventing something of such magnanimous scale to become world's leading scientist and innovator. Their works lead them to gore consequences but cannot make them stop or holding their work. Rather, in both instances of the novels, we see the main characters to encounter lots of horrifying incidents that denote immoral stands of them. Puzzled by the immoral experimentations outcome, both Dr. Jekyll and Frankenstein had to meet tragic death. But their death was necessary for the authors to construct their underlying message behind their works. In the following section we shall be comparing, analyzing and reviewing these works to understand what and which messages each of these authors attempted to deliver to their contemporary readers through reflecting the time and the society. (Wouterse, 2012) According to the story plot, both the leading characters of the novel, namely, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde were suffering from personality disorder. The author applied both philosophical and religious context to interpret the characters. However, both in the eventual context of the Analysis of similarities and differences between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Frankenstein

According to (Fitzroy Legal Service, 2016) an agreement only becomes a contract when there is an ... more According to (Fitzroy Legal Service, 2016) an agreement only becomes a contract when there is an offer, an acceptance, an intention between the parties to create legal binding, legal capacity of the parties to act and consideration to the promise and legality of the whole. In the given case we see a negotiation is going on between Livestock Brokers and Dorper Sheep Sellers. As per the provided details Dorper Sheep Sellers sets its prices and sets a deadline for the Livestock Broker to confirm it. Livestock Broker fails to accept the offer but requests for further clarification on the financing terms. Dorper Sheep did not reply to Livestock by the time but after six months Livestock Brokers writes back to Dorper Sheep about accepting the price and intended to buy the flock. Here the time lapsed and the offer validity has expired. So, Dorper Sheep refuses the offer.

According to (UNAIDS, 2010) the estimated number of people in Egypt living with HIV AIDS is about... more According to (UNAIDS, 2010) the estimated number of people in Egypt living with HIV AIDS is about 11000 of whom 1540 are between the 15 to 24 year of age ground and 2400 are women of 15+ age only. It has 1.8% mother to child transmission rate while HIV positive prevalent pregnancy is 21.1% and only 4.8% females and 18.3% of male of the total population of 15-24 age group really know about HIV and AIDS. According to (WHO, 2010), the Egyptian Ministry of Health till 2008 have kept records of 1059 death from HIV infection and AIDS cases. Even to that the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is 0.03% in 15 to 49 years age group of population.

Certainly publishing the research results is the part of research requirement, but, writing the p... more Certainly publishing the research results is the part of research requirement, but, writing the paper is not always the favorite task of a researcher because it is tedious and time consuming. It involves complying with different rules and guidelines that make that research work and its publication into quite a challenge in terms of structure, scientific and academic appeal and the sole prime considerations of the research. Therefore, having and gaining a deeper knowledge on the publication conventions of the research area is considered as researcher’s key competence. He or she should know following which publication conventions would help him to protect his work intellectually and to gain reputation. On such background the paper will explore the publication conventions in epidemiology research, since it is the research area.

What Pierre Trudeau did is important enough to discuss, because he changed Canada forever. He mad... more What Pierre Trudeau did is important enough to discuss, because he changed Canada forever. He made English and French an equal status and he created the status of women office. His government also declared the Multicultural policy. The Multicultural policy is ensuring that Canadians receive, regardless of their race, equal treatment. Trudeau's government also enacted the Canada Health Act in 1984.

The treaty number 9 is known as the James Bay Treaty which was originally made in oral form and d... more The treaty number 9 is known as the James Bay Treaty which was originally made in oral form and does not have a written copy of it. As a treaty this kept implicating between 1905-06 and 1929 -30 periods for two separate part of the Canadian provincial regions. The treaty is now protected under the Canadian constitution’s section 35 which serves the aboriginal and the treaty rights of Canadian aboriginal people particularly for Ontario, Cree and Ojibway nations of the Northern Ontario. The first treaty made in 1905 period and later in 1929 some more adhesion are made to it. Being a orally made treaty, the treaty number 9 has been centered to number of controversies and contradictions to many.

This position paper aims to gather responses and scholarly findings together based on a speculati... more This position paper aims to gather responses and scholarly findings together based on a speculation as effects in treaty nations, if 11 treaties never existed. So, the paper will firstly revisit those treaties that are concerned, in this section the position paper will try to understand the treaty implications for both the Canadian government and the First Nation. Therefore, as the paper would proceed by providing summarized view of the subjected treaties, their interpretations and implications. Then the paper will reveal and discuss why these treaties were mandate at the time. In this section these treaties would be analyzed from multiple perspectives including the First Nations, the international law and the then British government-successor-Canadian government.

Poole Jr. et.al defined privatization as the shift of responsibility either in full or partial ca... more Poole Jr. et.al defined privatization as the shift of responsibility either in full or partial capacity for a function. In its general sense the term privatization implies for the transfer of control and ownership of any economically active entity to the private sector from the public sector. Sanera, et.al ( 2009) showed that privatization can take four forms which are competitive sourcing, partnership, contracting and sale of assets. It depends mostly on the objective behind the privatization that which of these forms a government or state authority will prefer to apply in privatization. In many cases the privatization were referred as denationalization. The reasons to favor privatization were visited in detail by Shirley, et.al (1992)where she listed reasons for any government to go for privatization. According to her, government’s should privatize as it will improve
- the use of public resources
- the operating efficiency
- the dynamic efficiency
Shirley et.al (1992) also defined how the government’s should privatize state run enterprises. Per her guidelines states need to create that conducive environment for the privatization, streamline the process for it and be ready to be interacted by the enterprise once it is privatized. On this basic context, our paper is titled “Does privatization improve management controls and enhance enterprise performance to facilitate development goals?”.

The growth of borderless virtual business has experienced enormous support from the consumers. Co... more The growth of borderless virtual business has experienced enormous support from the consumers. Consumer finds the shopping spree as an experience of freedom, liberty and individualistic preferentiality; much cherished to his or her desire. Unfortunately, the growth of borderless virtual business and a dedicated consumer base behind it has never impede the industry’s growth but put and created more challenges to regulators, legislators and law enforcement agencies to safe guard consumer rights, public trust and laws. The domains of data confidentiality, consumer rights, privacy, commercial laws, shipping policy, refund policy and intellectual property rights and digital distribution-ownership rights are few examples where the debates and discussions have sparred. This paper is all about explaining the intricacies and complexities that kept emerging as the borderless virtual business keep flourishing around the globe.

The basic of accounting can be defined as the process of keeping financial accounts where account... more The basic of accounting can be defined as the process of keeping financial accounts where accounting as an informational science processes the financial data in the forms of collection, classification and manipulation for an organization and individual.(Averkamp, 2014) It helps in preparing reports and analysis of financial data while economics is the knowledge pertaining the usage of resources and its generation, distribution and transfer. Thus economic reality refers to the condition for application of economics scientific methodologies.(Davidson, 1996, p. 480)

Thus, the statement made “Accounting is implicated in the problematic construction of economic reality” is highly appreciable. Here in the analytical review we shall furnish our understanding of the same in logical manner.

Data preparation for mining web browsing patterns poses researchers and academicians with few key... more Data preparation for mining web browsing patterns poses researchers and academicians with few key questions in terms of data quality measurement that is qualifying a data, the preprocessing of the data, and then clusterization of data based on their homogeneity or heterogeneity and then after clusterization the challenge is in analyzing for which we need algorithm. In preparing this report we have discussed various mining algorithm and compared them and used more graphic interpretation for our findings.

Karl Marx at first coined the term Classical Political Economy in his Capital saying, those econo... more Karl Marx at first coined the term Classical Political Economy in his Capital saying, those economists who are from the time of William Petty investigating the real internal framework of productions bourgeois relations opposing the vulgar economists only floundering around with the apparent framework of those relations. (Samuelson) The economy characterize a state where labor theory is valued and so is the production theory; both of which account rent, wages in manufacturing production while social aspect covered the aggregative groups sustainable instead of individual perspective. (Ebner) Today’s classical political economy accounts money theory and free trade; and it all started with Adam Smith. However, before looking into Adam Smith we need to review William Petty. (Grampp)
According to William Petty the distinction between market and natural prices facilitates the depiction of price regularities which reflects in the value of the product or service and the market price has many influencers that contribute and affect its performance while many are unseen with significant effects. Petty’s defined assumption of market and natural prices include the systematic yet consistent forces operation at a given time while the market price tends towards the natural price – for undefined reasons. Petty puts more focus on the aspect in his land and labor theory by putting a bar between them. (Johnson)

In UK, according to a statistics, unemployment rate of young adults has increased by 15.34% durin... more In UK, according to a statistics, unemployment rate of young adults has increased by 15.34% during 1983-2015 period. Historic high unemployment was realized in 2011 where every 22.43 young adults were unemployed per hundred people. This unemployment figure was at its lowest in 1989 when only 9.70 persons were unemployed for every hundred people.

non fiction, 2020

দ্রিস স্রাবির লহম্মে দ্যু লিভ্রে ও ও আরও অন্যান্য সিরাত অবলম্বনে কৃত সংক্ষেপিত ভাবানুবাদ; পুরোটাই... more দ্রিস স্রাবির লহম্মে দ্যু লিভ্রে ও ও আরও অন্যান্য সিরাত অবলম্বনে কৃত সংক্ষেপিত ভাবানুবাদ; পুরোটাই কাল্পনিক উপন্যাস নবীজীকে নিয়ে, নবুয়তের মতন ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা নিয়ে বাংলায় তেমন কিছু লেখা হয়নি, সেই অভাবের জায়গা পূরণ করতে এই প্রচেষ্টা; দ্বিতীয়ত; যেটা মূল জানানোর বিষয়, তা হচ্ছে লেখার ধরন, ইন্টারটেক্সচুয়ালিটি আছে অনেক, গরম বলেই ঠাণ্ডা, কালো বলেই সাদা বলার, তাছাড়া বচনের অহরহ পরিবর্তন, কখন উত্তম পুরুষে, কখন দ্রিস্যকল্পের,, নবীজির কষ্ট উপস্থাপনের চেষ্টায় সব লেখার অক্ষরে ফুটানো সম্ভব নয়, সেক্ষেত্রে দৃশ্যকল্প আছে; এটা রেফারেন্স হিসেবে ব্যাবহার করা যাবে না, ভুল আছে - শুদ্ধ করার চেষ্টা চলছে, চলবে; পুনশ্চ এটা কল্পিত উপন্যাস। প্রাসঙ্গিক সংলাপ ছাড়া সকল ঘটনা বিভিন্ন রেফারেন্স থেকে নেয়া।