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Papers by Adrian Furnham

The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2016

Spanish-speaking Colombian (n = 50) and English-speaking British (N = 52) adults completed a self... more Spanish-speaking Colombian (n = 50) and English-speaking British (N = 52) adults completed a self-assessed intelligence measure that yielded a score on domain-masculine intelligence (DMIQ), a composite of mathematical/logical and spatial intelligences. They also completed a Sex Role inventory in order to establish their masculinity and femininity. Males in both countries gave significantly higher self-estimates (Colombia: Males 110.36, Females 100.75, d = .94; England: Males 114.37, Females 105.75, d = .86; both p < .01) than females but sex role was note related to DMIQ. However there was a positive relationship between masculinity and DMIQ (r = .45, r = .39, p < .01), but only for males. Cultural issues in self-assessed intelligence and limitations, particularly sample size of this exploratory study are considered.

International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2009

The present study examined the effects of different types of background auditory stimuli on the c... more The present study examined the effects of different types of background auditory stimuli on the cognitive and creative task performance of introverts and extraverts. A sample of 77 high-school students completed two cognitive tasks (Baddeley Reasoning Test and sentence-completion) and a creative task (Alternate-Uses Test of divergent thinking) under one of four different background auditory conditions (speech, noise, music, or silence), as well as being assessed on Extraversion. Results showed no significant main or interactive effects of background auditory stimuli and personality on either cognitive task performance. However, there was a significant interactive effect on creative performance, with extraverts performing better in the presence of music than introverts. Consistencies and discrepancies with past literature are discussed.

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2010

This study reports results from the first International Body Project (IBP-I), which surveyed 7,43... more This study reports results from the first International Body Project (IBP-I), which surveyed 7,434 individuals in 10 major world regions about body weight ideals and body dissatisfaction. Participants completed the female Contour Drawing Figure Rating Scale (CDFRS) and self-reported their exposure to Western and local media. Results indicated there were significant cross-regional differences in the ideal female figure and body dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small across high-socioeconomic-status (SES) sites. Within cultures, heavier bodies were preferred in low-SES sites compared to high-SES sites in Malaysia and South Africa ( ds = 1.94-2.49) but not in Austria. Participant age, body mass index (BMI), and Western media exposure predicted body weight ideals. BMI and Western media exposure predicted body dissatisfaction among women. Our results show that body dissatisfaction and desire for thinness is commonplace in high-SES settings across world regions, highlighting the nee...

The Spanish journal of psychology, 2009

This study examined estimates of their own, and their parents' general and multiple intellige... more This study examined estimates of their own, and their parents' general and multiple intelligences. Three hundred and twenty three students from East Timor, and one hundred eighty three students from Portugal estimated their own, and their parents' IQ scores on each of Gardner's ten multiple intelligences. Men believed they were more intelligent than were women on mathematical (logical), spatial, and naturalistic intelligence. There were consistent and clear culture differences. Portuguese gave higher self, and family ratings than Timorese, as expected. Participants of both cultures rated overall intelligence of their father higher than that of their mother. Implications of these results for education and self-presentations are considered.

Personality and Individual Differences, 2008

Four-hundred and twenty-four students completed the Big Five (NEO-FFI: Costa & McCrae, 1992) and ... more Four-hundred and twenty-four students completed the Big Five (NEO-FFI: Costa & McCrae, 1992) and approaches to learning (Study Process Questionnaire: Biggs, 1987) scales, and rated the personality facets they desired in a good lecturer/professor. In general, students tended most to prefer lecturers who were emotionally stable (low in Neuroticism) and conscientious. However, correlations between students' and their preferred lecturers' personality characteristics revealed that students tended to prefer lecturers similar to themselves in all personality traits except Neuroticism, and particularly for Openness and Conscientiousness. Personality variables showed consistent incremental validity over age and gender in predicting students' preferences, whereas learning approaches provided very modest additional information. Implications and recommendations for future studies are discussed.

Personality and Individual Differences, 2004

The aim of the present study was to investigate the nature of the negative relationship which has... more The aim of the present study was to investigate the nature of the negative relationship which has been observed between the trait of Conscientiousness and intelligence, using different measures of both variables (Furnham, Chamorro-Premuzic, & Moutafi, under review; Moutafi, Furnham, & Paltiel, under review). A total of 201 participants completed the Fifteen Factor Questionnaire (15FQ) and the General Reasoning Test Battery (GRT1), which included both measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Conscientiousness (Control) was significantly negatively correlated with abstract reasoning (fluid intelligence), but not with verbal reasoning (crystallized intelligence). This was interpreted as indicating that the negative relationship between intelligence and Conscientiousness is due to fluid intelligence affecting the development of Conscientiousness, in an educated and need-achieving population.

Personality and Individual Differences, 2006

The relationship of general knowledge (GK) with ability (IQ and abstract reasoning) and personali... more The relationship of general knowledge (GK) with ability (IQ and abstract reasoning) and personality (Big Five traits and Typical Intellectual Engagement [TIE]) was investigated in a sample of 201 British university students. As predicted, GK was positively correlated with cognitive ability (more so with IQ [r = .46] than with abstract reasoning [r = .37]), TIE (r = .36) and Openness to Experience (r = .16), and negatively related to Neuroticism (r = À.18) and Extraversion (r = À.16). A total of 26% of GK variance was explained by measures of intelligence, though personality traits (particularly Neuroticism and Extraversion) showed incremental validity (5%) in the prediction of GK. Applied and theoretical implications are discussed.

Personality and Individual Differences, 2005

This study looks at the relationship between personality traits (Big Five), fluid (Gf) and subjec... more This study looks at the relationship between personality traits (Big Five), fluid (Gf) and subjectivelyassessed (SAI) intelligence. British and American university students together (N = 186) completed the NEO-PI-R and the RavenÕs Standard Progressive Matrices after estimating their intellectual ability on a normal distribution. As predicted, Openness to Experience was modestly but significantly related to both SAI (r = .20) and Gf (r = .21). SAI was also significantly correlated (negatively, r = À.21) with Neuroticism. Regressing the Big Five personality traits onto SAI scores, showed that these personality traits were found to account for between 9% and 16% of the variance in SAI. At the same time, SAI (and Openness) was a significant correlate and predictor of Gf, which suggests that SAI may be a mediating concept between personality and psychometric intelligence. Results are discussed with regard to current and future research perspectives on the relationship between personality and intelligence.

Personality and Individual Differences, 2009

Over 3000 adult managers attending an assessment centre completed a battery of tests including th... more Over 3000 adult managers attending an assessment centre completed a battery of tests including three personality trait inventories (NEO-PIR; MBTI; and HDS), two ability tests (GMA, WG) and a well established measure of divergent thinking (the Consequences Test) used as the criterion variable for creativity. Regressions showed the NEO-PIR Big Five at facet and domain level accounted for around ten percent of the variance in divergent thinking. The MBTI, Big Four, accounted for only five percent of the total variance. Both intelligence tests were modestly correlated with creativity. Together sex, intelligence and personality accounted for 12% of the variance. Bright, stable, open, extraverted males scored most highly on the measure of creative thinking. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Learning and Individual Differences, 2009

Seven previous studies were used to generate hypotheses on the relationship between these two mea... more Seven previous studies were used to generate hypotheses on the relationship between these two measures, but only the positive link between Openness to Experience and Deep learning was supported by both correlational and structural equation modelling tests. Openness was also found to be negatively linked to Surface learning, but other Big Five traits were not saliently associated with learning approaches. Results indicate that the overlap between learning approaches and personality traits is lower than previously suggested. Implications are discussed.

Learning and Individual Differences, 2003

The relationship between the Big Five personality traits, cognitive ability, and beliefs about in... more The relationship between the Big Five personality traits, cognitive ability, and beliefs about intelligence (BAI) was explored in a longitudinal study using a sample (N = 93) of British university students. These three sets of variables were used to predict academic performance (AP) (i.e., examination grades) as well as seminar performance (i.e., behaviour in class, essay marks, and attendance record) aggregated over a 2-year period. Correlational analyses showed that personality (but not intelligence) was related to BAI (specifically entity vs. incremental beliefs): More conscientious participants were more likely to think that intelligence can be increased throughout the life span, whilst low conscientious individuals were more likely to believe that intelligence is stable. However, these beliefs were not themselves significantly related to AP; only personality traits (Conscientiousness positively, Extraversion negatively) and gender were significantly correlated with AP. Further, following a series of hierarchical regression, it was shown that the Big Five personality traits are better predictors of AP than cognitive ability, BAI, and gender. When seminar performance indicators were regressed onto these variables, a similar pattern was obtained: Personality was the most powerful predictor of absenteeism, essay marks, and behaviour in seminar classes (as rated by different tutors), with Conscientiousness being the most significant predictor. Implications for the prediction of academic success in university and the selection of student settings are discussed.

Journal of Personality Assessment, 2006

The incremental validity of the Typical Intellectual Engagement (TIE) scale as a predictor of aca... more The incremental validity of the Typical Intellectual Engagement (TIE) scale as a predictor of academic performance (AP) was tested over and above other established determinants of AP, namely, psychometric g (as extracted from 5 cognitive ability tests) and the Big Five personality traits, assessed by the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Five Factor Inventory . One hundred four British students were tested on arrival to university, and AP measures were collected longitudinally throughout a 3-year period. TIE, g, and Conscientiousness were the highest correlates of AP. A series of multiple-hierarchical regressions showed that TIE had significant incremental validity (over and above g and the Big Five) in the prediction of AP. Implications are discussed in light of the investment theory of intellectual competence and the utility of self-report inventories as predictors of academic achievement.

Journal of Managerial Psychology, 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether managers at different levels differ in... more PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether managers at different levels differ in terms of ability and personality.Design/methodology/approachAssessment centre results for over a thousand managers on two cognitive and two non‐cognitive tests were subject to analysis of variance.FindingsNon‐manager specialists scored highest on one ability test, but lowest on the other. Senior managers had highest Expressed Inclusion and Control scores but lowest Wanted Inclusion and Control scores. Non‐managers were found to be most diligent and dutiful.Research limitations/implicationsLevel is inevitably confounded with age and experience, which may impact onto the individual difference variables making it difficult to accurately attribute causality.Practical implicationsIt is important to use psychometric test data to help in selection of all managers. Different levels require different profiles.Originality/valueAn exploration of individual differences in a large sample of managers...

Journal of Individual Differences, 2006

This paper explores the relationship between Eysenckian personality, as operationalized by the Ey... more This paper explores the relationship between Eysenckian personality, as operationalized by the Eysenck Personality Profiler (EPP), and verbal and numerical ability. A total of 118 (87 female) working adults participated in the study. Bivariate correlations showed that numerical ability was negatively associated with Caution, whereas verbal ability was negatively associated with Neuroticism, Introversion, and Dissimulation. Two hierarchical regressions showed that the EPP variables (primarily Dissimulation) were significant predictors of verbal, but not Numerical ability, accounting for 30% of the total variance. Theoretical and applied implications for the personality-intelligence interface are discussed, particularly in regards to Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham's (2004) intellectual competence model.

Journal of Individual Differences, 2009

Previous research often examined self-estimated intelligence in relation to academic models of hu... more Previous research often examined self-estimated intelligence in relation to academic models of human cognitive ability or popular models of intelligence (e.g., Gardner’s (1983 ) multiple intelligences). The present study employed a different concept of ability, namely, Fleishman’s (1975 ) structure of human performance, to investigate the psychometric structure of self-estimates. A structural equation model generally confirmed Fleishman’s apriori taxonomy. In addition, the structure of self-estimated abilities closely resembled models of measured cognitive ability (e.g., Carroll, 1993 ) and one latent trait, termed general factor [Formula: see text], was identified. Modest sex differences in self-estimated ability were confirmed in favor of men; however, the latter were noteworthy only for the domains of spatial orientation and physical strengths. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Journal of Business and Psychology, 2007

This study examined the overlap and correlations among two well-known personality measures (NEO-P... more This study examined the overlap and correlations among two well-known personality measures (NEO-PI-R; Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, MBTI) and two widely used intelligence tests (the Graduate Management Assessment (GMA), Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal (WGCTA)). The GMA measures both fluid intelligence (Gf) and crystallized intelligence (Gc), whereas WGCTA mainly assess Gc. A total of over 3,500 participants completed the four measures in a middle management assessment event. Correlational analysis showed that Extraversion on the MBTI tended to be associated with Openness and Stability on the NEO. Intuition was associated with Openness and Introversion. Feeling types tended to be both Agreeable and Neurotic while perceiving types were high on Openness but low on Agreeableness. The NEO Big Five factor of Openness was most consistently and significantly associated with both measures of intelligence (r = .09 to r =.12). Results from the MBTI showed that Intuition and Perceiving scores were positively and significantly associated with both intelligence test scores which were intercorrelated (r = .38). Regressional analysis showed that personality traits are logically and coherently related to intelligence test scores. Implications for selection and assessment are considered.

International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 2008

The relationships among trait emotional intelligence (EI), personality, IQ and sex were investiga... more The relationships among trait emotional intelligence (EI), personality, IQ and sex were investigated in a sample of 585 employees (478 males, 107 females). Participants completed the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, the Bar-On Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) and the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory Revised. Bivariate correlations revealed significant associations between overall EQ-i and Neuroticism (negative), Agreeableness, Extraversion, Openness and Conscientiousness (all positive). While there were no significant associations between overall EQ-i and sex or IQ, significant correlations were observed when EI components were considered. Male participants scored significantly higher on Adaptability and females scored significantly higher on the Interpersonal facet. Moreover, IQ correlated with the Interpersonal composite in the male' sample. Results are discussed in the context of trait EI structure and its implications for interpretation of sex and IQ effects.

International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 2005

This paper reports on two studies that investigated the relationship between the Big Five persona... more This paper reports on two studies that investigated the relationship between the Big Five personality traits, self-estimates of intelligence (SEI), and scores on two psychometrically validated intelligence tests. In study 1 a total of 100 participants completed the NEO-PI-R, the Wonderlic Personnel Test and the Baddeley Reasoning Test, and estimated their own intelligence on a normal distribution curve. Multiple regression showed that psychometric intelligence was predicted by Conscientiousness and SEI, while SEI was predicted by gender, Neuroticism (notably anxiety) and Agreeableness (notably modesty). Personality was a better predictor of SEI than of psychometric intelligence itself. Study 2 attempted to explore the relationship between SEI and psychometric intelligence. A total of 130 participants completed the NEO-PI-R, the Baddeley Reasoning Test, and the S & M Spatial intelligence test. In addition, SEI and participants conceptions of intelligence were also examined. In combination with gender and previous IQ test experience, these variables were found to predict about 11% of the variance in SEI. SEI was the only significant predictor of psychometrically measured intelligence. Inconsistencies between results of the two studies, theoretical and applied implications, and limitations of this work are discussed.

International Journal of Psychology, 2009

T his study is part of a programmatic research effort into the determinants of self-assessed abil... more T his study is part of a programmatic research effort into the determinants of self-assessed abilities. It examined cross-cultural differences in beliefs about intelligence and self-and other-estimated intelligence in two countries at extreme ends of the European continent. In all, 172 British and 272 Turkish students completed a three-part questionnaire where they estimated their parents', partners' and own multiple intelligences (Gardner (10) and Sternberg (3)). They also completed a measure of the 'big five' personality scales and rated six questions about intelligence. The British sample had more experience with IQ tests than the Turks. The majority of participants in both groups did not believe in sex differences in intelligence but did think there were race differences. They also believed that intelligence was primarily inherited. Participants rated their social and emotional intelligence highly (around one standard deviation above the norm). Results suggested that there were more cultural than sex differences in all the ratings, with various interactions mainly due to the British sample differentiating more between the sexes than the Turks. Males rated their overall, verbal, logical, spatial, creative and practical intelligence higher than females. Turks rated their musical, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence as well as existential, naturalistic, emotional, creative, and practical intelligence higher than the British. There was evidence of participants rating their fathers' intelligence on most factors higher than their mothers'. Factor analysis of the ten Gardner intelligences yield two clear factors: cognitive and social intelligence. The first factor was impacted by sex but not culture; it was the other way round for the second factor. Regressions showed that five factors predicted overall estimates: sex (male), age (older), test experience (has done tests), extraversion (strong) and openness (strong). Results are discussed in terms of the growing literature in the field. C ette e ´tude fait partie d'un effort de programmation de la recherche en de ´terminants d'habilete ´s auto- e ´value ´es. Cette e ´tude a examine ´les diffe ´rences inter-culturelles dans les croyances sur l'intelligence et sur l'intelligence de soi et l'estimation de l'intelligence des autres dans deux pays aux deux extre ´mite ´s du continent europe ´en. En tout, 172 e ´tudiants anglais et 272 e ´tudiants turques ont comple ´te ´un questionnaire de trois parties ou `ils ont estime ´les intelligences multiples de leurs parents, de leurs partenaires ainsi que les leurs (Gardner (10) et Sternberg (3)). Ils ont aussi comple ´te ´une mesure des cing grandes e ´chelles de personnalite ´et ont e ´value ´six questions sur l'intelligence. L'e ´chantillon anglais avait plus d'expe ´rience avec les tests de QI que les turques. La majorite ´des participants dans les deux groupes ne croyaient pas aux diffe ´rences sexuelles dans l'intelligence mais pensaient pluto ˆt qu'il y avait des diffe ´rences raciales. Ils croyaient aussi que l'intelligence e ´tait essentiellement he ´re ´ditaire. Les participants ont fortement e ´value ´leur intelligence sociale et e ´motionnelle (a `peu pre `s a `un e ´cart-type au-dessus de la norme). Les re ´sultats sugge `rent qu'il y avait plus de differences culturelles que sexuelles au niveau de toutes les e ´valuations avec des interactions varie ´es. Celles-ci e ´taient surtout dues au fait que l'e ´chantillon anglais a diffe ´rencie ṕlus entre les sexes en comparaison aux hommes turques qui ont e ´value ´leur intelligence globale, verbale, spatiale, cre ´ative et pratique plus favorablement que les femmes turques. Les turques ont e ´value ´leur intelligence musicale, kine ´sique du corps, intelligence inter-et intra-personnelle ainsi que leur intelligence existentielle, naturaliste, e ´motionnelle, cre ´ative et pratique plus favorablement que les anglais. Il y avait une e ´vidence que les participants ont

The Journal of social psychology

This study examined the influence of personality information on perceptions of the physical attra... more This study examined the influence of personality information on perceptions of the physical attractiveness of a range of female body sizes. A sample of 2,157 male university students were randomly assigned to one of 10 groups in which they received personality information about women they were rating, or a control group in which they received no personality information. Controlling for participants' age and body mass index, results showed no significant between-group differences in the body size that participants found most attractive. However, participants provided with positive personality information perceived a wider range of body sizes as physically attractive compared with the control group, whereas participants provided with negative personality information perceived a narrower range of body sizes as attractive. Correlations showed that participants' own Extraversion was associated with their body size ratings. These results suggest that non-physical cues have an in...