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Papers by Govindappa Melappa

Molecules

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, accountable for a total of 10 million dea... more Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, accountable for a total of 10 million deaths in the year 2020, according to GLOBOCAN 2020. The advancements in the field of cancer research indicate the need for direction towards the development of new drug candidates that are instrumental in a tumour-specific action. The pool of natural compounds proves to be a promising avenue for the discovery of groundbreaking cancer therapeutics. Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksha) is known to possess antioxidant properties and after a thorough review of literature, it was speculated to possess significant biomedical potential. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is an environmentally friendly approach intended to eliminate toxic waste and reduce energy consumption. This approach was reported for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from two different solvent extracts: aqueous and methanolic. These were characterized by biophysical and spectroscopic techniques, namely, UV-Visible Spectroscopy,...

Pharmacognosy Journal, Jan 24, 2015

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

Green fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) using biological sources is the fast-growing trend repla... more Green fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) using biological sources is the fast-growing trend replacing chemical synthesis via toxic materials. Considering the importance and feasibility of green fabricated NPs, the present research focuses on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of the endophytic Cladosporium sp. (MycoAuNPs) isolated from Commiphora wightii. The synthesized MycoAuNPs are characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopic, FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesized NPs showed a sharp absorption peak at 524 nm, with an average size between 5-10 nm in a spherical shape. XRD revealed the crystalline nature,and EDX profiling confirmed the presence of gold (Au)and oxygen (O) atoms. The biological potential of MycoAuNPs were tested under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. MycoAuNPs showed anti-cancer activity in breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (IC50 38.23 μg/mL) through the induction of apoptosis.Further, MycoAuNPs showed potential growth of tumor in tumor-bearing mice models. MycoAuNPs significantly reduced the body weight, ascites volume, and increased the lifespan of EAC bearing mice. It induced apoptosis of the EAC cells, which was confirmed by DNA fragmentation and Giemsa staining. Also, they did not develop any secondary complications or side effects in normal mice. The photocatalytic activity of MycoAuNPs tested against Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue dyes showed potential dye degradation in the presence of sunlight.Thus, the present study gives a clear idea of the multifaceted therapeutic and catalytic applications of the biosynthesized MycoAuNPs.

The Natural Products Journal

Background: Many biologically important bioactive compounds were identified in Calophyllum toment... more Background: Many biologically important bioactive compounds were identified in Calophyllum tomentosum extract. Hence, we want to identify different endophytic fungal species from different parts of the plants and their bioactive compounds. Objective: Identification and characterization of bioactive compounds in extracts of endophytic fungal species of Calophyllum tomentosum. Methods: Different parts were used to assess the different endophytic fungi. Two different solvents were used extract and qualitative, TLC and GC-MS were employed to identify the bioactive compounds. The bioactive compounds producing endophytes were identified by using18S rRNA. Results: Totally 13 different fungal species were identified from different parts of Calophyllum tomentosum. The C. tomentosum leaf part had shown seven different fungal endophytes followed by bark (four) and stem (two). The methanol extract of Fusarium species (stem), Cladosporium species (bark) and hexane extract of Alternaria species (...

Genes

Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are conserved upstream signaling molecules that regulate several bio... more Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are conserved upstream signaling molecules that regulate several biological processes, including plant development and stress adaptation. Cysteine (C)-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are an important class of RLK that play vital roles in disease resistance and cell death in plants. Genome-wide analyses of CRK genes have been carried out in Arabidopsis and rice, while functional characterization of some CRKs has been carried out in wheat and tomato in addition to Arabidopsis. A comprehensive analysis of the CRK gene family in leguminous crops has not yet been conducted, and our understanding of their roles in symbiosis is rather limited. Here, we report the comprehensive analysis of the Phaseolus CRK gene family, including identification, sequence similarity, phylogeny, chromosomal localization, gene structures, transcript expression profiles, and in silico promoter analysis. Forty-six CRK homologs were identified and phylogenetically clustered into fiv...

... 2008; 1: 1-10. Page 6. 6 Harish Babu B. et al. / International Journal of Biological & Ph... more ... 2008; 1: 1-10. Page 6. 6 Harish Babu B. et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2010; 1(1): 1-6. Shirish D, Veena S, Sanjay B, anticonvulsant activity of roots and rhizomes of glycyrrhiza glabra. Indian Journal of pharmacology. 2002; 34: 251-255. ...

Dendrophthoe falcata; Antidiabetic; Phytochemicals. KEYWORDS ABSTRACT In the present investigatio... more Dendrophthoe falcata; Antidiabetic; Phytochemicals. KEYWORDS ABSTRACT In the present investigation, we have used parasitic plant Dendrophthoe falcata (grows on neem) to analyze phytochemicals and evaluated for in vitro anti-diabetic activity using four different solvent extracts. The aque-ous and methanol extracts yielded saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phe-nolic substances at higher concentration compared to other two extracts. The aqueous and methanol extracts also strongly inhibited the important diabetic enzymes (á-amylase, á-glucosidase, â-glucosidase and sucrase) in vitro. Further work is needed to analyse exact antidiabetic compound by separation and biophysical characterization of each compounds.  2013 Trade Science Inc. -INDIA INTRODUCTION

Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection

The methanol extracts of Loranthus micranthus fractions were collected from column chromatography... more The methanol extracts of Loranthus micranthus fractions were collected from column chromatography. From TLC, the fraction 17 and 20 were selected based on the clear distiguishable of bands and few phytochemicals. Same fractions when subjected to GC-MS, fraction-17 yielded 13 and fraction-20 yielded 11 prominent compounds. Diabetic rats that were treated with the fraction 17 and 20 showed significantly increase in body weight (16.52 and 12.43 % respectively). Hypoglycemic effect and antihyperlipidemic characters (decrease in the previously elevated levels of serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides) were observed. The two fractions treated rats have also showed the regeneration of pancreatic connective tissue, acini, blood vessels, blood capillaries, pancreatic ducts and their walls, islets capsule and cells in accordance to proper cytoarchitecture. The in vivo antidiabetic property may be due to the presence of single or all phytochemicals in the fraction. Greater activity was obse...

The present review focused on plant extracts or phytochemicals role in diabetes management has be... more The present review focused on plant extracts or phytochemicals role in diabetes management has been tried by many researchers. I have attempted to compile a list of total 419 plant species belongs to 133 families have been used for in-vitro and in-vivo studies. The plant extract or phytochemicals have involved in decreasing or increasing or stimulating different mechanisms in reducing diabetes and they have been listed in tabular form. By this review, few molecules are used in diabetes management and they possess molecular mechanisms or involved in signal transduction to initiate the insulin production or utilization of blood glucose level bring down to normal stage. The researchers have used different parts of the plant extracts or individual phytochemicalsfor antidiabetic activities. This review brings the researcher data on antidiabetic activities of different plant extracts role in reducing of diabetic problems.

The present investigation was aimed to isolate and characterize coumarin from Sonchus oleraceus. ... more The present investigation was aimed to isolate and characterize coumarin from Sonchus oleraceus. By all the three standard tests presence of couamrin in the plants was confirmed. The same extract was used for anticoagulant assays. aPPT assay and PT assay were performed on citrated plasma of healthy volunteer donors with different concentration of coumarin extract. The coumarin extract prolonged/delayed the time taken for blood clotting in all the tested methods. The activity was increased with the concentration of extracts used. The coumarin extract can be used as anticoagulant and further in detail work is needed for the characterization of the active coumarin molecule.

Abstract Eight different endophytic fungus was isolated and identified from the various parts of ... more Abstract Eight different endophytic fungus was isolated and identified from the various parts of Viscum album, lectin was isolated from all the endophytic fungal sample and host Viscum album. Lectin isolated was blood group specific lectin agglutinating A+ve erythrocytes. Carbohydrate specificity of lectin was varied, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Trichothecium sp, and Viscum album lectin was D-galactose and N-acetyl glucosamine specific lectin, Alternaria sp and Pencillium sp lectin was fructose specific lectin, Aspergillus niger and Cladosporium sp was Maltose and D-galactose specific lectin. Biochemical characterization of lectin showed that metal chelating agent EDTA has no effect on the hemaglutinating activity of Viscum album, Aspergillus flavus, Alternearia sp, Fusarium oxysporum, Trichothecium sp, lectin but EDTA inhibited the hemaglutinating activity of Pencillium sp, Cladosporium sp, Aspergillus niger lectin, activity was restored by adding ...

… and Plant Protection, 2010

A monomeric glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 28 kDa in SDS-PAGE was isolated from the Withan... more A monomeric glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 28 kDa in SDS-PAGE was isolated from the Withania somnifera root tubers. The protein designated WSG (Withania somnifera glycoprotein) demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against the phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria tested. Antifungal effect has been demonstrated in that WSG exerts a fungistastic effect by inhibiting spore germination and hyphal growth in the tested fungi. WSG showed potent antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, F. verticilloides and antibacterial activity against Clvibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. WSG is an acidic, non-toxic (trypsin-chymotrypsin) protease inhibitor. These results encourage further studies of WSG as a potential therapeutic agent for its antifungal activity.

Molecules

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, accountable for a total of 10 million dea... more Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, accountable for a total of 10 million deaths in the year 2020, according to GLOBOCAN 2020. The advancements in the field of cancer research indicate the need for direction towards the development of new drug candidates that are instrumental in a tumour-specific action. The pool of natural compounds proves to be a promising avenue for the discovery of groundbreaking cancer therapeutics. Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksha) is known to possess antioxidant properties and after a thorough review of literature, it was speculated to possess significant biomedical potential. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is an environmentally friendly approach intended to eliminate toxic waste and reduce energy consumption. This approach was reported for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from two different solvent extracts: aqueous and methanolic. These were characterized by biophysical and spectroscopic techniques, namely, UV-Visible Spectroscopy,...

Pharmacognosy Journal, Jan 24, 2015

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

Green fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) using biological sources is the fast-growing trend repla... more Green fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) using biological sources is the fast-growing trend replacing chemical synthesis via toxic materials. Considering the importance and feasibility of green fabricated NPs, the present research focuses on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of the endophytic Cladosporium sp. (MycoAuNPs) isolated from Commiphora wightii. The synthesized MycoAuNPs are characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopic, FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesized NPs showed a sharp absorption peak at 524 nm, with an average size between 5-10 nm in a spherical shape. XRD revealed the crystalline nature,and EDX profiling confirmed the presence of gold (Au)and oxygen (O) atoms. The biological potential of MycoAuNPs were tested under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. MycoAuNPs showed anti-cancer activity in breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (IC50 38.23 μg/mL) through the induction of apoptosis.Further, MycoAuNPs showed potential growth of tumor in tumor-bearing mice models. MycoAuNPs significantly reduced the body weight, ascites volume, and increased the lifespan of EAC bearing mice. It induced apoptosis of the EAC cells, which was confirmed by DNA fragmentation and Giemsa staining. Also, they did not develop any secondary complications or side effects in normal mice. The photocatalytic activity of MycoAuNPs tested against Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue dyes showed potential dye degradation in the presence of sunlight.Thus, the present study gives a clear idea of the multifaceted therapeutic and catalytic applications of the biosynthesized MycoAuNPs.

The Natural Products Journal

Background: Many biologically important bioactive compounds were identified in Calophyllum toment... more Background: Many biologically important bioactive compounds were identified in Calophyllum tomentosum extract. Hence, we want to identify different endophytic fungal species from different parts of the plants and their bioactive compounds. Objective: Identification and characterization of bioactive compounds in extracts of endophytic fungal species of Calophyllum tomentosum. Methods: Different parts were used to assess the different endophytic fungi. Two different solvents were used extract and qualitative, TLC and GC-MS were employed to identify the bioactive compounds. The bioactive compounds producing endophytes were identified by using18S rRNA. Results: Totally 13 different fungal species were identified from different parts of Calophyllum tomentosum. The C. tomentosum leaf part had shown seven different fungal endophytes followed by bark (four) and stem (two). The methanol extract of Fusarium species (stem), Cladosporium species (bark) and hexane extract of Alternaria species (...

Genes

Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are conserved upstream signaling molecules that regulate several bio... more Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are conserved upstream signaling molecules that regulate several biological processes, including plant development and stress adaptation. Cysteine (C)-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are an important class of RLK that play vital roles in disease resistance and cell death in plants. Genome-wide analyses of CRK genes have been carried out in Arabidopsis and rice, while functional characterization of some CRKs has been carried out in wheat and tomato in addition to Arabidopsis. A comprehensive analysis of the CRK gene family in leguminous crops has not yet been conducted, and our understanding of their roles in symbiosis is rather limited. Here, we report the comprehensive analysis of the Phaseolus CRK gene family, including identification, sequence similarity, phylogeny, chromosomal localization, gene structures, transcript expression profiles, and in silico promoter analysis. Forty-six CRK homologs were identified and phylogenetically clustered into fiv...

... 2008; 1: 1-10. Page 6. 6 Harish Babu B. et al. / International Journal of Biological & Ph... more ... 2008; 1: 1-10. Page 6. 6 Harish Babu B. et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2010; 1(1): 1-6. Shirish D, Veena S, Sanjay B, anticonvulsant activity of roots and rhizomes of glycyrrhiza glabra. Indian Journal of pharmacology. 2002; 34: 251-255. ...

Dendrophthoe falcata; Antidiabetic; Phytochemicals. KEYWORDS ABSTRACT In the present investigatio... more Dendrophthoe falcata; Antidiabetic; Phytochemicals. KEYWORDS ABSTRACT In the present investigation, we have used parasitic plant Dendrophthoe falcata (grows on neem) to analyze phytochemicals and evaluated for in vitro anti-diabetic activity using four different solvent extracts. The aque-ous and methanol extracts yielded saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phe-nolic substances at higher concentration compared to other two extracts. The aqueous and methanol extracts also strongly inhibited the important diabetic enzymes (á-amylase, á-glucosidase, â-glucosidase and sucrase) in vitro. Further work is needed to analyse exact antidiabetic compound by separation and biophysical characterization of each compounds.  2013 Trade Science Inc. -INDIA INTRODUCTION

Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection

The methanol extracts of Loranthus micranthus fractions were collected from column chromatography... more The methanol extracts of Loranthus micranthus fractions were collected from column chromatography. From TLC, the fraction 17 and 20 were selected based on the clear distiguishable of bands and few phytochemicals. Same fractions when subjected to GC-MS, fraction-17 yielded 13 and fraction-20 yielded 11 prominent compounds. Diabetic rats that were treated with the fraction 17 and 20 showed significantly increase in body weight (16.52 and 12.43 % respectively). Hypoglycemic effect and antihyperlipidemic characters (decrease in the previously elevated levels of serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides) were observed. The two fractions treated rats have also showed the regeneration of pancreatic connective tissue, acini, blood vessels, blood capillaries, pancreatic ducts and their walls, islets capsule and cells in accordance to proper cytoarchitecture. The in vivo antidiabetic property may be due to the presence of single or all phytochemicals in the fraction. Greater activity was obse...

The present review focused on plant extracts or phytochemicals role in diabetes management has be... more The present review focused on plant extracts or phytochemicals role in diabetes management has been tried by many researchers. I have attempted to compile a list of total 419 plant species belongs to 133 families have been used for in-vitro and in-vivo studies. The plant extract or phytochemicals have involved in decreasing or increasing or stimulating different mechanisms in reducing diabetes and they have been listed in tabular form. By this review, few molecules are used in diabetes management and they possess molecular mechanisms or involved in signal transduction to initiate the insulin production or utilization of blood glucose level bring down to normal stage. The researchers have used different parts of the plant extracts or individual phytochemicalsfor antidiabetic activities. This review brings the researcher data on antidiabetic activities of different plant extracts role in reducing of diabetic problems.

The present investigation was aimed to isolate and characterize coumarin from Sonchus oleraceus. ... more The present investigation was aimed to isolate and characterize coumarin from Sonchus oleraceus. By all the three standard tests presence of couamrin in the plants was confirmed. The same extract was used for anticoagulant assays. aPPT assay and PT assay were performed on citrated plasma of healthy volunteer donors with different concentration of coumarin extract. The coumarin extract prolonged/delayed the time taken for blood clotting in all the tested methods. The activity was increased with the concentration of extracts used. The coumarin extract can be used as anticoagulant and further in detail work is needed for the characterization of the active coumarin molecule.

Abstract Eight different endophytic fungus was isolated and identified from the various parts of ... more Abstract Eight different endophytic fungus was isolated and identified from the various parts of Viscum album, lectin was isolated from all the endophytic fungal sample and host Viscum album. Lectin isolated was blood group specific lectin agglutinating A+ve erythrocytes. Carbohydrate specificity of lectin was varied, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Trichothecium sp, and Viscum album lectin was D-galactose and N-acetyl glucosamine specific lectin, Alternaria sp and Pencillium sp lectin was fructose specific lectin, Aspergillus niger and Cladosporium sp was Maltose and D-galactose specific lectin. Biochemical characterization of lectin showed that metal chelating agent EDTA has no effect on the hemaglutinating activity of Viscum album, Aspergillus flavus, Alternearia sp, Fusarium oxysporum, Trichothecium sp, lectin but EDTA inhibited the hemaglutinating activity of Pencillium sp, Cladosporium sp, Aspergillus niger lectin, activity was restored by adding ...

… and Plant Protection, 2010

A monomeric glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 28 kDa in SDS-PAGE was isolated from the Withan... more A monomeric glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 28 kDa in SDS-PAGE was isolated from the Withania somnifera root tubers. The protein designated WSG (Withania somnifera glycoprotein) demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against the phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria tested. Antifungal effect has been demonstrated in that WSG exerts a fungistastic effect by inhibiting spore germination and hyphal growth in the tested fungi. WSG showed potent antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, F. verticilloides and antibacterial activity against Clvibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. WSG is an acidic, non-toxic (trypsin-chymotrypsin) protease inhibitor. These results encourage further studies of WSG as a potential therapeutic agent for its antifungal activity.