Gregory Pool - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Gregory Pool

Research paper thumbnail of The Need for Conceptual Models of Technology in Training and Development: How Immersive Does Training Need to Be?

Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Morelli, Potosky, Arthur, and Tippins (2017) articulate a strong need for industrial and organiza... more Morelli, Potosky, Arthur, and Tippins (2017) articulate a strong need for industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists to develop a more theory-based understanding of the role of technology in employee selection and assessment. We agree with their concerns but argue that this issue should include examination of how technology impacts training also. Researchers have noted that training is increasingly important for firms, and technology-enhanced training can improve learning and transfer (Ford & Meyer, 2013). However, the arguments that the authors make about the need for a theory-driven approach for examining the impact of technology on selection applies to training outcomes as well. Although considerable evidence exists that workplace training is effective and that technology can impact the success of training, there has been less theory-driven research exploring how technology can enhance or detract from training success. Researchers have already identified several variables ...

Research paper thumbnail of Behavior, Consequences, and the Self: Is All Well That Ends Well?

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of The Factor Structure of Received Social Support: Dimensionality and the Prediction of Depression and Life Satisfaction

Http Dx Doi Org 10 1521 Jscp 1997 16 3 323, Jan 26, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of What... He didn't pay for dinner: Social norm violations on first dates and dating experience

Research paper thumbnail of Motivational Goals, Norms, Attitudes, and Behavior Prediction: A Meta-Analytic Synthesis

Research paper thumbnail of Gender Norms for Pain Tolerance Scale

Research paper thumbnail of Group identification and conformity to gender group norms for pain tolerance

Research paper thumbnail of Employment interview structure and discrimination litigation verdicts: A quantitative review

Research paper thumbnail of Relationships among supervisor and coworker social undermining and workplace retaliation

Research paper thumbnail of The factor structure of supervisor and coworker social undermining

Research paper thumbnail of Social norms, group identification, and conformity: The difference between conversion and compliance

Research paper thumbnail of Toward an automatic processing model of social norms

Research paper thumbnail of Behavior, Consequences, and the Seff: Is all Well that Ends Well?

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of Role of gender norms and group identification on hypothetical and experimental pain tolerance

Pain, 2007

Previous research indicates that men typically tolerate more pain in experimental settings than w... more Previous research indicates that men typically tolerate more pain in experimental settings than women. One likely explanation for these group differences in pain tolerance is conformity to traditional, gender group social norms (i.e., the ideal man is masculine and tolerates more pain; the ideal woman is feminine and tolerates less pain). According to self-categorization theory, norms guide behavior to the degree that group members adopt the group identity. Therefore, high-identifying men are expected to conform to gender norms and tolerate more pain than high-identifying women who conform to different gender norms as a guide for their behavior. We conducted two studies to investigate whether gender group identification moderates individuals' conformity to pain tolerance and reporting norms. In the first study, participants indicated their gender identification and expected tolerance of a hypothetical painful stimulus. As anticipated, high-identifying men reported significantly greater pain tolerance than high-identifying women. No differences existed between low-identifying men and women. To determine if self-reported pain tolerance in a role-playing scenario corresponds to actual pain tolerance in an experimental setting, the second study examined pain tolerance to a noxious stimulus induced by electrical stimulation of the index finger. The experimental outcome revealed that high-identifying men tolerated more painful stimulation than high-identifying women. Further, high-identifying men tolerated more pain than low-identifying men. These results highlight the influence of social norms on behavior and suggest the need to further explore the role of norms in pain reporting behaviors.

Research paper thumbnail of The self-esteem motive in social influence: Agreement with valued majorities and disagreement with derogated minorities

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998

This research provides evidence for the role of self-esteem in social influence; it demonstrates ... more This research provides evidence for the role of self-esteem in social influence; it demonstrates that the positions taken by self-relevant social groups can threaten people's self-esteem. Participants who wished to align themselves with a majority group and who learned that the group held a counterattitudinal position suffered a reduction in self-esteem. Similarly, participants who wished to differentiate themselves from a derogated minority group and who learned that the group held attitudes similar to theirs experienced reduced self-esteem. Group attitudes, however, did not affect the self-esteem of participants who were indifferent to the group. In addition, this study demonstrates that self-relevant motivations direct the way people process influence appeals. Participants adopted interpretations of the issues that allowed them to align themselves with valued majorities and differentiate themselves from derogated minorities. Social psychologists have long recognized that people's attitudes and interpretations of events are influenced by important reference groups. According to classic theories of social influence, people adopt the attitudes of valued groups in order to obtain valid information and to achieve a broad set of normative, or social, goals (Deutsch & Gerard, 1955; Kelley, 1952; Kelman, 1958). Normatively based influence occurs when people conform with the expectations of a group, another person, or themselves (e.g., Insko, Drenan, Solomon, Smith, & Wade, 1983). Influence that fulfills one's own or others' expectations supposedly generates positive feelings of self-esteem and approval and avoids negative feelings of anxiety, guilt, and alienation. Self-Esteem and Influence A number of specific influence theories have drawn on the idea that people adopt attitudes of social groups in order to achieve or maintain a positive self-view. In early social judgment research, membership in a social group was sometimes used as a proxy for ego-involvement in an issue closely related to group identity (Hovland, Harvey, & Sherif, 1957). According to more recent social identity and self-categorization theories, people align themselves with positively valued reference groups and differentiate themselves from negatively valued groups in order

Research paper thumbnail of Self-definition, defensive processing, and influence: The normative impact of majority and minority groups

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison of the Influence of Conflictual and Supportive Social Interactions on Psychological Distress

Journal of Personality, 1999

Following a quantitative review examining the relative influence of positive and negative social ... more Following a quantitative review examining the relative influence of positive and negative social exchanges on emotional health, a secondorder factor model of negative social exchange was tested and supported in a sample of 906 college students. Structural equation analysis exploring the unique effects of negative social exchange and perceived support satisfaction on depression revealed both variables to predict this outcome, over and above the contribution of personality and coping variables. In addition to the direct effects of the Big Five personality dimensions on depression, indirect effects of the Big Five via negative social exchange, support satisfaction, and avoidant coping also were observed. Although the prevailing belief among support researchers is that the negative effects of conflictual social interactions outweigh the positive

Research paper thumbnail of Structural Consistency and the Deduction of Novel from Existing Attitudes

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1998

This experiment examined the reasoning process by which novel attitudes are deduced from existing... more This experiment examined the reasoning process by which novel attitudes are deduced from existing evaluations. Participants deduced an attitude toward a specific news item (concerning penal reform or sex discrimination) from existing attitudes on more general issues (capital punishment or equal rights for women and men, respectively) by spontaneously accessing the general attitude and generating thoughts about the news items

Research paper thumbnail of Differentiating Among Motives for Norm Conformity

Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2007

Two studies investigated why individuals conform to social norms. The authors propose that indivi... more Two studies investigated why individuals conform to social norms. The authors propose that individuals conform to social norms to satisfy 3 general motives: accuracy, self-related, and other-related. Building on previous behavior prediction models, Study 1 found that measures of norms that identify specific motivational goals predicted behavior and intention better than did standard measures of social norms that consider only

Research paper thumbnail of The factor structure of received social support: Dimensionality and the prediction of depression and life satisfaction

Journal of social …, 1997

... Wlf LIAM H. M. BRYANT, GREGORY J. POOL, AND A. LYNN SNOW-TUREK Te\as A &a... more ... Wlf LIAM H. M. BRYANT, GREGORY J. POOL, AND A. LYNN SNOW-TUREK Te\as A & M University Covariance structure analyses were carried out on the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB; Barrera, Sandler, & Ramsey, 1981) to corroborate a hypothesized four ...

Research paper thumbnail of The Need for Conceptual Models of Technology in Training and Development: How Immersive Does Training Need to Be?

Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Morelli, Potosky, Arthur, and Tippins (2017) articulate a strong need for industrial and organiza... more Morelli, Potosky, Arthur, and Tippins (2017) articulate a strong need for industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists to develop a more theory-based understanding of the role of technology in employee selection and assessment. We agree with their concerns but argue that this issue should include examination of how technology impacts training also. Researchers have noted that training is increasingly important for firms, and technology-enhanced training can improve learning and transfer (Ford & Meyer, 2013). However, the arguments that the authors make about the need for a theory-driven approach for examining the impact of technology on selection applies to training outcomes as well. Although considerable evidence exists that workplace training is effective and that technology can impact the success of training, there has been less theory-driven research exploring how technology can enhance or detract from training success. Researchers have already identified several variables ...

Research paper thumbnail of Behavior, Consequences, and the Self: Is All Well That Ends Well?

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of The Factor Structure of Received Social Support: Dimensionality and the Prediction of Depression and Life Satisfaction

Http Dx Doi Org 10 1521 Jscp 1997 16 3 323, Jan 26, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of What... He didn't pay for dinner: Social norm violations on first dates and dating experience

Research paper thumbnail of Motivational Goals, Norms, Attitudes, and Behavior Prediction: A Meta-Analytic Synthesis

Research paper thumbnail of Gender Norms for Pain Tolerance Scale

Research paper thumbnail of Group identification and conformity to gender group norms for pain tolerance

Research paper thumbnail of Employment interview structure and discrimination litigation verdicts: A quantitative review

Research paper thumbnail of Relationships among supervisor and coworker social undermining and workplace retaliation

Research paper thumbnail of The factor structure of supervisor and coworker social undermining

Research paper thumbnail of Social norms, group identification, and conformity: The difference between conversion and compliance

Research paper thumbnail of Toward an automatic processing model of social norms

Research paper thumbnail of Behavior, Consequences, and the Seff: Is all Well that Ends Well?

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of Role of gender norms and group identification on hypothetical and experimental pain tolerance

Pain, 2007

Previous research indicates that men typically tolerate more pain in experimental settings than w... more Previous research indicates that men typically tolerate more pain in experimental settings than women. One likely explanation for these group differences in pain tolerance is conformity to traditional, gender group social norms (i.e., the ideal man is masculine and tolerates more pain; the ideal woman is feminine and tolerates less pain). According to self-categorization theory, norms guide behavior to the degree that group members adopt the group identity. Therefore, high-identifying men are expected to conform to gender norms and tolerate more pain than high-identifying women who conform to different gender norms as a guide for their behavior. We conducted two studies to investigate whether gender group identification moderates individuals' conformity to pain tolerance and reporting norms. In the first study, participants indicated their gender identification and expected tolerance of a hypothetical painful stimulus. As anticipated, high-identifying men reported significantly greater pain tolerance than high-identifying women. No differences existed between low-identifying men and women. To determine if self-reported pain tolerance in a role-playing scenario corresponds to actual pain tolerance in an experimental setting, the second study examined pain tolerance to a noxious stimulus induced by electrical stimulation of the index finger. The experimental outcome revealed that high-identifying men tolerated more painful stimulation than high-identifying women. Further, high-identifying men tolerated more pain than low-identifying men. These results highlight the influence of social norms on behavior and suggest the need to further explore the role of norms in pain reporting behaviors.

Research paper thumbnail of The self-esteem motive in social influence: Agreement with valued majorities and disagreement with derogated minorities

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998

This research provides evidence for the role of self-esteem in social influence; it demonstrates ... more This research provides evidence for the role of self-esteem in social influence; it demonstrates that the positions taken by self-relevant social groups can threaten people's self-esteem. Participants who wished to align themselves with a majority group and who learned that the group held a counterattitudinal position suffered a reduction in self-esteem. Similarly, participants who wished to differentiate themselves from a derogated minority group and who learned that the group held attitudes similar to theirs experienced reduced self-esteem. Group attitudes, however, did not affect the self-esteem of participants who were indifferent to the group. In addition, this study demonstrates that self-relevant motivations direct the way people process influence appeals. Participants adopted interpretations of the issues that allowed them to align themselves with valued majorities and differentiate themselves from derogated minorities. Social psychologists have long recognized that people's attitudes and interpretations of events are influenced by important reference groups. According to classic theories of social influence, people adopt the attitudes of valued groups in order to obtain valid information and to achieve a broad set of normative, or social, goals (Deutsch & Gerard, 1955; Kelley, 1952; Kelman, 1958). Normatively based influence occurs when people conform with the expectations of a group, another person, or themselves (e.g., Insko, Drenan, Solomon, Smith, & Wade, 1983). Influence that fulfills one's own or others' expectations supposedly generates positive feelings of self-esteem and approval and avoids negative feelings of anxiety, guilt, and alienation. Self-Esteem and Influence A number of specific influence theories have drawn on the idea that people adopt attitudes of social groups in order to achieve or maintain a positive self-view. In early social judgment research, membership in a social group was sometimes used as a proxy for ego-involvement in an issue closely related to group identity (Hovland, Harvey, & Sherif, 1957). According to more recent social identity and self-categorization theories, people align themselves with positively valued reference groups and differentiate themselves from negatively valued groups in order

Research paper thumbnail of Self-definition, defensive processing, and influence: The normative impact of majority and minority groups

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison of the Influence of Conflictual and Supportive Social Interactions on Psychological Distress

Journal of Personality, 1999

Following a quantitative review examining the relative influence of positive and negative social ... more Following a quantitative review examining the relative influence of positive and negative social exchanges on emotional health, a secondorder factor model of negative social exchange was tested and supported in a sample of 906 college students. Structural equation analysis exploring the unique effects of negative social exchange and perceived support satisfaction on depression revealed both variables to predict this outcome, over and above the contribution of personality and coping variables. In addition to the direct effects of the Big Five personality dimensions on depression, indirect effects of the Big Five via negative social exchange, support satisfaction, and avoidant coping also were observed. Although the prevailing belief among support researchers is that the negative effects of conflictual social interactions outweigh the positive

Research paper thumbnail of Structural Consistency and the Deduction of Novel from Existing Attitudes

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1998

This experiment examined the reasoning process by which novel attitudes are deduced from existing... more This experiment examined the reasoning process by which novel attitudes are deduced from existing evaluations. Participants deduced an attitude toward a specific news item (concerning penal reform or sex discrimination) from existing attitudes on more general issues (capital punishment or equal rights for women and men, respectively) by spontaneously accessing the general attitude and generating thoughts about the news items

Research paper thumbnail of Differentiating Among Motives for Norm Conformity

Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2007

Two studies investigated why individuals conform to social norms. The authors propose that indivi... more Two studies investigated why individuals conform to social norms. The authors propose that individuals conform to social norms to satisfy 3 general motives: accuracy, self-related, and other-related. Building on previous behavior prediction models, Study 1 found that measures of norms that identify specific motivational goals predicted behavior and intention better than did standard measures of social norms that consider only

Research paper thumbnail of The factor structure of received social support: Dimensionality and the prediction of depression and life satisfaction

Journal of social …, 1997

... Wlf LIAM H. M. BRYANT, GREGORY J. POOL, AND A. LYNN SNOW-TUREK Te\as A &a... more ... Wlf LIAM H. M. BRYANT, GREGORY J. POOL, AND A. LYNN SNOW-TUREK Te\as A & M University Covariance structure analyses were carried out on the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB; Barrera, Sandler, & Ramsey, 1981) to corroborate a hypothesized four ...