Guillaume Gruère - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Guillaume Gruère

During the last decade, a number of Asian countries have been actively developing programs of res... more During the last decade, a number of Asian countries have been actively developing programs of research on genetically modified (GM) crops (Runge and Ryan, 2004). Some of these countries have developed biosafety regulatory frameworks, but until now only a few have approved one or more GM crops. Empirical studies have shown that the introduction of Bt cotton in China and India have generated income gains for farmers overall (e.g., Bennett et al., 2004, Pray et al., 2002). But these two countries only approved the large scale production of GM cotton, in part because unlike other GM crops, the main products of cotton are not used for food, and thus are not subject to food safety approval and labeling regulations in major importing countries. In particular, neither Japan nor the European Union (EU) directly regulates textile products derived from GM cotton. In fact, most Asian countries that have invested in research and regulations on GM food crops are confronted with three possible alternatives: 1) allowing the production of GM food crops with the risk of losing potential exports, 2) rejecting the commercialization of any GM food crop, 3) producing both GM and non-GM food crops separately at a marketing cost. At the same time, they have to take into account the potential opportunity cost of rejecting the technology when other competitors adopt it (Elbehri and MacDonald, 2004; Berwald et al., 2006). In the last few years, China has been conducting field trials of different varieties of GM rice but has delayed a decision on its formal approval. At the same time, India has been actively conducting public research on GM rice, but many officials appear reluctant to see its introduction. India's rice exports to sensitive markets are significant, but non-GM rice segregation could help preserve its exports while allowing the rest of the country to use GM rice * The authors wish to thank Rowena Valmonte-Santos, Liang You, Cynthia Rossi, and Purvi Mehta-Bhatt, for their help and contributions at various stages of the first phase of the project on productivity modeling. They would also like to thank all the participants to the meetings in the five cities in India.

A vast literature has accumulated since crop varieties with transgenic resistance to insects and ... more A vast literature has accumulated since crop varieties with transgenic resistance to insects and herbicide tolerance were released to farmers in 1996 and 1997. A comparatively minor segment of this literature consists of studies conducted by agricultural economists to measure the farm-level impact of transgenic crop varieties, the size and distribution of the economic benefits from adopting them, consumer attitudes toward GE products, and implications for international trade. This paper focuses only on the applied economics literature about the impact of transgenic crop varieties in non-industrialized agricultural systems, with an emphasis on methods. A number of studies have surveyed the findings for both industrialized and non-industrialized agriculture, at various points in time, but surveys of methods are less frequent and have typically examined only one overall question or approach. Clearly, the methods used in research influence the findings that are presented and what they m...

Product Carbon Footprint Labels & International Trade

This study investigates the implications of implementing information requirements under the Carta... more This study investigates the implications of implementing information requirements under the Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety's Article 18.2.a in Kenya. It also assesses the challenges associated with the upcoming introduction of import regulations for genetically modified (GM) food in a country that largely imports and transports grain in East Africa. The analysis shows that Kenya has been importing GM grains for the past few years and that border control under pending regulation will be difficult and costly. While the Protocol's information requirement's "may contain" option does not require too much effort, implementing the strict "does contain" option will significantly increase the cost of trade and potentially the price of grains in Kenya. These results suggest that a regional approach to import control is necessary , and that Kenya should reconsider its support to the "does contain" option of the Protocol.

A Concerted Approach to Biodiversity, Water, Food, and Trade

OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, 2021

Measuring policy progress on agriculture and water policies is essential to help decision makers ... more Measuring policy progress on agriculture and water policies is essential to help decision makers identify necessary policy changes and understand how further progress may be achieved to improve agricultural water management. A thorough review of existing evaluations of agriculture and water policies suggests three types of progress to be measured: policy design, policy implementation capacity and policy results. The quality and robustness of these measures of policy progress depends upon three main factors. First, assessment of policy design requires matching policy alignment with cross cutting objectives or with a reference text. Second, assessment of progress in implementation capacity requires gauging evolution towards predefined capacity needs or identified governance gaps. Third, evaluation of policy results requires clearly defined objectives, timelines and scales for assessments. Seven practical options are identified for applying these principles to agriculture and water policies, illustrated by applying them to assessing progress in the sustainable management of water for irrigation under climate change and in controlling diffuse nutrient pollution.

Notices 1 Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Direct... more Notices 1 Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI-wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI's website at http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. 2 IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have not been subject to formal external reviews managed by IFPRI's Publications Review Committee but have been reviewed by at least one internal and/or external reviewer. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment.

This report takes stock of agriculture and water policy changes from 2009 to 2019 and assesses th... more This report takes stock of agriculture and water policy changes from 2009 to 2019 and assesses the alignment of these changes with relevant sections of the OECD Council Recommendation on Water and the 2017 G20 Agriculture Ministerial Action Plan on water and food security. The analysis builds on results from a 2019 survey on agriculture and water policy changes which gathered responses from 38 countries – including OECD countries, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Cabo Verde – and the European Union. A methodology was developed to convert survey responses into indices of alignment of policy changes with OECD and G20 recommendations. Results show that changes in water and agriculture policies from 2009 to 2019 were uneven across countries and investigated policy areas (water governance, water quality, water quantity and water risks), with some countries undertaking important reforms whereas others mainly improved existing policies. On average, alignment indices suggest that agriculture and w...

Viewpoint: Characterising early agricultural and food policy responses to the outbreak of COVID-19

Food Policy, 2021

This article reviews and categorises early policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, based on a ... more This article reviews and categorises early policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, based on a dataset of 496 measures taken by 54 countries between January 1 and April 28 and collected by the OECD from government officials and additional sources. Findings show a large diversity of measures, some of which were urgent and necessary, some that may continue to be beneficial once the pandemic has subsided, while others are potentially disruptive for the functioning of markets or damaging for the environment. National allocations of measures show differences between developed OECD countries, which used more agriculture or support related measures, and emerging economies, which focused on trade policies, information provision or food assistance. A minimum USD 47.6 billion was allocated by OECD governments to the agriculture and food sector, mostly in the form of domestic food assistance and support to agriculture and the food chain.

established in 1975, provides evidence-based policy solutions to sustainably end hunger and malnu... more established in 1975, provides evidence-based policy solutions to sustainably end hunger and malnutrition and reduce poverty. The Institute conducts research, communicates results, optimizes partnerships, and builds capacity to ensure sustainable food production, promote healthy food systems, improve markets and trade, transform agriculture, build resilience, and strengthen institutions and governance. Gender is considered in all of the Institute's work. IFPRI collaborates with partners around the world, including development implementers, public institutions, the private sector, and farmers' organizations, to ensure that local, national, regional, and global food policies are based on evidence. Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables I.1 Regulatory status of genetically engineered crops in the regulatory and development pipeline, 2009 1.1 Estimated area and share of total area planted to transgenic cotton in South Africa, 2000/2001-2007/08 1.2 Summary of findings of main published studies 1.3 Estimated area and share of total area planted to genetically modified maize in South Africa, 2000/2001-2009/10 2.1 Maize and beer consumption and fumonisin exposure (probable daily intake) 2.2 Fumonisin (FB 1) levels in maize and maize products in South Africa 2.3 Possible government interventions and their potential impact 2.4 Percentage of smallholder farmers using purchased seed, by region, 2001 2.5 Comparison of total fumonisin levels in maize in rural KwaZulu-Natal, 2004-2007 (mg/kg = ppb) 2.6 Fumonisin exposure in the Eastern Cape with Bt maize adoption 3.1 Organic cotton production, 1999-2008 3.2 Assumptions for variables and distributions used for partial budget simulations 3.3 Descriptive statistics 3.4 Descriptive statistics of main variables, control of plot 3.5 Cotton profitability for low-and high-input systems, season 2007/08 3.6 Cotton profitability for conventional and organic cotton producers, 2007/08 season 3.7 Partial budgets for scenarios using genetically modified seed 3A.1 All sample (N = 151) 3A.2 Low-input producer (N = 124) 3A.3 High-input producer (N = 27) 3A.4 Conventional producer (N = 139) 3A.5 Organic producer (N = 12) 4.1 Hurdle rates and average annual MISTICs per hectare of genetically modified bananas, per household, and per bananagrowing farm household at different risk-free rates of return and risk-adjusted rates of return 4.2 Comparison of KAP scores with consumer characteristics 4.3 Random-parameter logit model with interactions 4.4 Segment-specific valuation of banana bunch attributes (percentage change in price per banana bunch) 4.5 Compensating surplus and 95 percent confidence intervals for four bunch options a 5.1 GM (genetically modified) crops and products included in the Regional Approach to Biotechnology and Biosafety Policy in Eastern and Southern Africa project 5.2 Immediate export losses if all European importers shunned all "possibly GM" or "possibly GM-tainted" products 6.1 Social costs of biosafety regulations 6.2 Estimates of cost of applications over time (US dollars) and processing time (months) for the Insect-Resistant Maize for Africa project in Kenya 6.3 Estimates of the cost of regulation for the containment stage of the Insect-Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) project in Kenya, 2005 (2005 US dollars) viii 6.4 Estimates of the cost of regulations of Bt cotton in Kenya, (2005 US dollars) 6.5 Estimates of the cost of compliance with biosafety regulations for fungus-and nematode-resistant banana in Uganda, 2006-09 (2005 US dollars) 6.6 Cost of compliance with biosafety regulations 6.7 Estimated costs for biosafety activities for India, China, and the United States (US dollars) 6.8 Estimates of cost of compliance with biosafety regulations for selected technologies in the Philippines and Indonesia 7.1 Number of genetically modified products in Africa south of the Sahara, 2011 7.2 Number of genetically modified crops under development in Africa, 2003 and 2009 7.3 Distribution of public-private partnerships in the CGIAR, by center, as of 2004 7.4 Number of institutional arrangements used in public genetically modified products under development, by region and type of arrangement ix 6.1 Biosafety regulatory phases and regulatory decision points in a functional biosafety system 6.2 (a) Increase in the cost of compliance (b) Compliance cost with increases in the time of approval Boxes 6.1 Other Definitions of Biosafety x Abbreviations and Acronyms agbiotech agricultural biotechnology AGRA Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa ARC Agricultural Research Council AU African Union Bt insect-resistant trait conferred on crops, allowing them to synthesize crystalline proteins that are lethal to specific insects (originates from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis

OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, 2018

This paper is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinio... more This paper is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. The publication of this document has been authorised by Ken Ash, Director of the Trade and Agriculture Directorate. This paper and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law Comments are welcome and may be sent to tad.contact@oecd.org.

International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2016

As most cities share their water basins with rural areas, an efficient and environmentally sensib... more As most cities share their water basins with rural areas, an efficient and environmentally sensible urban water management system needs to consider the interplay between urban and rural water uses. This article analyses the three main challenges at this interface: increased competition for water resources (scarcity); flood management (abundance); and freshwater quality conservation (pollution). The merit of potential policy options is discussed from an economics perspective, taking examples from successful experiences in cities around the world. The benefits and challenges arising from enhanced coordination and integration between urban and rural water management are highlighted. Leveraging complementarities to address growing water challenges An efficient and sustainable urban water management system needs to take into consideration the interplay between urban and rural water uses. Most cities share their water basins with rural areas, with different populations, stresses, infrastructure constraints and activities. Agriculture in particular is a major user of land and water-it accounted for 36% of the total claims on national land and 44% of the claims on national freshwater in OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries between 2008 and 2010 (OECD, 2013). Three major water challenges will especially benefit from coordination between urban and upstream rural communities: (1) scarcity (too little water)-the projected growth in competition for water resources, including groundwater, linked particularly to rising uncertainties about water supply due to climate change (2) abundance (too much water)-mitigation of flood risks, bound to increase in the future (3) pollution (polluted water)-maintenance of adequate water quality standards, both for drinking water and ecosystem services.

Ce document est publié sous la responsabilité du Secrétariat général de l'OCDE. Les opinions et l... more Ce document est publié sous la responsabilité du Secrétariat général de l'OCDE. Les opinions et les interprétations exprimées ne reflètent pas nécessairement les vue de l'OCDE ou des gouvernements de ses pays membres. Ce document et toute carte qu'il peut comprendre sont sans préjudice du statut de tout territoire, de la souveraineté s'exerçant sur ce dernier, du tracé des frontières et limites internationales, et du nom de tout territoire, ville ou région. La publication de ce document a reçu l'approbation de Ken Ash, Directeur, Direction des Échanges et de l'agriculture à l'OCDE. Des commentaires sur la série sont les bienvenus et peuvent être envoyés à tad.contact@oecd.org.

Assessing the potential economic impact of Bt cotton in West Africa : preliminary findings and elements of a proposed methodology; revised final report in partial fulfillment of World Bank

Refining estimates of the opportunity cost of non-adoption of Bt cotton: the case of seven countries in Sub-Saharan Africa

Market effects of information requirements under the Biosafety Protocol

International Economics, 2013

ABSTRACT This paper assesses the global economic implications of the proposed strict documentatio... more ABSTRACT This paper assesses the global economic implications of the proposed strict documentation requirements on traded shipments of potentially genetically modified (GM) commodities under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Using a spatial equilibrium model with 80 maize and 53 soybean trading countries, we show that information requirements would have a significant effect on the world market for maize and soybeans, distorting trade and generating welfare losses for all Protocol members and for non-members that produce GM maize and/or soybeans. While non-GM producers in Protocol member countries would benefit, the regulation would negatively impact consumers and producers in many developing countries.

OECD Environment Working Papers, 2013

Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Cooperation... more Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 03-Oct-2013 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English-Or. English ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE ENVIRONMENT WORKING PAPER No. 62-A CHARACTERISATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LABELLING AND INFORMATION SCHEMES

The CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) is an initiative of... more The CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) is an initiative of the 15 centers that belong to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. The initiative promotes comparative research on the role played by property rights and collective action institutions in shaping the efficiency, sustainability, and equity of natural resource systems. CAPRi's Secretariat is hosted by the International Food Policy Research Institute's (IFPRI) Environment and Production Technology Division (www.ifpri.org). CAPRi Working Papers contain preliminary material and research results and are circulated prior to a full peer review in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most Working Papers will eventually be published in some other form, and that their content may also be revised.

The Price and Trade Effects of Strict Information Requirements for Genetically Modified Commoditi... more The Price and Trade Effects of Strict Information Requirements for Genetically Modified Commodities under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

During the last decade, a number of Asian countries have been actively developing programs of res... more During the last decade, a number of Asian countries have been actively developing programs of research on genetically modified (GM) crops (Runge and Ryan, 2004). Some of these countries have developed biosafety regulatory frameworks, but until now only a few have approved one or more GM crops. Empirical studies have shown that the introduction of Bt cotton in China and India have generated income gains for farmers overall (e.g., Bennett et al., 2004, Pray et al., 2002). But these two countries only approved the large scale production of GM cotton, in part because unlike other GM crops, the main products of cotton are not used for food, and thus are not subject to food safety approval and labeling regulations in major importing countries. In particular, neither Japan nor the European Union (EU) directly regulates textile products derived from GM cotton. In fact, most Asian countries that have invested in research and regulations on GM food crops are confronted with three possible alternatives: 1) allowing the production of GM food crops with the risk of losing potential exports, 2) rejecting the commercialization of any GM food crop, 3) producing both GM and non-GM food crops separately at a marketing cost. At the same time, they have to take into account the potential opportunity cost of rejecting the technology when other competitors adopt it (Elbehri and MacDonald, 2004; Berwald et al., 2006). In the last few years, China has been conducting field trials of different varieties of GM rice but has delayed a decision on its formal approval. At the same time, India has been actively conducting public research on GM rice, but many officials appear reluctant to see its introduction. India's rice exports to sensitive markets are significant, but non-GM rice segregation could help preserve its exports while allowing the rest of the country to use GM rice * The authors wish to thank Rowena Valmonte-Santos, Liang You, Cynthia Rossi, and Purvi Mehta-Bhatt, for their help and contributions at various stages of the first phase of the project on productivity modeling. They would also like to thank all the participants to the meetings in the five cities in India.

A vast literature has accumulated since crop varieties with transgenic resistance to insects and ... more A vast literature has accumulated since crop varieties with transgenic resistance to insects and herbicide tolerance were released to farmers in 1996 and 1997. A comparatively minor segment of this literature consists of studies conducted by agricultural economists to measure the farm-level impact of transgenic crop varieties, the size and distribution of the economic benefits from adopting them, consumer attitudes toward GE products, and implications for international trade. This paper focuses only on the applied economics literature about the impact of transgenic crop varieties in non-industrialized agricultural systems, with an emphasis on methods. A number of studies have surveyed the findings for both industrialized and non-industrialized agriculture, at various points in time, but surveys of methods are less frequent and have typically examined only one overall question or approach. Clearly, the methods used in research influence the findings that are presented and what they m...

Product Carbon Footprint Labels & International Trade

This study investigates the implications of implementing information requirements under the Carta... more This study investigates the implications of implementing information requirements under the Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety's Article 18.2.a in Kenya. It also assesses the challenges associated with the upcoming introduction of import regulations for genetically modified (GM) food in a country that largely imports and transports grain in East Africa. The analysis shows that Kenya has been importing GM grains for the past few years and that border control under pending regulation will be difficult and costly. While the Protocol's information requirement's "may contain" option does not require too much effort, implementing the strict "does contain" option will significantly increase the cost of trade and potentially the price of grains in Kenya. These results suggest that a regional approach to import control is necessary , and that Kenya should reconsider its support to the "does contain" option of the Protocol.

A Concerted Approach to Biodiversity, Water, Food, and Trade

OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, 2021

Measuring policy progress on agriculture and water policies is essential to help decision makers ... more Measuring policy progress on agriculture and water policies is essential to help decision makers identify necessary policy changes and understand how further progress may be achieved to improve agricultural water management. A thorough review of existing evaluations of agriculture and water policies suggests three types of progress to be measured: policy design, policy implementation capacity and policy results. The quality and robustness of these measures of policy progress depends upon three main factors. First, assessment of policy design requires matching policy alignment with cross cutting objectives or with a reference text. Second, assessment of progress in implementation capacity requires gauging evolution towards predefined capacity needs or identified governance gaps. Third, evaluation of policy results requires clearly defined objectives, timelines and scales for assessments. Seven practical options are identified for applying these principles to agriculture and water policies, illustrated by applying them to assessing progress in the sustainable management of water for irrigation under climate change and in controlling diffuse nutrient pollution.

Notices 1 Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Direct... more Notices 1 Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI-wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI's website at http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. 2 IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have not been subject to formal external reviews managed by IFPRI's Publications Review Committee but have been reviewed by at least one internal and/or external reviewer. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment.

This report takes stock of agriculture and water policy changes from 2009 to 2019 and assesses th... more This report takes stock of agriculture and water policy changes from 2009 to 2019 and assesses the alignment of these changes with relevant sections of the OECD Council Recommendation on Water and the 2017 G20 Agriculture Ministerial Action Plan on water and food security. The analysis builds on results from a 2019 survey on agriculture and water policy changes which gathered responses from 38 countries – including OECD countries, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Cabo Verde – and the European Union. A methodology was developed to convert survey responses into indices of alignment of policy changes with OECD and G20 recommendations. Results show that changes in water and agriculture policies from 2009 to 2019 were uneven across countries and investigated policy areas (water governance, water quality, water quantity and water risks), with some countries undertaking important reforms whereas others mainly improved existing policies. On average, alignment indices suggest that agriculture and w...

Viewpoint: Characterising early agricultural and food policy responses to the outbreak of COVID-19

Food Policy, 2021

This article reviews and categorises early policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, based on a ... more This article reviews and categorises early policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, based on a dataset of 496 measures taken by 54 countries between January 1 and April 28 and collected by the OECD from government officials and additional sources. Findings show a large diversity of measures, some of which were urgent and necessary, some that may continue to be beneficial once the pandemic has subsided, while others are potentially disruptive for the functioning of markets or damaging for the environment. National allocations of measures show differences between developed OECD countries, which used more agriculture or support related measures, and emerging economies, which focused on trade policies, information provision or food assistance. A minimum USD 47.6 billion was allocated by OECD governments to the agriculture and food sector, mostly in the form of domestic food assistance and support to agriculture and the food chain.

established in 1975, provides evidence-based policy solutions to sustainably end hunger and malnu... more established in 1975, provides evidence-based policy solutions to sustainably end hunger and malnutrition and reduce poverty. The Institute conducts research, communicates results, optimizes partnerships, and builds capacity to ensure sustainable food production, promote healthy food systems, improve markets and trade, transform agriculture, build resilience, and strengthen institutions and governance. Gender is considered in all of the Institute's work. IFPRI collaborates with partners around the world, including development implementers, public institutions, the private sector, and farmers' organizations, to ensure that local, national, regional, and global food policies are based on evidence. Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables I.1 Regulatory status of genetically engineered crops in the regulatory and development pipeline, 2009 1.1 Estimated area and share of total area planted to transgenic cotton in South Africa, 2000/2001-2007/08 1.2 Summary of findings of main published studies 1.3 Estimated area and share of total area planted to genetically modified maize in South Africa, 2000/2001-2009/10 2.1 Maize and beer consumption and fumonisin exposure (probable daily intake) 2.2 Fumonisin (FB 1) levels in maize and maize products in South Africa 2.3 Possible government interventions and their potential impact 2.4 Percentage of smallholder farmers using purchased seed, by region, 2001 2.5 Comparison of total fumonisin levels in maize in rural KwaZulu-Natal, 2004-2007 (mg/kg = ppb) 2.6 Fumonisin exposure in the Eastern Cape with Bt maize adoption 3.1 Organic cotton production, 1999-2008 3.2 Assumptions for variables and distributions used for partial budget simulations 3.3 Descriptive statistics 3.4 Descriptive statistics of main variables, control of plot 3.5 Cotton profitability for low-and high-input systems, season 2007/08 3.6 Cotton profitability for conventional and organic cotton producers, 2007/08 season 3.7 Partial budgets for scenarios using genetically modified seed 3A.1 All sample (N = 151) 3A.2 Low-input producer (N = 124) 3A.3 High-input producer (N = 27) 3A.4 Conventional producer (N = 139) 3A.5 Organic producer (N = 12) 4.1 Hurdle rates and average annual MISTICs per hectare of genetically modified bananas, per household, and per bananagrowing farm household at different risk-free rates of return and risk-adjusted rates of return 4.2 Comparison of KAP scores with consumer characteristics 4.3 Random-parameter logit model with interactions 4.4 Segment-specific valuation of banana bunch attributes (percentage change in price per banana bunch) 4.5 Compensating surplus and 95 percent confidence intervals for four bunch options a 5.1 GM (genetically modified) crops and products included in the Regional Approach to Biotechnology and Biosafety Policy in Eastern and Southern Africa project 5.2 Immediate export losses if all European importers shunned all "possibly GM" or "possibly GM-tainted" products 6.1 Social costs of biosafety regulations 6.2 Estimates of cost of applications over time (US dollars) and processing time (months) for the Insect-Resistant Maize for Africa project in Kenya 6.3 Estimates of the cost of regulation for the containment stage of the Insect-Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) project in Kenya, 2005 (2005 US dollars) viii 6.4 Estimates of the cost of regulations of Bt cotton in Kenya, (2005 US dollars) 6.5 Estimates of the cost of compliance with biosafety regulations for fungus-and nematode-resistant banana in Uganda, 2006-09 (2005 US dollars) 6.6 Cost of compliance with biosafety regulations 6.7 Estimated costs for biosafety activities for India, China, and the United States (US dollars) 6.8 Estimates of cost of compliance with biosafety regulations for selected technologies in the Philippines and Indonesia 7.1 Number of genetically modified products in Africa south of the Sahara, 2011 7.2 Number of genetically modified crops under development in Africa, 2003 and 2009 7.3 Distribution of public-private partnerships in the CGIAR, by center, as of 2004 7.4 Number of institutional arrangements used in public genetically modified products under development, by region and type of arrangement ix 6.1 Biosafety regulatory phases and regulatory decision points in a functional biosafety system 6.2 (a) Increase in the cost of compliance (b) Compliance cost with increases in the time of approval Boxes 6.1 Other Definitions of Biosafety x Abbreviations and Acronyms agbiotech agricultural biotechnology AGRA Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa ARC Agricultural Research Council AU African Union Bt insect-resistant trait conferred on crops, allowing them to synthesize crystalline proteins that are lethal to specific insects (originates from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis

OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, 2018

This paper is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinio... more This paper is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. The publication of this document has been authorised by Ken Ash, Director of the Trade and Agriculture Directorate. This paper and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law Comments are welcome and may be sent to tad.contact@oecd.org.

International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2016

As most cities share their water basins with rural areas, an efficient and environmentally sensib... more As most cities share their water basins with rural areas, an efficient and environmentally sensible urban water management system needs to consider the interplay between urban and rural water uses. This article analyses the three main challenges at this interface: increased competition for water resources (scarcity); flood management (abundance); and freshwater quality conservation (pollution). The merit of potential policy options is discussed from an economics perspective, taking examples from successful experiences in cities around the world. The benefits and challenges arising from enhanced coordination and integration between urban and rural water management are highlighted. Leveraging complementarities to address growing water challenges An efficient and sustainable urban water management system needs to take into consideration the interplay between urban and rural water uses. Most cities share their water basins with rural areas, with different populations, stresses, infrastructure constraints and activities. Agriculture in particular is a major user of land and water-it accounted for 36% of the total claims on national land and 44% of the claims on national freshwater in OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries between 2008 and 2010 (OECD, 2013). Three major water challenges will especially benefit from coordination between urban and upstream rural communities: (1) scarcity (too little water)-the projected growth in competition for water resources, including groundwater, linked particularly to rising uncertainties about water supply due to climate change (2) abundance (too much water)-mitigation of flood risks, bound to increase in the future (3) pollution (polluted water)-maintenance of adequate water quality standards, both for drinking water and ecosystem services.

Ce document est publié sous la responsabilité du Secrétariat général de l'OCDE. Les opinions et l... more Ce document est publié sous la responsabilité du Secrétariat général de l'OCDE. Les opinions et les interprétations exprimées ne reflètent pas nécessairement les vue de l'OCDE ou des gouvernements de ses pays membres. Ce document et toute carte qu'il peut comprendre sont sans préjudice du statut de tout territoire, de la souveraineté s'exerçant sur ce dernier, du tracé des frontières et limites internationales, et du nom de tout territoire, ville ou région. La publication de ce document a reçu l'approbation de Ken Ash, Directeur, Direction des Échanges et de l'agriculture à l'OCDE. Des commentaires sur la série sont les bienvenus et peuvent être envoyés à tad.contact@oecd.org.

Assessing the potential economic impact of Bt cotton in West Africa : preliminary findings and elements of a proposed methodology; revised final report in partial fulfillment of World Bank

Refining estimates of the opportunity cost of non-adoption of Bt cotton: the case of seven countries in Sub-Saharan Africa

Market effects of information requirements under the Biosafety Protocol

International Economics, 2013

ABSTRACT This paper assesses the global economic implications of the proposed strict documentatio... more ABSTRACT This paper assesses the global economic implications of the proposed strict documentation requirements on traded shipments of potentially genetically modified (GM) commodities under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Using a spatial equilibrium model with 80 maize and 53 soybean trading countries, we show that information requirements would have a significant effect on the world market for maize and soybeans, distorting trade and generating welfare losses for all Protocol members and for non-members that produce GM maize and/or soybeans. While non-GM producers in Protocol member countries would benefit, the regulation would negatively impact consumers and producers in many developing countries.

OECD Environment Working Papers, 2013

Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Cooperation... more Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 03-Oct-2013 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English-Or. English ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE ENVIRONMENT WORKING PAPER No. 62-A CHARACTERISATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LABELLING AND INFORMATION SCHEMES

The CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) is an initiative of... more The CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) is an initiative of the 15 centers that belong to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. The initiative promotes comparative research on the role played by property rights and collective action institutions in shaping the efficiency, sustainability, and equity of natural resource systems. CAPRi's Secretariat is hosted by the International Food Policy Research Institute's (IFPRI) Environment and Production Technology Division (www.ifpri.org). CAPRi Working Papers contain preliminary material and research results and are circulated prior to a full peer review in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most Working Papers will eventually be published in some other form, and that their content may also be revised.

The Price and Trade Effects of Strict Information Requirements for Genetically Modified Commoditi... more The Price and Trade Effects of Strict Information Requirements for Genetically Modified Commodities under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety