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Papers by Mustafa GOKER, PhD

Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2024

Ticaret akımlarının sağlığı, sağlam bir finans sisteminin varlığına bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, İkinci ... more Ticaret akımlarının sağlığı, sağlam bir finans sisteminin varlığına bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası küresel ekonomik yönetişim düzeni tasarlanırken para ve ticaret konuları bir bütünün parçaları olarak ele alınmıştır. Kur istikrarı, ticaret sisteminin işleyişi bakımından ön koşul olarak görülmüş ve bu nedenle oluşturulan sabit kurlara dayalı bir uluslararası para sistemi 1971’e kadar yürürlükte kalmıştır. Bazı GATT hükümleri ile de, GATT ile IMF arasında özel bir iş birliği şekli tesis
edilmiştir. Bu iş birliği, kapsamı genişletilerek, 1995’te DTÖ dönemine taşınmıştır. İş birliğinin bir kısmı geleneksel şekillerde iken, GATT döneminden gelen diğer bir kısmı özgün nitelikler arz etmektedir. Çalışma, bahse konu iş birliği şekillerini ele alarak, küresel ekonomik yönetişimdeki finans ve ticaret bağlantısının mevcut durumunu ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bretton Woods sisteminin sabit kur uygulamalarının terk edilmesiyle finans-ticaret bağlantısının özellikle kur rejimi ve IMF’in işlevleri bağlamında yasal ve kurumsal altyapısının zayıfladığını; IMF ve GATT/DTÖ bünyesindeki reformlar ile mevcut yasal ve kurumsal kapasitenin bu zayıflığı gidermeye yeterli olmadığını; mevcut konjonktürde, yanlış kur uyarlamalarının ticaret üzerinde neden olduğu olumsuzluğu ele almaya yönelik uluslararası bir iradenin mevcut bulunmadığını tespit etmektedir.

Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2023

The distinction between trade and non–trade interests is a reflection of the debate on the priori... more The distinction between trade and non–trade interests is a reflection of the debate on the priority between political and non-political issues and represents the gap between politics and economy. In this context, it can be said that security is the most important non–trade value. While disciplining trade matters, GATT also took into account the non–trade concerns of the contracting parties. As a result, various exceptions that allow taking measures contrary to the GATT rules are provided. Those include national security exceptions in addition to others. Security exceptions have been an instrument which states have been cautious, for a long time, to apply both in the GATT and WTO periods. However, due to the increasing tension in international relations in recent years, it has been observed that states have begun to employ security exceptions more frequently as the legitimacy basis of their national trade-restrictive measures. They have recently found application in two WTO panels. It is likely that new ones will follow. The political developments in Ukraine that started in 2014 and revived in 2022 and the trade restrictive measures implemented by the Trump Administration of the USA against various countries, especially China, on political grounds, have brought security exceptions to the fore. This study examines the conditions for the application of security exceptions in the WTO law and its potential to be invoked in the context of the Ukraine-Russia Crisis. As a method, it mainly employs legal text analysis and reference to case-law decisions.

Selçuk Law Review, 2022

The order of World Trade Organization (WTO), which deals with international trade at the global l... more The order of World Trade Organization (WTO), which deals with international trade at the global level, allows the handling of trade also at the regional level under certain conditions. In this context, regional trade agreements (RTA) have been signed and this trend continues. Such treaties have been named differently whereas they have essentially same functions. On the other hand, while there is an advanced dispute settlement mechanism within the WTO, similar mechanisms are also included in RTAs. Like other WTO members, Turkey has concluded bilateral RTAs in the form of Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which include dispute resolution provisions. In the design of these settlement mechanisms, a place in the spectrum of political/diplomatic and legal character has been adopted with varying weights. Although the dispute settlement mechanisms of FTAs have more advanced provisions in recent years compared to previous ones, there are still examples where important deficiencies and gaps are noticeable.

Hacettepe Law Review, 2022

WTO law, which deals with trade between states at the highest level, is mainly composed of multil... more WTO law, which deals with trade between states at the highest level, is mainly composed of multilateral and plurilateral trade agreements and rules established within the WTO based on those agreements. WTO
agreements integrate some external rules into WTO law, as well. One of the methods adopted by the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement), which is one of the multilateral agreements
annexed to the Marrakesh Treaty establishing the WTO, for eliminating the technical barriers in international trade and preventing the national measures of the Member States from creating unnecessary
obstacles to trade is harmonization. TBT Agreement makes the relevant international standards, which are the tool of harmonization, part of WTO rights and obligations. It requires the use of relevant international
standards as a basis for the preparation of national measures to achieve legitimate objectives. Besides, it provides a presumption that national technical regulations in accordance with international standards do
not create unnecessary obstacles to international trade. This presumption affects the burden of proof in WTO disputes. The WTO jurisdiction, which has long preferred to resolve disputes regarding technical obstacles according to the general provisions of GATT, has started to apply the provisions of the TBT Agreement in such cases in the last decade. However, there are still some issues waiting for legal analysis.

Malatya Turgut Özal University Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 2021

The Covid-19 outbreak spread almost all over the world in the early 2020 and turned into a pandem... more The Covid-19 outbreak spread almost all over the world in the early 2020 and turned into a pandemic. The pandemic has resulted in a demand boom and inadequate supply for goods such as medical products, cleaning products and personal protective equipment. This has led states to prioritize their own national needs and resort to measures that limit export in quantity or prohibit it altogether in certain products mentioned. Export restrictions implemented one after another have brought their place within the rules of international trade law (World Trade Organization-WTO law) into the agenda. GATT Article XI.1 prohibits, as a rule, quantitative restrictions on both import and export. However, there are various provisions in GATT that allow escape from this prohibition. Article XI.2 gives a list that falls outside the scope of the general prohibition of quantity restrictions, and sub-paragraph XI.2 (a), which is exclusively for export, makes it possible to take temporary export-restrictive or prohibitive measures to prevent or mitigate ciritical shortages in food or other products essential to exporting country. Some provisions of Article XX on general exceptions and Article XXI on security exceptions also allow quantitative measures to be taken in export. In addition, there are some procedural requirements in WTO law regarding such measures. On the other hand, various debates and solution proposals have been brought forward regarding the inconveniences of export-restrictive or prohibitive measures on international trade.

Books by Mustafa GOKER, PhD