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Papers by Heba Ramadan

Biomédica

Introduction: Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only commercially available drug for schistosomiasis. The... more Introduction: Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only commercially available drug for schistosomiasis. The current shortage of alternative effective drugs and the lack of successful preventive measures enhance its value. The increase in the prevalence of PZQ resistance under sustained drug pressure is, therefore, an upcoming issue.Objective: To overcome the tolerance to PZQ using nanotechnology after laboratory induction of a Schistosoma mansoni isolate with reduced sensitivity to the drug during the intramolluscan phase.Materials and methods: Shedding snails were treated with PZQ doses of 200 mg/kg twice/ week followed by an interval of one week and then repeated twice in the same manner. The success of inducing reduced sensitivity was confirmed in vitro via the reduction of cercarial response to PZQ regarding their swimming activity and death percentage at different examination times.Results: Oral treatment with a single PZQ dose of 500 mg/kg in mice infected with cercariae with reduced se...

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021

As one of the most exonerative, competitive, and abundant nanoparticles in curative uses, silver ... more As one of the most exonerative, competitive, and abundant nanoparticles in curative uses, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) play a growing important role in developing global neurodegeneration. Herein, we inspected the neurotoxic and histopathological effects of the oral dose of 26.9 nm citrate-coated AgNPs (100 and 1000 mg/kgbw, 28 days) on the brain conductivity and permittivity combined with neurotransmitter assays. While male mice in the control group were given deionized water. In terms of biophysical levels, the brain electric conductivity and relative permittivity were significantly decreased in the 26.9 nm citrate-coated AgNP treated groups versus the controls. Besides, 26.9 nm citrate-coated AgNP treatment resulted in a significant deficiency in the concentrations of brain acetylcholine esterase, dopamine, and serotonin. Total brain contents of silver ion significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Further, light and electron microscopy revealed a progressive disruption in the lamellar pattern of the myelinated axons of the nerve fibers, in addition to the accumulation of nanosilver in lysosomes and swollen mitochondria in axoplasm. In conclusion, 26.9 nm citrate-coated AgNPs are capable of gaining access to the brain of mice and causing electric conductivity and relative permittivity damage along with a high degree of cellular toxicity in the brain tissue. Therefore, the present study highlights, for the first time, the adverse effects of the citrate-coated AgNPs to the brain of mice and raises the concern of their probable neurotoxic impacts which is helpful for conclusive interpretation of future behavioral and potential neurodegeneration-based aspects. It would be of interest to investigate citrate-coated AgNPs mediated axonal relevant-signal transduction levels in future studies.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021

The aim of the present work is to study the cytotox icity of cisplatin in the presence of magneti... more The aim of the present work is to study the cytotox icity of cisplatin in the presence of magnetic fields. For this purpose an exposure sy stem capable of producing static and alternating magnetic fields in horizontal area of 30 ×20 cm 2 was built. Eighty mice were grouped equally into fo ur groups namely GI, GII, GIII and GIV. Animals of group GI were used as control (sham exposed), animals of GII were exposed to a combined static and alternating magnetic fields of 3.6 mT for 35 min/day, 6 day/week for 21 days, animals of GIII were injected with cisplatin (3 mg/kg) and sham exposed to magnetic fields, the final group GIV wer e injected with cisplatin (3 mg/kg) and exposed to magnetic fields as GII. The induced changes in sple en and kidney were carried out through the calculation of the relative spleen weights and dete rmination of DNA content of the kidney and its ultrastructure changes. The results indicated a dec rease in the relative spleen weights with a decreas e in the growt...

Alexandria Dental Journal, 2019

INTRODUCTION: During the past decade, composites have become the most commonly used restorative m... more INTRODUCTION: During the past decade, composites have become the most commonly used restorative materials. The rate of dental caries following treatment with composite resin is high. Therefore, one of the most applicable methods for preventing enamel demineralization around the restorations is using dental materials resistant to the bacterial accumulation OBJECTIVES: To synthesis and characterize antibacterial nanoparticles and to evaluate the effect of blending microhybrid composite with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO), Chitosan (Cs) and combination of both Chitosan/Zinc oxide nanoparticles (Cs/ZnO) and properties of these nanoparticles on the composite resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three antibacterial nanoparticles were prepared and characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, shape, morphology and functional group determination. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the nanoparticles was determined. The nanoparticles were incorporated into commercial microhybrid composite resin. The antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans were evaluated by disc diffusion test and direct contact test. The results were analyzed using ANOVA test at p ≤ .05 significance level. RESULTS: For agar diffusion disc, incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into the composite resin results in an antibacterial effect which lasted for up to 12 weeks, while for the Cs and Cs/ZnO nanoparticles the antibacterial effect lasted for up to 2 weeks. The direct contact test visualized under SEM also showed that incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into composite resin to be the most inhibitory in all the 4 groups, denoting that ZnO-NPs has a far better inhibitory effect than Cs-NPs and Cs/ ZnO-NPs. CONCLUSIONS Antibacterial nanoparticles could be synthesized and characterized by Zetasizer NanoZS, scanning electron, transmission microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Incorporation of ZnO, Cs and Cs/ZnO nanoparticles into the composite resin could significantly inhibit the S. mutans. The antimicrobial efficacy of the ZnO nanoparticles blended with microhybrid composite resin was confirmed for a duration up to 12 weeks.

Oral Diseases, 2020

Objectives: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used to deliver drugs and therapeutic small molecule i... more Objectives: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used to deliver drugs and therapeutic small molecule inhibitors to cancer cells. Evidence shows that AuNPs coated with nuclear localization sequence can cross the nuclear membrane and induce cellular apoptosis. To determine the therapeutic role of AuNPs, we compared two nanoconstructs conjugated to doxorubicin (DOX) through pH-sensitive and pH-resistant linkers.

Alexandria Dental Journal, 2019

INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with ... more INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with high mortality rate. Conventional treatment strategies have improved but remain far from optimal. Cancer research is focused on improving cancer diagnosis and treatment methods using nanotechnology, by the production and application of nanoscale drug delivery systems. In medicine, several types of nanoparticles have evolved, gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) are an excellent candidate as drug delivery vehicle due to their favorable chemical and optical properties. Paclitaxel (PTX) is an effective antineoplastic drug that has a wide spectrum of antitumor activity, against head and neck malignancies. The encapsulation of PTX in nanodelivery systems can protect the drug from degradation during circulation and protect the body from its toxic side effects. OBJECTIVES: To study the therapeutic efficacy of PTX-functionalized AuNPs versus the free form of the drug. Also the study will evaluate the treatment, by the use of proliferative immune-histochemical marker (PCNA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Squamous cell carcinoma will be chemically induced in sixty Syrian hamsters. Then they will be divided into three groups, 20 in each. One group will be treated with free PTX, another group will be treated with PTX-AuNPs, and the last group will be given saline as negative control group. RESULTS: Group treated by PTX loaded on AuNPs showed significant results over group treated by free PTX. CONCLUSIONS: The unique AuNPs properties in combination to the chemotherapeutic drug target cancer cells while maintaining no adverse effects on the surrounding normal cells.

Egyptian Journal of Histology, 2020

Background: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2-NPs) are widely used in several fields and safe... more Background: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2-NPs) are widely used in several fields and safety concerns about their potential reproductive hazards have been raised. Resveratrol (RES) was reported to protect against TiO 2-NPs-induced toxicity through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, owing to its low bioavailability, resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles (RES-loaded niosomes) have been developed and were found to have higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Aim: To investigate the possible protective effect of RES versus RES-loaded niosomes against TiO 2-NPs-induced toxicity on adult rat seminiferous tubules rats. Materials and Methods: 60 adult male albino rats were divided into 6 equal groups that daily received distilled water, RES, RES-loaded niosomes, TiO 2-NPs, TiO 2-NPs in addition to RES, and TiO 2-NPs in addition to RES-loaded niosomes, respectively for 90 days. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed; blood to measure testosterone, MDA and LDH and semen samples to evaluate sperm count were collected. Both testes were processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Results: Administration of TiO 2-NPs led to significantly lower testosterone level, sperm count and Johnsen score, significantly elevated MDA and LDH levels and degenerative changes in the seminiferous epithelium. Administration of RES with TiO 2-NPs led to significant decrease in MDA and LDH levels than the group receiving only TiO 2-NPs, but the levels were still significantly higher than the first three groups. Administration of RES-loaded niosomes with TiO 2-NPs led to significant increase in serum testosterone, sperm count and Johnsen score and significant reduction in MDA and LDH levels together with apparent structural improvement of the seminiferous tubules on light and electron microscopic examination compared to the groups receiving TiO 2-NPs and RES with TiO 2-NPs. Conclusion: RES-loaded niosomes possibly exerts a protective effect against TiO 2-NPs-induced testicular damage and hence might play a role against nanoparticle-induced reproductive toxicity.

The International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 2018

Introduction: Radiotherapy still the most facilitated modality for treatment malignant brain tumo... more Introduction: Radiotherapy still the most facilitated modality for treatment malignant brain tumors with or without chemotherapy and after surgery or when surgery is impossible. Purpose: Comparison between the effects of three planning techniques with similar, opposed and non-wedges in brain tumor cases. Methods: Twenty patients with brain tumors (Glioblastoma Multiform) of both sexes were enrolled in the study. A LINAC with 6MV photon beam was used to deliver the prescribed dose. The whole brain technique was applied to each patient and the planning was constructed with nonwedges, similar wedges and opposed wedges within 95% to 107% of the prescribed dose as recommended by the RTOG. The considered organs at risk were; Right and Left (eyes, lenses, and optic nerves), optic chiasma and the brain-stem. Results: The results showed significant difference (at the level P<0.05), between the three planning based on the conformity, homogeneity indexes, global max, and the doses received by the OARs. The results were discussed.

Targeting is a new therapeutic tool for malignant tumor as a result of combining nanotechnology w... more Targeting is a new therapeutic tool for malignant tumor as a result of combining nanotechnology with chemotherapeutics. Ultrasound has been shown to enhance degradation and drug delivery from biodegradable and non biodegradable polymeric devices. If a microsphere is partially filled with an entrapped drug substance, it is then able to transport the drug through blood vessels and release its load upon being triggered by an ultrasound pulse, which cracks the shell. The aim of our study is to investigate the role of ultrasound in anti-cancer drug delivery loaded on microspheres The cisplatin chitosan microparticles was prepared by the membrane emulsification technique. A total of 80 male Swiss albino mice weighting (20-25 g) received subcutaneous injections of 2x10 6 (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma) cells mammary in origin. A week later, the tumor bearing mice was divided into four main groups: group of 20 mice serves as a control untreated group, group of 20 mice which were injected with c...

Acta Tropica, 2015

The preventative effect of triclosan (TS) and TS liposomal nanoparticles was studied on the early... more The preventative effect of triclosan (TS) and TS liposomal nanoparticles was studied on the early establishment of chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Swiss albino mice were orally infected with 10 cysts of avirulent ME49 strain of T. gondii, and 2 weeks later they were orally treated with dual daily doses of 200 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg TS and TS liposomes for 30 days; respectively. Effect of TS and TS liposomes was parasitologically and ultrastructurally evaluated, versus infected non-treated control. Their safety was biochemically assessed. Parasitologically, both TS and TS liposomes induced significant reduction in mice mortality, brain parasite burden and infectivity of cysts obtained from the brains of treated mice. Ultrastructurally, scanning electron microscopy of cysts obtained from infected mice treated with either TS or TS liposomes showed surface irregularities, protrusions and depressions. Transmission electron microscopy revealed disintegration of the cyst wall and vacuolation of the bradyzoites with disintegration of plasma membranes of both cysts and bradyzoites whether treated with TS or TS liposomes. Biochemical study reflected the safety of the TS and TS liposomes. Therefore, TS proved an effective, promising and safe preventive drug against early establishment of chronic toxoplasmosis. Loading TS on liposomes marginally enhanced its efficacy against T. gondii cysts yet allowed its use in a lower dose.

Breast Cancer Reports, 2014

Background: Women with breast cancer are at increased risk for the development of osteoporosis an... more Background: Women with breast cancer are at increased risk for the development of osteoporosis and skeletal fractures, as consequences of aromatase inhibition or chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure. We investigated the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption as well as on bone mineral density (BMD) of non-metastatic breast cancer (NMBC) postmenopausal Egyptian women. Methods: We followed 100 newly diagnosed women with T1-3 N0-2 M0 breast cancer, who had a mean age (±SD) of 55.06±8.78 year, before and after receiving 6-cycles of CAF chemotherapy treatment protocol. All participant women were subjected to blood biochemical analysis for determining serum levels of: erythrocyte sedimentation rate, calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone specific alkaline phosphatase (S.ALP), Osteocalcin, carboxytelopeptide of collagen type I (CTx-I), 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and tumor marker CA15-3. Segmental and total BMD were also investigated using Dual X-ray Absorptiometry technique. Results: We found ALP, S.ALP, and CTx-I levels were significantly lower (p<0.001), while PTH levels to be significantly higher for all women after chemotherapy as compared to their initial state before chemotherapy. Both segmental and total BMD, and consequently T-and Z-Scores after chemotherapy were significantly (p<0.01) lower than their levels before chemotherapy. We developed prediction mathematical formulae for spine, pelvis and total BMD for all women before and after chemotherapy. Conclusions: Adjuvant chemotherapy is responsible for decreasing both biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption as well as for decreasing segmental and total BMD in NMBC postmenopausal Egyptian women. We believe the mathematical formulae developed on basis of the two individual variables Age and BMI can be useful for assisting the clinician to frequently monitor bone health status of breast cancer patients in similar conditions.

Applied Nanoscience, 2013

Nanoparticles (NPs) fabricated from the biodegradable copolymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PL... more Nanoparticles (NPs) fabricated from the biodegradable copolymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) were investigated as a drug delivery system to enhance the photodynamic efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The PLGA-encapsulated 5-ALA NPs were prepared using binary organic solvent diffusion method and characterized in terms of shape and particle size. The in vivo photodynamic efficiency in Ehrlich ascites-bearing mice was studied. The obtained particles were uniform in size with spherical shape of mean size of 249.5 nm as obtained by particle size analyzer and the in vitro release studies demonstrated a controlled release profile of 5-ALA. Tumor-bearing mice injected with PLGA-encapsulated 5-ALA NPs exhibited significantly smaller mean tumor volume, increased tumor growth delay compared with the control group and the group injected with free 5-ALA during the time course of the experiment. Histopathological examination of tumor from mice treated with PLGAencapsulated 5-ALA NPs showed regression of tumor cells, in contrast to those obtained from mice treated with free 5-ALA. The results indicate that PLGA-encapsulated 5-ALA NPs are a successful delivery system for improving photodynamic activity in the target tissue. Keywords Photodynamic therapy (PDT) Á Nanoparticles (NPs) Á Photosensitizer (PS) Á 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) Á Poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) Á Percentage of drug entrapment (PDE) Á Drug loading Á Drug release M. N. Shaker (&) Á A

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 2013

Objectives: Benzene is commonly emitted in several industries, leading to widespread environmenta... more Objectives: Benzene is commonly emitted in several industries, leading to widespread environmental and occupational exposure hazards. While less toxic solvents have been substituted for benzene, it is still a component of petroleum products and is a trace impurity in industrial products resulting in continued higher occupational exposures in industrial settings in developing countries. Materials and Methods: We investigated the potential use of an electronic nose (e-nose) to monitor the headspace volatiles in biological samples from benzene-exposed Egyptian workers and non-exposed controls. The study population comprised 150 non-smoking male workers exposed to benzene and an equal number of matching non-exposed controls. We determined biomarkers of benzene used to estimate exposure and risk including: benzene in exhaled air and blood; and its urinary metabolites such as phenol and muconic acid using gas chromatography technique and a portable e-nose. Results: The average benzene concentration measured in the ambient air of the workplace of all studied industrial settings in Alexandria, Egypt; was 97.56±88.12 μg/m 3 (range: 4.69-260.86 μg/m 3). Levels of phenol and muconic acid were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in both blood and urine of benzene-exposed workers as compared to non-exposed controls. Conclusions: The e-nose technology has successfully classified and distinguished benzene-exposed workers from non-exposed controls for all measured samples of blood, urine and the exhaled air with a very high degree of precision. Thus, it will be a very useful tool for the low-cost mass screening and early detection of health hazards associated with the exposure to benzene in the industry.

Experimental Parasitology, 2015

Effect of triclosan (TS) and liposomal-TS is studied against virulent Toxoplasmosis. • Tachyzoite... more Effect of triclosan (TS) and liposomal-TS is studied against virulent Toxoplasmosis. • Tachyzoites' burden, viability and infectivity were reduced. • Treatment induced dramatic tachyzoite ultrastructural changes.

Journal of Medical and Life Science, 2019

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. The most important risk f... more Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. The most important risk factor for the development of HCC is cirrhosis regardless of etiology. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in the treatment of cancer. Drug resistance remains a significant limitation to the clinical use of 5-FU. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of 5-FU loaded chitosan nanoparticles in experimentally induced HCC. To achieve our purpose, one hundred and five male Swiss Albino mice were divided randomly into two major groups: Group A: comprised 25 mice served as normal control, Group B: comprised 80 mice received a daily oral dose of 0.06% DAB (165 mg/kg body.wt.) for 30 days after which the water was replaced with 0.05% aqueous solution of Phenobarbital (PB). Five chosen mice randomly from groups A and B at the time intervals 15, 30, 45 and 60 days were sacrificed to follow up with the development of HCC by biochemical and histopathological examination. Animals of group B were divided into 3 groups Group I: included 20 mice served as an untreated group, group II: included 20 mice injected intraperitoneally with 5-FU only (40mg/kg body.wt) every 2 days for 16 days, group III: included 20 mice injected intraperitoneally with 5-FU Cs NPs. Each group was further divided into two subgroups 10 mice each, one subgroup treated with ultrasonic waves; meanwhile the other subgroup without ultrasonic waves exposure. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrified, serum ALT, hepatic ALT, and hepatic MDA were estimated; HCC was histopathologically monitored in all studied groups. There was 276.5%, 145.7%and 438.5% increase in serum ALT, hepatic ALT and hepatic MDA levels respectively comparing to the corresponding control. Liver tumors that ultimately became neoplastic were produced after 45 days. US exposure triggered a significant decline in serum and hepatic ALT activity (P = 0.001) and in hepatic MDA (P = 0.009) within 5-FU loaded Cs NPs group. Moreover, tumor growth delay and more enhanced correction in hepatic architecture was obtained by a combination of US and 5-FU loaded Cs NPs therapy. Based on these results, we can conclude that the use of 5-FU loaded chitosan nanoparticles in combination with low-intensity ultrasound ameliorates the efficacy of 5-FU as anticancer therapy for HCC.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2018

A relatively novel strategy for drug delivery enhancement is application of polymeric nanoparticl... more A relatively novel strategy for drug delivery enhancement is application of polymeric nanoparticles in combination with relatively low-intensity ultrasound (US). Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA NPs) were prepared using intermittent desolvation method and investigated in combination with ultrasound irradiation as drug delivery system to improve the therapeutic efficacy of 5-flurouracil (5-FU) against experimentally induced hepatocellular carcinoma in mice by 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB) and phenobarbital (PB). The prepared BSA NPs encapsulating 5-FU were prepared with mean particle size of 70 nm and spherical in shape. The in vitro drug release studies revealed an enhanced and controlled release of 5-FU from BSA NPs under the effect of ultrasound. Respecting results, mice bearing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and injected with BSA NPs encapsulating 5-FU and irradiated with ultrasonic waves showed significant decreased levels of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and hepatic al...

Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2019

The present study aimed to disclose the histological alterations and cyto-genotoxic potential ind... more The present study aimed to disclose the histological alterations and cyto-genotoxic potential induced by citrate- and chitosan-capped AuNPs on liver of adult Swiss albino mice. Animals were randomly divided into 8 groups. The first two groups were intraperitoneally (i.p) injected with physiological saline once and left for 10 days and every other day for 21 days, respectively, and kept as negative control groups. While the third and fourth groups were injected i.p with a single dose of 2 mg/kg of citrate- and chitosan-capped AuNPs, respectively, and left for 10 days. The fifth and sixth groups were injected i.p every other day for 21 days with 200 µg/kg of citrate- and chitosan-capped AuNPs, respectively. Animals of the seventh and eighth groups were injected i.p with 50 mg/kg cyclophosphamide once and left for 10 days and with 20 mg/kg cyclophosphamide every other day for 21 days, respectively. The livers of mice were dissected and processed for microscopic examination and for anal...

Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, 2013

Objectives. The objective of this study was to assess the short-term effect of plasmonic photothe... more Objectives. The objective of this study was to assess the short-term effect of plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) on induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinoma. Study Design. Seventy-six Syrian golden male hamsters were used. The induced HBP carcinomas were directly injected with w30 nm gold nanospheres followed by 15 min laser exposure (PPTT). Results. PPTT caused rapid growth cessation and dramatic decrease in tumor sizes after 4 weeks of treatment (P < .05) compared to controls. Microscopic and immunohistochemical examination of the tumor biopsies revealed significant differences in the cellular apoptotic index (AI) value and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoexpression in PPTT-treated tumor tissue sections compared to controls (P < .05). Survival probability of the treated animals was increased compared to controls (P < .05). Conclusion. PPTT proved to be a successful method for treating superficially located HBP carcinomas.

Biomédica

Introduction: Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only commercially available drug for schistosomiasis. The... more Introduction: Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only commercially available drug for schistosomiasis. The current shortage of alternative effective drugs and the lack of successful preventive measures enhance its value. The increase in the prevalence of PZQ resistance under sustained drug pressure is, therefore, an upcoming issue.Objective: To overcome the tolerance to PZQ using nanotechnology after laboratory induction of a Schistosoma mansoni isolate with reduced sensitivity to the drug during the intramolluscan phase.Materials and methods: Shedding snails were treated with PZQ doses of 200 mg/kg twice/ week followed by an interval of one week and then repeated twice in the same manner. The success of inducing reduced sensitivity was confirmed in vitro via the reduction of cercarial response to PZQ regarding their swimming activity and death percentage at different examination times.Results: Oral treatment with a single PZQ dose of 500 mg/kg in mice infected with cercariae with reduced se...

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021

As one of the most exonerative, competitive, and abundant nanoparticles in curative uses, silver ... more As one of the most exonerative, competitive, and abundant nanoparticles in curative uses, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) play a growing important role in developing global neurodegeneration. Herein, we inspected the neurotoxic and histopathological effects of the oral dose of 26.9 nm citrate-coated AgNPs (100 and 1000 mg/kgbw, 28 days) on the brain conductivity and permittivity combined with neurotransmitter assays. While male mice in the control group were given deionized water. In terms of biophysical levels, the brain electric conductivity and relative permittivity were significantly decreased in the 26.9 nm citrate-coated AgNP treated groups versus the controls. Besides, 26.9 nm citrate-coated AgNP treatment resulted in a significant deficiency in the concentrations of brain acetylcholine esterase, dopamine, and serotonin. Total brain contents of silver ion significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Further, light and electron microscopy revealed a progressive disruption in the lamellar pattern of the myelinated axons of the nerve fibers, in addition to the accumulation of nanosilver in lysosomes and swollen mitochondria in axoplasm. In conclusion, 26.9 nm citrate-coated AgNPs are capable of gaining access to the brain of mice and causing electric conductivity and relative permittivity damage along with a high degree of cellular toxicity in the brain tissue. Therefore, the present study highlights, for the first time, the adverse effects of the citrate-coated AgNPs to the brain of mice and raises the concern of their probable neurotoxic impacts which is helpful for conclusive interpretation of future behavioral and potential neurodegeneration-based aspects. It would be of interest to investigate citrate-coated AgNPs mediated axonal relevant-signal transduction levels in future studies.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021

The aim of the present work is to study the cytotox icity of cisplatin in the presence of magneti... more The aim of the present work is to study the cytotox icity of cisplatin in the presence of magnetic fields. For this purpose an exposure sy stem capable of producing static and alternating magnetic fields in horizontal area of 30 ×20 cm 2 was built. Eighty mice were grouped equally into fo ur groups namely GI, GII, GIII and GIV. Animals of group GI were used as control (sham exposed), animals of GII were exposed to a combined static and alternating magnetic fields of 3.6 mT for 35 min/day, 6 day/week for 21 days, animals of GIII were injected with cisplatin (3 mg/kg) and sham exposed to magnetic fields, the final group GIV wer e injected with cisplatin (3 mg/kg) and exposed to magnetic fields as GII. The induced changes in sple en and kidney were carried out through the calculation of the relative spleen weights and dete rmination of DNA content of the kidney and its ultrastructure changes. The results indicated a dec rease in the relative spleen weights with a decreas e in the growt...

Alexandria Dental Journal, 2019

INTRODUCTION: During the past decade, composites have become the most commonly used restorative m... more INTRODUCTION: During the past decade, composites have become the most commonly used restorative materials. The rate of dental caries following treatment with composite resin is high. Therefore, one of the most applicable methods for preventing enamel demineralization around the restorations is using dental materials resistant to the bacterial accumulation OBJECTIVES: To synthesis and characterize antibacterial nanoparticles and to evaluate the effect of blending microhybrid composite with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO), Chitosan (Cs) and combination of both Chitosan/Zinc oxide nanoparticles (Cs/ZnO) and properties of these nanoparticles on the composite resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three antibacterial nanoparticles were prepared and characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, shape, morphology and functional group determination. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the nanoparticles was determined. The nanoparticles were incorporated into commercial microhybrid composite resin. The antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans were evaluated by disc diffusion test and direct contact test. The results were analyzed using ANOVA test at p ≤ .05 significance level. RESULTS: For agar diffusion disc, incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into the composite resin results in an antibacterial effect which lasted for up to 12 weeks, while for the Cs and Cs/ZnO nanoparticles the antibacterial effect lasted for up to 2 weeks. The direct contact test visualized under SEM also showed that incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into composite resin to be the most inhibitory in all the 4 groups, denoting that ZnO-NPs has a far better inhibitory effect than Cs-NPs and Cs/ ZnO-NPs. CONCLUSIONS Antibacterial nanoparticles could be synthesized and characterized by Zetasizer NanoZS, scanning electron, transmission microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Incorporation of ZnO, Cs and Cs/ZnO nanoparticles into the composite resin could significantly inhibit the S. mutans. The antimicrobial efficacy of the ZnO nanoparticles blended with microhybrid composite resin was confirmed for a duration up to 12 weeks.

Oral Diseases, 2020

Objectives: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used to deliver drugs and therapeutic small molecule i... more Objectives: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used to deliver drugs and therapeutic small molecule inhibitors to cancer cells. Evidence shows that AuNPs coated with nuclear localization sequence can cross the nuclear membrane and induce cellular apoptosis. To determine the therapeutic role of AuNPs, we compared two nanoconstructs conjugated to doxorubicin (DOX) through pH-sensitive and pH-resistant linkers.

Alexandria Dental Journal, 2019

INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with ... more INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with high mortality rate. Conventional treatment strategies have improved but remain far from optimal. Cancer research is focused on improving cancer diagnosis and treatment methods using nanotechnology, by the production and application of nanoscale drug delivery systems. In medicine, several types of nanoparticles have evolved, gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) are an excellent candidate as drug delivery vehicle due to their favorable chemical and optical properties. Paclitaxel (PTX) is an effective antineoplastic drug that has a wide spectrum of antitumor activity, against head and neck malignancies. The encapsulation of PTX in nanodelivery systems can protect the drug from degradation during circulation and protect the body from its toxic side effects. OBJECTIVES: To study the therapeutic efficacy of PTX-functionalized AuNPs versus the free form of the drug. Also the study will evaluate the treatment, by the use of proliferative immune-histochemical marker (PCNA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Squamous cell carcinoma will be chemically induced in sixty Syrian hamsters. Then they will be divided into three groups, 20 in each. One group will be treated with free PTX, another group will be treated with PTX-AuNPs, and the last group will be given saline as negative control group. RESULTS: Group treated by PTX loaded on AuNPs showed significant results over group treated by free PTX. CONCLUSIONS: The unique AuNPs properties in combination to the chemotherapeutic drug target cancer cells while maintaining no adverse effects on the surrounding normal cells.

Egyptian Journal of Histology, 2020

Background: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2-NPs) are widely used in several fields and safe... more Background: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2-NPs) are widely used in several fields and safety concerns about their potential reproductive hazards have been raised. Resveratrol (RES) was reported to protect against TiO 2-NPs-induced toxicity through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, owing to its low bioavailability, resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles (RES-loaded niosomes) have been developed and were found to have higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Aim: To investigate the possible protective effect of RES versus RES-loaded niosomes against TiO 2-NPs-induced toxicity on adult rat seminiferous tubules rats. Materials and Methods: 60 adult male albino rats were divided into 6 equal groups that daily received distilled water, RES, RES-loaded niosomes, TiO 2-NPs, TiO 2-NPs in addition to RES, and TiO 2-NPs in addition to RES-loaded niosomes, respectively for 90 days. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed; blood to measure testosterone, MDA and LDH and semen samples to evaluate sperm count were collected. Both testes were processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Results: Administration of TiO 2-NPs led to significantly lower testosterone level, sperm count and Johnsen score, significantly elevated MDA and LDH levels and degenerative changes in the seminiferous epithelium. Administration of RES with TiO 2-NPs led to significant decrease in MDA and LDH levels than the group receiving only TiO 2-NPs, but the levels were still significantly higher than the first three groups. Administration of RES-loaded niosomes with TiO 2-NPs led to significant increase in serum testosterone, sperm count and Johnsen score and significant reduction in MDA and LDH levels together with apparent structural improvement of the seminiferous tubules on light and electron microscopic examination compared to the groups receiving TiO 2-NPs and RES with TiO 2-NPs. Conclusion: RES-loaded niosomes possibly exerts a protective effect against TiO 2-NPs-induced testicular damage and hence might play a role against nanoparticle-induced reproductive toxicity.

The International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 2018

Introduction: Radiotherapy still the most facilitated modality for treatment malignant brain tumo... more Introduction: Radiotherapy still the most facilitated modality for treatment malignant brain tumors with or without chemotherapy and after surgery or when surgery is impossible. Purpose: Comparison between the effects of three planning techniques with similar, opposed and non-wedges in brain tumor cases. Methods: Twenty patients with brain tumors (Glioblastoma Multiform) of both sexes were enrolled in the study. A LINAC with 6MV photon beam was used to deliver the prescribed dose. The whole brain technique was applied to each patient and the planning was constructed with nonwedges, similar wedges and opposed wedges within 95% to 107% of the prescribed dose as recommended by the RTOG. The considered organs at risk were; Right and Left (eyes, lenses, and optic nerves), optic chiasma and the brain-stem. Results: The results showed significant difference (at the level P<0.05), between the three planning based on the conformity, homogeneity indexes, global max, and the doses received by the OARs. The results were discussed.

Targeting is a new therapeutic tool for malignant tumor as a result of combining nanotechnology w... more Targeting is a new therapeutic tool for malignant tumor as a result of combining nanotechnology with chemotherapeutics. Ultrasound has been shown to enhance degradation and drug delivery from biodegradable and non biodegradable polymeric devices. If a microsphere is partially filled with an entrapped drug substance, it is then able to transport the drug through blood vessels and release its load upon being triggered by an ultrasound pulse, which cracks the shell. The aim of our study is to investigate the role of ultrasound in anti-cancer drug delivery loaded on microspheres The cisplatin chitosan microparticles was prepared by the membrane emulsification technique. A total of 80 male Swiss albino mice weighting (20-25 g) received subcutaneous injections of 2x10 6 (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma) cells mammary in origin. A week later, the tumor bearing mice was divided into four main groups: group of 20 mice serves as a control untreated group, group of 20 mice which were injected with c...

Acta Tropica, 2015

The preventative effect of triclosan (TS) and TS liposomal nanoparticles was studied on the early... more The preventative effect of triclosan (TS) and TS liposomal nanoparticles was studied on the early establishment of chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Swiss albino mice were orally infected with 10 cysts of avirulent ME49 strain of T. gondii, and 2 weeks later they were orally treated with dual daily doses of 200 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg TS and TS liposomes for 30 days; respectively. Effect of TS and TS liposomes was parasitologically and ultrastructurally evaluated, versus infected non-treated control. Their safety was biochemically assessed. Parasitologically, both TS and TS liposomes induced significant reduction in mice mortality, brain parasite burden and infectivity of cysts obtained from the brains of treated mice. Ultrastructurally, scanning electron microscopy of cysts obtained from infected mice treated with either TS or TS liposomes showed surface irregularities, protrusions and depressions. Transmission electron microscopy revealed disintegration of the cyst wall and vacuolation of the bradyzoites with disintegration of plasma membranes of both cysts and bradyzoites whether treated with TS or TS liposomes. Biochemical study reflected the safety of the TS and TS liposomes. Therefore, TS proved an effective, promising and safe preventive drug against early establishment of chronic toxoplasmosis. Loading TS on liposomes marginally enhanced its efficacy against T. gondii cysts yet allowed its use in a lower dose.

Breast Cancer Reports, 2014

Background: Women with breast cancer are at increased risk for the development of osteoporosis an... more Background: Women with breast cancer are at increased risk for the development of osteoporosis and skeletal fractures, as consequences of aromatase inhibition or chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure. We investigated the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption as well as on bone mineral density (BMD) of non-metastatic breast cancer (NMBC) postmenopausal Egyptian women. Methods: We followed 100 newly diagnosed women with T1-3 N0-2 M0 breast cancer, who had a mean age (±SD) of 55.06±8.78 year, before and after receiving 6-cycles of CAF chemotherapy treatment protocol. All participant women were subjected to blood biochemical analysis for determining serum levels of: erythrocyte sedimentation rate, calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone specific alkaline phosphatase (S.ALP), Osteocalcin, carboxytelopeptide of collagen type I (CTx-I), 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and tumor marker CA15-3. Segmental and total BMD were also investigated using Dual X-ray Absorptiometry technique. Results: We found ALP, S.ALP, and CTx-I levels were significantly lower (p<0.001), while PTH levels to be significantly higher for all women after chemotherapy as compared to their initial state before chemotherapy. Both segmental and total BMD, and consequently T-and Z-Scores after chemotherapy were significantly (p<0.01) lower than their levels before chemotherapy. We developed prediction mathematical formulae for spine, pelvis and total BMD for all women before and after chemotherapy. Conclusions: Adjuvant chemotherapy is responsible for decreasing both biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption as well as for decreasing segmental and total BMD in NMBC postmenopausal Egyptian women. We believe the mathematical formulae developed on basis of the two individual variables Age and BMI can be useful for assisting the clinician to frequently monitor bone health status of breast cancer patients in similar conditions.

Applied Nanoscience, 2013

Nanoparticles (NPs) fabricated from the biodegradable copolymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PL... more Nanoparticles (NPs) fabricated from the biodegradable copolymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) were investigated as a drug delivery system to enhance the photodynamic efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The PLGA-encapsulated 5-ALA NPs were prepared using binary organic solvent diffusion method and characterized in terms of shape and particle size. The in vivo photodynamic efficiency in Ehrlich ascites-bearing mice was studied. The obtained particles were uniform in size with spherical shape of mean size of 249.5 nm as obtained by particle size analyzer and the in vitro release studies demonstrated a controlled release profile of 5-ALA. Tumor-bearing mice injected with PLGA-encapsulated 5-ALA NPs exhibited significantly smaller mean tumor volume, increased tumor growth delay compared with the control group and the group injected with free 5-ALA during the time course of the experiment. Histopathological examination of tumor from mice treated with PLGAencapsulated 5-ALA NPs showed regression of tumor cells, in contrast to those obtained from mice treated with free 5-ALA. The results indicate that PLGA-encapsulated 5-ALA NPs are a successful delivery system for improving photodynamic activity in the target tissue. Keywords Photodynamic therapy (PDT) Á Nanoparticles (NPs) Á Photosensitizer (PS) Á 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) Á Poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) Á Percentage of drug entrapment (PDE) Á Drug loading Á Drug release M. N. Shaker (&) Á A

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 2013

Objectives: Benzene is commonly emitted in several industries, leading to widespread environmenta... more Objectives: Benzene is commonly emitted in several industries, leading to widespread environmental and occupational exposure hazards. While less toxic solvents have been substituted for benzene, it is still a component of petroleum products and is a trace impurity in industrial products resulting in continued higher occupational exposures in industrial settings in developing countries. Materials and Methods: We investigated the potential use of an electronic nose (e-nose) to monitor the headspace volatiles in biological samples from benzene-exposed Egyptian workers and non-exposed controls. The study population comprised 150 non-smoking male workers exposed to benzene and an equal number of matching non-exposed controls. We determined biomarkers of benzene used to estimate exposure and risk including: benzene in exhaled air and blood; and its urinary metabolites such as phenol and muconic acid using gas chromatography technique and a portable e-nose. Results: The average benzene concentration measured in the ambient air of the workplace of all studied industrial settings in Alexandria, Egypt; was 97.56±88.12 μg/m 3 (range: 4.69-260.86 μg/m 3). Levels of phenol and muconic acid were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in both blood and urine of benzene-exposed workers as compared to non-exposed controls. Conclusions: The e-nose technology has successfully classified and distinguished benzene-exposed workers from non-exposed controls for all measured samples of blood, urine and the exhaled air with a very high degree of precision. Thus, it will be a very useful tool for the low-cost mass screening and early detection of health hazards associated with the exposure to benzene in the industry.

Experimental Parasitology, 2015

Effect of triclosan (TS) and liposomal-TS is studied against virulent Toxoplasmosis. • Tachyzoite... more Effect of triclosan (TS) and liposomal-TS is studied against virulent Toxoplasmosis. • Tachyzoites' burden, viability and infectivity were reduced. • Treatment induced dramatic tachyzoite ultrastructural changes.

Journal of Medical and Life Science, 2019

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. The most important risk f... more Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. The most important risk factor for the development of HCC is cirrhosis regardless of etiology. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in the treatment of cancer. Drug resistance remains a significant limitation to the clinical use of 5-FU. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of 5-FU loaded chitosan nanoparticles in experimentally induced HCC. To achieve our purpose, one hundred and five male Swiss Albino mice were divided randomly into two major groups: Group A: comprised 25 mice served as normal control, Group B: comprised 80 mice received a daily oral dose of 0.06% DAB (165 mg/kg body.wt.) for 30 days after which the water was replaced with 0.05% aqueous solution of Phenobarbital (PB). Five chosen mice randomly from groups A and B at the time intervals 15, 30, 45 and 60 days were sacrificed to follow up with the development of HCC by biochemical and histopathological examination. Animals of group B were divided into 3 groups Group I: included 20 mice served as an untreated group, group II: included 20 mice injected intraperitoneally with 5-FU only (40mg/kg body.wt) every 2 days for 16 days, group III: included 20 mice injected intraperitoneally with 5-FU Cs NPs. Each group was further divided into two subgroups 10 mice each, one subgroup treated with ultrasonic waves; meanwhile the other subgroup without ultrasonic waves exposure. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrified, serum ALT, hepatic ALT, and hepatic MDA were estimated; HCC was histopathologically monitored in all studied groups. There was 276.5%, 145.7%and 438.5% increase in serum ALT, hepatic ALT and hepatic MDA levels respectively comparing to the corresponding control. Liver tumors that ultimately became neoplastic were produced after 45 days. US exposure triggered a significant decline in serum and hepatic ALT activity (P = 0.001) and in hepatic MDA (P = 0.009) within 5-FU loaded Cs NPs group. Moreover, tumor growth delay and more enhanced correction in hepatic architecture was obtained by a combination of US and 5-FU loaded Cs NPs therapy. Based on these results, we can conclude that the use of 5-FU loaded chitosan nanoparticles in combination with low-intensity ultrasound ameliorates the efficacy of 5-FU as anticancer therapy for HCC.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2018

A relatively novel strategy for drug delivery enhancement is application of polymeric nanoparticl... more A relatively novel strategy for drug delivery enhancement is application of polymeric nanoparticles in combination with relatively low-intensity ultrasound (US). Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA NPs) were prepared using intermittent desolvation method and investigated in combination with ultrasound irradiation as drug delivery system to improve the therapeutic efficacy of 5-flurouracil (5-FU) against experimentally induced hepatocellular carcinoma in mice by 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB) and phenobarbital (PB). The prepared BSA NPs encapsulating 5-FU were prepared with mean particle size of 70 nm and spherical in shape. The in vitro drug release studies revealed an enhanced and controlled release of 5-FU from BSA NPs under the effect of ultrasound. Respecting results, mice bearing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and injected with BSA NPs encapsulating 5-FU and irradiated with ultrasonic waves showed significant decreased levels of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and hepatic al...

Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2019

The present study aimed to disclose the histological alterations and cyto-genotoxic potential ind... more The present study aimed to disclose the histological alterations and cyto-genotoxic potential induced by citrate- and chitosan-capped AuNPs on liver of adult Swiss albino mice. Animals were randomly divided into 8 groups. The first two groups were intraperitoneally (i.p) injected with physiological saline once and left for 10 days and every other day for 21 days, respectively, and kept as negative control groups. While the third and fourth groups were injected i.p with a single dose of 2 mg/kg of citrate- and chitosan-capped AuNPs, respectively, and left for 10 days. The fifth and sixth groups were injected i.p every other day for 21 days with 200 µg/kg of citrate- and chitosan-capped AuNPs, respectively. Animals of the seventh and eighth groups were injected i.p with 50 mg/kg cyclophosphamide once and left for 10 days and with 20 mg/kg cyclophosphamide every other day for 21 days, respectively. The livers of mice were dissected and processed for microscopic examination and for anal...

Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, 2013

Objectives. The objective of this study was to assess the short-term effect of plasmonic photothe... more Objectives. The objective of this study was to assess the short-term effect of plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) on induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinoma. Study Design. Seventy-six Syrian golden male hamsters were used. The induced HBP carcinomas were directly injected with w30 nm gold nanospheres followed by 15 min laser exposure (PPTT). Results. PPTT caused rapid growth cessation and dramatic decrease in tumor sizes after 4 weeks of treatment (P < .05) compared to controls. Microscopic and immunohistochemical examination of the tumor biopsies revealed significant differences in the cellular apoptotic index (AI) value and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoexpression in PPTT-treated tumor tissue sections compared to controls (P < .05). Survival probability of the treated animals was increased compared to controls (P < .05). Conclusion. PPTT proved to be a successful method for treating superficially located HBP carcinomas.