Ivan Dobrev - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ivan Dobrev

CREATION, ADOPTION, AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET AS AN OFFICIAL-BUSINESS BULGARIAN A... more CREATION, ADOPTION, AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET AS AN OFFICIAL-BUSINESS BULGARIAN AND RUSSIAN ALPHABET Until the time of Prince Boris, only the proto-Bulgarians, with their original and specific runic graphics brought from Central Asia, were the first in time and the main, separate and independent branch of the Turkic runic script in general. Bulgarian runic inscriptions from Eastern Europe, including those from Nagy Saint-Miklos, have not yet been deciphered. Applying a qualitatively new and original approach and method to the reading and translation of the main set and composition of Bulgarian runic inscriptions, we still managed to understand exactly what they are and what they represent and communicate. During the First Bulgarian Kingdom, for the compilation of inscriptions in the Proto-Bulgarian language, the Bulgarians began to use the Greek alphabet somewhere around the beginning of the 9th century. Byzantine society, the Bulgarians acquire, besides and above all, an extremely high Greek philological qualification. Even in the school of Patriarch Photius, the sons of proto-Bulgarian and Slavic princes, chiefs, and dignitaries, began to write with the Greek alphabet in the Slavic-Bulgarian language, and when they returned to Bulgaria, they did not stop using it, but supplemented and perfected it. St. Kliment Ohridski had a particularly large share in the smoothing and improvement of the new and second Bulgarian alphabet created in this way to a large extent collectively and over a relatively long period of time. With the help of the thus compiled and codified Old Bulgarian alphabet, the scribes and educators from Ohrid and Preslav not only taught the young and still underdeveloped and unstrengthened ethnic Bulgarian people to read and write, but also translated, compiled, or wrote with it the entire immeasurably huge Old Bulgarian literature.
Princess Olga is the daughter of the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon the Great, Princess Elena, whom he gave as a wife to Prince Igor. At the head of Russia, Princess Elena-Olga completed the laying of its foundations, carried out administrative reform and perfected the system of state government, reformed and perfected the tax system, built judicial centers in the individual regions, brought out, presented and legitimized Russia to the outside world as a great world power and raised it to the level of the third great European state, along with Bulgaria and Byzantium.
The marriage of Prince Vladimir to the Bulgarian princess Anna is the basis and beginning of mass Christianization and the further giving and provision of Bulgarian literature, writing, and Orthodox culture to the Russians by the Bulgarians. In Kherson, Bishop Michael, in collaboration with the local Greek bishop and local Bulgarian priests, baptized Prince Vladimir and his entourage. On his return to Kyiv, Prince Vladimir found here a large group of Bulgarian clergy sent by Tsar Samuel, supplied with the necessary religious and liturgical literature and church utensils and necessities.
Shortly thereafter, Prince Vladimir scheduled a Holy Baptism and invited the townspeople to gather on the riverbank in a slightly threatening tone. Here, with the appropriate solemnity and lavish splendor of chants and colors and under the immediate leadership of Metropolitan Michael, the Bulgarian bishops and priests baptized them and gave them Christian names right there on the spot. The Bulgarian bishops and priests in Kyiv and the other big cities, in addition, began to plan, organize, lead, guide, and implement all cultural and educational works and activities among the Russians without exception. Thus, the Bulgarians laid the foundations of the Russian School, the Russian Church, and the entire Russian state. The literary Russian language arose, was built, and developed in the bowels of the Old Bulgarian language from the literature that Presbyter Grigory and the Bulgarian clergy from the time of Vladimir brought to Kyivan Rus.

CREATION, ADOPTION, AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET AS AN OFFICIAL-BUSINESS BULGARIAN A... more CREATION, ADOPTION, AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET AS AN OFFICIAL-BUSINESS BULGARIAN AND RUSSIAN ALPHABET Until the time of Prince Boris, only the proto-Bulgarians, with their original and specific runic graphics brought from Central Asia, were the first in time and the main, separate and independent branch of the Turkic runic script in general. Bulgarian runic inscriptions from Eastern Europe, including those from Nagy Saint-Miklos, have not yet been deciphered. Applying a qualitatively new and original approach and method to the reading and translation of the main set and composition of Bulgarian runic inscriptions, we still managed to understand exactly what they are and what they represent and communicate. During the First Bulgarian Kingdom, for the compilation of inscriptions in the Proto-Bulgarian language, the Bulgarians began to use the Greek alphabet somewhere around the beginning of the 9th century. Byzantine society, the Bulgarians acquire, besides and above all, an extremely high Greek philological qualification. Even in the school of Patriarch Photius, the sons of proto-Bulgarian and Slavic princes, chiefs and dignitaries, began to write with the Greek alphabet in the Slavic-Bulgarian language, and when they returned to Bulgaria, they did not stop using it, but supplemented and perfected it. St. Kliment Ohridski had a particularly large share in the smoothing and improvement of the new and second Bulgarian alphabet created in this way to a large extent collectively and over a relatively long period of time. With the help of the thus compiled and codified Old Bulgarian alphabet, the scribes and educators from Ohrid and Preslav not only taught the young and still underdeveloped and unstrengthened ethnic Bulgarian people to read and write but also translated, compiled, or wrote with it the entire immeasurably huge Old Bulgarian literature.
Princess Olga is the daughter of the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon the Great, Princess Elena, whom he gave as a wife to Prince Igor. At the head of Russia, Princess Elena-Olga completed the laying of its foundations, carried out administrative reform and perfected the system of state government, reformed and perfected the tax system, built judicial centers in the individual regions, brought out, presented and legitimized Russia to the outside world as a great world power and raised it to the level of the third great European state, along with Bulgaria and Byzantium.
The marriage of Prince Vladimir to the Bulgarian princess Anna is the basis and beginning of mass Christianization and the further giving and provision of Bulgarian literature, writing, and Orthodox culture to the Russians by the Bulgarians. In Kherson, Bishop Michael, in collaboration with the local Greek bishop and local Bulgarian priests, baptized Prince Vladimir together with his entourage. On his return to Kyiv, Prince Vladimir found here a large group of Bulgarian clergy sent by Tsar Samuel, supplied with the necessary religious and liturgical literature and church utensils and necessities.
Shortly thereafter, Prince Vladimir scheduled a Holy Baptism and invited the townspeople to gather on the riverbank in a slightly threatening tone. Here, with the appropriate solemnity and lavish splendor of chants and colors and under the immediate leadership of Metropolitan Michael, the Bulgarian bishops and priests baptized them and gave them Christian names right there on the spot. The Bulgarian bishops and priests in Kyiv and the other big cities, in addition, began to plan, organize, lead, guide, and implement all cultural and educational works and activities among the Russians without exception. Thus, the Bulgarians laid the foundations of the Russian School, the Russian Church, and the entire Russian state. The literary Russian language arose, was built, and developed in the bowels of the Old Bulgarian language from the literature that Presbyter Grigory and the Bulgarian clergy from the time of Vladimir brought to Kyivan Rus.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE PROTO-BULGARIAN TEXT INSCRIPTION № 1 FROM THE GOLDEN TREASURE OF THE BU... more HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE PROTO-BULGARIAN TEXT INSCRIPTION № 1 FROM THE GOLDEN TREASURE OF THE BULGARIAN KHANS AND KINGS The Golden Treasure of Nagy Szent-Miklós is Bulgarian in terms of origin and belonging; it was collected, kept and guarded in the dining-room and treasury of the Bulgarian khans and tsars ever since their migration across the Caucasus; it was exhibited and kept last in the throne-room of the king’s palace built and lived in first by Tsar Simeon the Great after the transfer of the Bulgarian capital-city from Pliska to Preslav in 893; it was taken out of here in 971 during the siege and seizure of the capital of Great Preslav by the Byzantine army which was immediately before the falling of Eastern Bulgaria under Byzantine rule; it was kept in Bulgaria-Beyond- the Danube by the Bulgarian jupans princes Gilyad, Butaul and Akhtum; it was buried in 1008 by the proto-Bulgarian hamlet with the later name of Nagy Szent-Miklós during the continuing seizure of the beyond-the-Danube Bulgarian lands by the Magyars and more specifically during their cruel outrage upon the Bulgarian nationality and statehood in the area of Prince Akhtum jupan where it was found in 1799.

PROTO-BULGARIAN TEXTS AND INSCRIPTIONS IN EURASIA IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Pro... more PROTO-BULGARIAN TEXTS AND INSCRIPTIONS IN EURASIA IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
Proto-Bulgarian complete texts and inscriptions have been published scattered and separately in Bulgarian and foreign publications, as well as on our personal website and on the scientific platform Academia.edu. This makes it very difficult to find and gets acquainted with them, which in general makes it extremely necessary and even more than appropriate to collect them in a single publication, where they are presented in a relatively more generalized and popular form. As a result of personal reading, translation, and comparative-etymological lexical-grammatical analysis and description, some of the more voluminous Bulgarian texts and inscriptions in Eurasia in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages are the following: Süčig tälígar Puguγ tоγudúγar If the commander-in-chief goes to war, The Pugu tribe will be defeated; Hunog šad iqüi ašuk hum The cup from which to feed the prince of the Hunog; Küŋeg Dengiz jikü käse! Kižü, šox-šox saxyngil, gür Täŋrig! The dish, from which khan Dengiz has to eat! Man, be very afraid of Him, mighty is Tangra! hоn bähi dоqi Burial by cremation of the prince of the Honites; ispor boto yiugi kyasä The dish from which to feed Prince Asparuh; Кърчи билиг aŋäǯäk Kurchi's grave, let's remember it! Ǯuɣutur koǯa belüg tikettüki ǯal eǯki ojum The tombstone of Elder Dzhugutur, the year he was placed, is Capricorn, month ten; Ёгюнбех белюг д'огъ эни эш ойушттукъ. Ижден ал ол Tombstone of the funeral by cremation of Prince Yogyun, we have found you a new companion, stand before God; tuγlasini ǯapdi Biǯigir The bricks are made by Biǆigir; Эгинч бенгд'ур элинче угъу юм ёгиген Bahadur Eginch paid homage and praise to his country; Aŋišä Čal kaghan urtegi imeq Kan Täŋirem köčregi atla The coin which in the almighty name of my Tengri-Khan cut off the wise kagan Chal; Čəig Kagana egidlügüne kelün Worship the courage of kagan Cheig; Buila župan tеšеji dugetоjgi Butaul žoăpan tagrogi ičigi täjši The cup for which the prefect Boila ordered, as a lining, to write and from which to drink cheers the prefect Botaul.

PRESLAV İNSCRIPTION The Preslav inscription is a list of protective military equipment, it was di... more PRESLAV İNSCRIPTION The Preslav inscription is a list of protective military equipment, it was discovered during excavations on a marble column 2 m long and 0.39 m in diameter, found near the city of Veliki Preslav, and was written in capital Greek letters in Proto-Bulgarian, i.e. language of the Bulgars of Asparuh Khan, or only in the Bulgar language, as this language is well known in Türkology. This column was erected in front of a building specially built by Omurtag Khan just to store protective military equipment.
By the end of the last century, if more than three hundred Bulgarian borrowed words, mainly found in the Hungarian language, as well as toponyms in the historical Hungarian lands, are added to the Bulgarian language, the words, names of tribes, clans, and peoples of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, etymologically substantiated and proven by Bulgarian scientists, amounted to more than 800 units. However, since the beginning of this century, work has been completed and published on the discovery, reading, and translation of such inscriptions and texts as the Song of Dilgyu, the Boila Inscription, the Dengiz Inscription, the Couplet about Pugu, etc. Thus, it has now been established that the Bulgar language is also a language with uniquely original and extremely complex grammatical structure.
As a result of reading, transcription, etymology, interpretation, and translation of individual parts of the Preslav inscription, and then the translation, interpretation, and explanation of the text as a whole, the following list of protective equipment are obtained:
Ichergu-boyila Zhivko
Leather armor - 455
Helmets - 540
Plate shells - 427
Helmets - 854
Turtun and the Governor
Plate shells - 20
Helmets - 40
Mail - 1
Nogavitsa - 1
Keywords: Preslav İnscription, Proto-Bulgarian, Epigraphi, Ichergu-boila Zhivko, leather armor, helmets, plate shells, Turtun and the Governor

CREMATION WAS THE MAIN METHOD OF BURIAL AMONG THE BULGARIANS OF EURASIA DURING LATE ANTIQUITY AND... more CREMATION WAS THE MAIN METHOD OF BURIAL AMONG THE BULGARIANS OF EURASIA DURING LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
Bulgarian Athanasians bury more by inhumation and less and less often by cremation. Bulgarian Tagars are also buried by cremation. The Tashtak Bulgarians also practice cremation separately on a ritual fire, with the calcined bones of the deceased being sewn into a leather bag, which is placed inside a grass-filled doll made of the skin of a domestic animal. In place of the doll's face, a portrait funeral mask taken from the face of the deceased is placed. The Bulgars until the time of Shi Le's reforms practiced burial by cremation. The Chionite Bulgarians from Central Asia in the 4th century practiced burial by cremation, with the ashes of the cremated noble Bulgarian being placed in a silver urn and taken to his native land.
Burial by cremation is practiced by Bulgarians from Taman and also from Phanagoria. There have been cremation necropolises along the Seversky Donets River and the lower reaches of the Don since the end of the 7th-8th centuries. The most notable and significant among all cremation burials here is the burial of Khan Kubrat near today's Malaya Pereshchepina village. During the First Bulgarian Kingdom, cremation was practiced throughout the territory of Northern Bulgaria. Close to today's Poltava village of Voznesenka is the cremation burial of Khan Asparukh. The urns with the ashes of the khans of the First Bulgarian Kingdom are stored in a special pit in the most hidden and secret tunnel in the capital Pliska. The women of the khan families are cremated and their ashes are kept in the shrine in Kabiyuk. Burial by cremation by collecting the dust in an amphora-shaped pitcher is also practiced by other proto-Bulgarian clans, one of which is from Druster: http://bolgnames.com/Images/Kremacia.pdf

PROTO-BULGARIAN TEXTS AND INSCRIPTIONS IN EURASIA IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Pro... more PROTO-BULGARIAN TEXTS AND INSCRIPTIONS IN EURASIA IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Proto-Bulgarian complete texts and inscriptions have been published scattered and separately in Bulgarian and foreign publications, as well as on our personal website and on the scientific platform Academia.edu. This makes it very difficult to find and get acquainted with them, which in general makes it extremely necessary and even more than appropriate to collect them in a single publication, where they are presented in a relatively more generalized and popular form. As a result of personal reading, translation, and comparative-etymological lexical-grammatical analysis and description, some of the more voluminous Bulgarian texts and inscriptions in Eurasia in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages are the following: Süčig tälígar Puguγ tоγudúγar If the commander-in-chief goes to war, The Pugu tribe will be defeated; Hunog šad iqüi ašuk hum The cup from which to feed the prince of the Hunog; Küŋeg Dengiz jikü käse! Kižü, šox-šox saxyngil, gür Täŋrig! The dish, from which khan Dengiz has to eat! Man, be very afraid of Him, mighty is Tangra! hоn bähi dоqi Burial by cremation of the prince of the Honites; ispor boto yiugi kyasä The dish from which to feed Prince Asparuh; Кърчи билиг aŋäǯäk Kurchi's grave, let's remember it! Ǯuɣutur koǯa belüg tikettüki ǯal eǯki ojum The tombstone of Elder Dzhugutur, the year he was placed, is Capricorn, month ten; Ёгюнбех белюг д'огъ эни эш ойушттукъ. Ижден ал ол Tombstone of the funeral by cremation of Prince Yogyun, we have found you a new companion, stand before God; tuγlasini ǯapdi Biǯigir The bricks are made by Biǆigir; Эгинч бенгд'ур элинче угъу юм ёгиген Bahadur Eginch paid homage and praise to his country; Aŋišä Čal kaghan urtegi imeq Kan Täŋirem köčregi atla The coin which in the almighty name of my Tengri-Khan cut off the wise kagan Chal; Čəig Kagana egidlügüne kelün Worship the courage of kagan Cheig; Buila župan tеšеji dugetоjgi Butaul žoăpan tagrogi ičigi täjši The cup for which the prefect Boila ordered, as a lining, to write and from which to drink cheers the prefect Botaul.

Bulgarian Runic Inscriptions in Europe during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages The Bulgar... more Bulgarian Runic Inscriptions in Europe during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages
The Bulgarian runic script is the first in time and a separate branch of the Orkhon-Yenisei runic script. Inscriptions of the Bulgarian runic script are left from the Yenisei to Central Europe, such as: Грешен съм, Тангра; Държавата на Дуло; Да пие Аспарух; Блюдото, от което да се храни Аспарух; Гробът на Кърчи - да го поменем; Надгробният камък на старейшина Джугутур, годината, когато той беше поставен, е Козирог, м. Десети Погребението чрез кремация на княз Йогюн, ние ти намерихме нов другар, застани пред Бога.

THE GOLDEN TREASURES OF THE BULGARIAN SAVIORS OF THE HOLY CROSS The exquisitely magnificent gold ... more THE GOLDEN TREASURES OF THE BULGARIAN SAVIORS OF THE HOLY CROSS
The exquisitely magnificent gold and silver vessels found on May 12, 1912 in the tomb of Khan Kubrat, the gilded sword with a wide leather belt, only the buckle of which is almost 0.5 kg of solid gold, the gold rings with its monogram and all other gold and silver objects , jewelry, ornaments and coins with a total weight of 25 kg for gold and 50 kg for silver, more than 800 in total, and in general are the largest, richest and uniquely unsurpassed in the world silver-gold treasure, widely known also as the Famous Treasure of Malaya Pereshchepina, and are masterpieces of proto-Bulgarian, Persian and Byzantine goldsmith art.
The Vienna Kunsthistorisches Museum houses the world-famous and extremely highly artistic Golden Treasure of Nagy Saint-Miklos. It was found on July 3, 1799 by their Serbian farmer Voin Nehru, while digging, in the vineyard of the Bulgarian merchants, the Nakovi brothers from the Austro-Hungarian town of Nagy Szent-Miklós, inhabited by Bulgarians, Hungarians and Romanians. The Nakovi brothers presented the treasure to Emperor Joseph II, who awarded them noble titles. Based on this story, the writer Moore Yokai wrote the novel Gypsy Baron, and the composer Johann Strauss created the operetta of the same name.
The treasure consists of 24 vessels of various shapes and sizes, made of very high gold sample, mainly 21 and 22 carats: 8 large jugs, 1 dish or tray, 4 tassel shallow cups or bowls with hanging buckle, 4 cups, both of which can be called pitchers, 3 zoomorphic bowls, but rather cups or glasses, 2 pateras, ie. loose-shallow ladles, 1 rhyton or golden drinking horn, 1 deep and large cup or bowl, all with a total weight of 9,926 kg, i.e. almost 10 kg.
The exceptionally great cultural-historical value and value of the Golden Treasure by Nagy Saint-Miklos also stems from the fact that its vessels were collected and used personally by the proto-Bulgarian rulers, among whom the forefather of the Bulgarians Khan Kubrat and the founder of the Bulgarian state in the Balkans Khan Asparuh, with two of the cups baptizing the first Christian Bulgarian ruler Prince Boris and his family, the role and importance of himself as a statesman and person, as well as his epoch-making work not only for Bulgarian history, but also for European history, and hence for the whole of world history, will forever remain vast and unsurpassed.

The Roman Patrician Khan Kubrat Near the present-day Poltava village of Malaya Pereschepina in Uk... more The Roman Patrician Khan Kubrat
Near the present-day Poltava village of Malaya Pereschepina in Ukraine is buried our Bulgarian dear ancestor, the great Bulgarian and the Roman patrician Khan Kurt-Kubrat († 665); the founder and long-time ruler of the Caucasian Proto-Bulgarian Empire, Old Great Bulgaria, which is the second European Bulgarian state after the West Hun Empire of Atilla-Avitohol and the earlier one of New Great Bulgaria of Khan Asparuh; one of the most significant figures in Asia and Europe since the first half of the 7th century; a brave warrior crusader, a great commander, a skilful diplomat, the richest and most influential emperor of the entire then world, from the Chinese Empire to the east and the Roman Empire to the west; the Bulgarian ruler who dared to oppose the strongmen of the West Turkic and Avar Kaganates of the day; he defeated the mighty Sasanian-Persian Empire, prevented the death of the great Byzantine Empire and saved the Holy Cross of the Lord from Persian captivity.
Found on May 12, 1912, in the tomb of Khan Kubrat, the exquisite gold and silver vessels, the gold-plated sword with a wide leather belt, the only token of which is almost 0.5 kg of solid gold, the gold rings with its monogram and all other gold and silver objects, jewelry, ornaments and coins weighing 25 kg for gold and 50 kg for silver, more than 800 in number and in all, are the largest, richest and most unique in the world silver and gold treasure, widely known also as the famous treasure from Malaya Pereshchepina and they are shedev of the Proto-Bulgarian, Persian and Byzantine goldsmith's art.
The silver-gold objects and articles from the funeral in Malaya Pereshchepina, Khan Kubrat has them and owns it as his own heritage from the previous Bulgarian khans; as a battle trophy acquired personally by him with a weapon in his hand during battles with the Persians; as gifts mainly from the Byzantine emperors and as invaluable works of art at the jewelry studio in his court. Each of the four groups of artifacts possesses and is characterized by its own specific artistic stylistic features and characteristics.

THE PROTO-BULGARIAN INSCRIPTIONS ON THE VESSELS OF THE BULGARIAN GOLDEN TREASURE FROM NAGY SZENT-... more THE PROTO-BULGARIAN INSCRIPTIONS ON THE VESSELS OF THE BULGARIAN GOLDEN TREASURE FROM NAGY SZENT-MIKLÓS
There are three kinds of inscriptions on the vessels of the Treasure - Greek, proto-Bulgarian using Greek characters, and runic proto-Bulgarian.
The translation of the Greek language inscription on two of the golden cups is as follows: Jesus Christ, reassure this servant of Yours, setting him free of his sin. These two golden cups were used by Tsar Boris the Baptist, at the time of his and his family’s baptism, in the beginning of the autumn of 865.
The Golden Cup № 21 is a gift from the jupan (regional governor, governor-general) in Transdanubian Bulgaria named Boila to the jupan named Butaul, and the inscription is as follows: The cup for which jupan Boila ordered after coating it, to inscribe, and from which jupan Butaul to drink for his health.
On 6 of the vessels, there is a runic inscription, which translates as To drink Asparuh, i.e. this is the cup or bowl from which to drink Asparuh.

THE PRESLAV INSCRIPTION The foundations of the Preslav Fortress were laid and it was built by Kha... more THE PRESLAV INSCRIPTION
The foundations of the Preslav Fortress were laid and it was built by Khan Omurtag. During the design and construction of the fortress, a special building with suitable premises with wooden racks for storage and conservation of protective equipment or of the disbanded and dismissed people's militia, or of Bulgarians who died in one of the battles with the Romans, or on the other hand, protective equipment collected from one of the nearby battlefields, but most likely equipment originating from all three of these situations. Khan Omurtag personally assigned the task of collecting and storing this protective equipment to his Ichergu-Boila Jivko of Slavic origin, and to his supreme commander, in his absence, the commander-in-chief of his army, the proto-Bulgarian Turtun, who worked on the case with the prefect, i.e. the regional governor of Pliska. These officials must not only organize and manage the collection and retrieval of protective equipment, but also control and be responsible for it subsequently. For this purpose, a one-storey building was built of "narrow elongated and undivided corridors", in front of the entrance of which stands a special marble column, on which in capital Greek letters in Proto-Bulgarian is carved the relevant military inventory, which not only indicates the names or positions of the responsible persons, but also the type and quantity of the protective equipment itself.

Late Antique Bulgarian Inscriptions with Khorezm Letter, 2020

From the first, the most crowded, military and political point of view, the Bulgarian Group has f... more From the first, the most crowded, military and political point of view, the Bulgarian Group has formed by three parts as the subgroups of Avar, Bulgar and Khazar that been the most ascendant, the most prominent part of the Turkic Language Family during the Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages. In those periods, the Bulgarian peoples and tribes spread from Lake Baikal to Central Europe. Immediately after AD, the majors of the Bulgarian peoples and tribes migrated from Inner Asia to Central Asia and established many beyliks and states, here. They were Chionites whose own name was Hun (Huŋ-Huŋar), and the Hephthalites whose the basic and the first name was Sabir. The socio-economic and cultural life of the Huns and Hephthalites having the empire in Central Asia was in enough high level that they printed money which created by the inscriptions consisted of the local Khorezm writing system after established the great cities. One of the prince of Hephthalites where the residence situated in the Western Central Asia has presented the dish to Atilla’s son, Dengiz Khan. The purpose of this scientific rescript is to show the opportunity how to read and translate the inscriptions of coin belonging to the Late Antique Central Asia with some other inscription consisting of Khorezm letter on the basis of the Late Antique Turkic Bulgarian language.

Late Ancient Bulgarian inscriptions with Horezm Letter The purpose of this scientific paper is to... more Late Ancient Bulgarian inscriptions with Horezm Letter
The purpose of this scientific paper is to demonstrate how to read and translate Central Asian Late Ancient coin writings and a few other Horezm Letter inscriptions on the basis of Late Ancient Turkic Bulgarian.
The inscription on the dish of Khan Dengiz is as follows: Kiŋkeg Tengiz iküi käse! Kijü, čox-čox saxyŋil, gür Täŋrig! - The dish from which to eat Khan Dengiz. Man, especially beware, mighty Tengri!

Khan Kubrat in the Greek-Persian War and the Bulgarian Treasure of Malaya Pereshchepina Near the ... more Khan Kubrat in the Greek-Persian War and the Bulgarian Treasure of Malaya Pereshchepina
Near the present-day Poltava village of Malaya Pereschepina in Ukraine is buried our Bulgarian dear ancestor, the great Bulgarian and the Roman patrician Khan Kurt-Kubrat († 665); the founder and long-time ruler of the Caucasian Proto-Bulgarian Empire, Old Great Bulgaria, which is the second European Bulgarian state after the West Hun Empire of Atilla-Avitohol and the earlier one of New Great Bulgaria of Khan Asparuh; one of the most significant figures in Asia and Europe since the first half of the 7th century; a brave warrior crusader, a great commander, a skilful diplomat, the richest and most influential emperor of the entire then world, from the Chinese Empire to the east and the Roman Empire to the west; the Bulgarian ruler who dared to oppose the strongmen of the West Turkic and Avar Kaganates of the day; he defeated the mighty Sasanian-Persian Empire, prevented the death of the great Byzantine Empire and saved the Holy Cross of the Lord from Persian captivity.
Found on May 12, 1912, in the tomb of Khan Kubrat, the exquisite gold and silver vessels, the gold-plated sword with a wide leather belt, the only token of which is almost 0.5 kg of solid gold, the gold rings with its monogram and all other gold and silver objects, jewelry, ornaments and coins weighing 25 kg for gold and 50 kg for silver, more than 800 in number and in all, are the largest, richest and most unique in the world silver and gold treasure, widely known also as the famous treasure from Malaya Pereshchepina and they are shedev of the Proto-Bulgarian, Persian and Byzantine goldsmith's art.
The silver-gold objects and articles from the funeral in Malaya Pereshchepina, Khan Kubrat has them and owns it as his own heritage from the previous Bulgarian khans; as a battle trophy acquired personally by him with a weapon in his hand during battles with the Persians; as gifts mainly from the Byzantine emperors and as invaluable works of art at the jewelry studio in his court. Each of the four groups of artifacts possesses and is characterized by its own specific artistic stylistic features and characteristics.

In 595-599, and during the reign of Emperor Mauritius (582-603), Khan Organá arrived in Constanti... more In 595-599, and during the reign of Emperor Mauritius (582-603), Khan Organá arrived in Constantinople with a large suite of dignitaries with their wives. All Bulgarians are baptized, the khan is awarded the title of "patrician" and is presented with a gold ring with the inscription Оρχανου Πατρικου. Han Organá leaves Prince Kurt in Constantinople hostage. Here he lives in the imperial palace, and studies at the university at the palace of Magnavre. Proof of this is the gold-plated silver handwashing service with the seal of Emperor Mauritius.
In 605, the Western Turks reorganized their two wings of tribal groups, to which they appointed shades or princes as commander-in-chief of troops. Prince Kurt was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the West Wing.
In 621-622, Emperor Heraclius launched the last and most important military campaign against Persia. He asks for the help of Khan Organá, who provides him with a support for a large force of heavy cavalry with siege equipment, led by Prince Kurt-Kubrat. Thanks to the Bulgarians, the Persians were defeated, the temple city of Shiza, the royal residence of Dastakard and the capital of Ctesiphon were conquered. Here Khan Kubrat discovers the Holy Cross of the Lord, passes it on to Heraclius, who returns it and places it in Jerusalem.
Among the vessels of the Gold Treasure from Nagy Saint-Miklos there are six Persian gold jugs for religious purposes. Their Kubrat khan acquired them as a war trophy after taking over the temple city of Shiza and handed them over to Khan Asparuh when he separated with his sons. A trophy from the Persian War are both Khan Kubrat's gold bracelets, made as early as the Achaemenids. The dish for eating of Shapur II (309-379) is his gift to the king of Chionit Grum-bat, after which it is passed between the khans of the Dullo clan and thus reaches the Khan of Kubrat. Khan Kubrat's ceremony sword is a war trophy of Heraclius in the battle with Rahzad.
Shortly before 11/02/642, Khan Kubrat arrived in Constantinople, headed by a state delegation, negotiating with the Emperors and Martina. Then, on Bishop Tommy's discos, he was presented with a gold necklace with coins of Emperor Constance.

In essence and function, the heraldic sign tamgha of the Proto-Bulgarian ruler clan Dulo is a sig... more In essence and function, the heraldic sign tamgha of the Proto-Bulgarian ruler clan Dulo is a sign of ownership with one primary-basic function - the possession, and two secondary-derived and additional functions - the representative (representative) and the protective (apotropheic). Khan Asparuh ordered the tamgha of the Dulo clan to be carved on a suitable stone to be built over the main gate of the Belgorod Fortress as a sign that there is a descendant of the Dulo clan, who is also a ruler, a khan of the entrusting Proto-Bulgarian tribes. He directed the repair of the Drustress fortress and ordered the tamgha of Dulo clan to be carved on the fortress walls. The wall in front of the village of Byala, Varna district is the last and the most southern wall that Khan Asparuh builds. On it the tamgha of the Dulo clan is carved between two Runic letters, so the whole inscription translates as The State of Dulo. The urns with the ashes of the khans and their wives from the First Bulgarian Kingdom are stored in a special pit into the most hidden underground tunnel connected to the palace of Khan Krum. The title канартигин is formed on the basis of the Proto-Bulgarian expression *каган-ирт-тикин, literally „prince-after-kagan“, i.e. „crown prince“.

THE HERALDIC SIGN TAMGHA OF THE PROTO-BULGARIAN RULER CLAN DULO IN HER REPRESENTATION FUNCTION (short version)

In essence and function, the heraldic sign tamgha of the Proto-Bulgarian ruler's clan Dulo is a s... more In essence and function, the heraldic sign tamgha of the Proto-Bulgarian ruler's clan Dulo is a sign of ownership with one primary-basic function-the possession, and two secondary-derived and additional functions-the representative and the protective (apotropheic). Khan Asparuh ordered the tamgha of the Dulo clan to be carved on a suitable stone and to be built over the main gate of the Belgorod Fortress as a sign that there is a descendant of the Dulo clan, who is also a ruler, a khan of the entrusting Proto-Bulgarian tribes. He directed the repair of the Drustar fortress and ordered the tamgha of Dulo clan to be carved on the fortress walls. The wall in front of the village of Byala, Varna district is the last and the most southern wall that Khan Asparuh builds. On it the tamgha of the Dulo clan is carved between two Runic letters, so the whole inscription translates as The State of Dulo. The urns with the ashes of the khans and their wives from the First Bulgarian Kingdom are stored in a special pit into the most hidden underground tunnel connected to the palace of Khan Krum. The title канартигин is formed on the basis of the Proto-Bulgarian expression *каган-ирт-тикин, literally "prince-after-kagan", i.e. "crown prince". Прабългаристиката, но и болгаристиката, като водещ и основен дял на тюркологията за Късната античност и Ранното средновековие има за предмет на изследване прародината, про-изхода, етническата принадлежност, етногеографията, социалната организация, антропологията, езика, материалната и духовна култура на прабългарите или от чисто научна гледна точка-на болгарите. При тази своя същност и съдържание прабългаристиката представлява синкретично комплексна и мултидисциплинарно-интегративната научна област със своя собствено специ-фична методология и понятийно-категориален апарат. Поради това тя се припокрива, съвпада, даже и обема, без обаче да преминава и да се разлива в тях, с части от антропологията, линг-вистиката, историографията, археологията, изворознанието, етногеографията, етнографията, фолклора, епиграфиката, нумизматиката, хералдиката и т.н. на прабългарската етнокултурна общност. Списание ЕПОХИ Издание на Историческия факултет на ВТУ "Св. св. Кирил и Методий" Journal EPOHI [EPOCHS]

(Библиографията към тази статия е на http://bolgnames.com/Images/Treasure\_2.pdf) Към втората поло... more (Библиографията към тази статия е на http://bolgnames.com/Images/Treasure_2.pdf) Към втората половина на ІХ в., в основните диалекти на южнославянските езици вече приключва своето действие характерната и за старобългарския език (VІІ-ХІ в.), етимологична фонетична промяна лабиализация на неудареното кратко слав. ă в о, началото на която според акад. Вл. Георгиев [1963] започва от края на Праславянската епоха [20-21], но краят на която като че ли продължава доста след началото на Х в., доколкото от специалистите по история на българския език се приема, че преходът ă > о настъпва приблизително през VІІІ-ІХ в. [Иванова-Мирчева, Хараламбиев 1999, 62]. Тази фонетична промяна се наблюдава също така и при, но по-точно и по-пълно, краен резултат от действието на този славянски по принцип и старобългарски в частност фонетичен закон е и мли Борис, носено по време на Първото българско царство (681-1018) от княз Борис (852-889), при и от когото през 863-867 г. българите са покръстени, като самият той, по време на Светото си Кръщение заедно със семейството си и с целия си двор през 863 г., както се приема на места [Иванова-Мирчева, Хараламбиев 1999, 19], или пък между средата на 864 и 865 г., както произтича от нашата съпоставка на отразените в гръцките и латинските извори основни събития по това време, приема християнското име Михаил, което е името на неговия кръстник византийския император Михаил (842-867), без обаче последното да е пречка понякога, в противовес на много неоснователно категоричното и непроверено твърдение напоследък за липсата при българите на титл.

CREATION, ADOPTION, AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET AS AN OFFICIAL-BUSINESS BULGARIAN A... more CREATION, ADOPTION, AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET AS AN OFFICIAL-BUSINESS BULGARIAN AND RUSSIAN ALPHABET Until the time of Prince Boris, only the proto-Bulgarians, with their original and specific runic graphics brought from Central Asia, were the first in time and the main, separate and independent branch of the Turkic runic script in general. Bulgarian runic inscriptions from Eastern Europe, including those from Nagy Saint-Miklos, have not yet been deciphered. Applying a qualitatively new and original approach and method to the reading and translation of the main set and composition of Bulgarian runic inscriptions, we still managed to understand exactly what they are and what they represent and communicate. During the First Bulgarian Kingdom, for the compilation of inscriptions in the Proto-Bulgarian language, the Bulgarians began to use the Greek alphabet somewhere around the beginning of the 9th century. Byzantine society, the Bulgarians acquire, besides and above all, an extremely high Greek philological qualification. Even in the school of Patriarch Photius, the sons of proto-Bulgarian and Slavic princes, chiefs and dignitaries, began to write with the Greek alphabet in the Slavic-Bulgarian language, and when they returned to Bulgaria, they did not stop using it, but supplemented and perfected it. St. Kliment Ohridski had a particularly large share in the smoothing and improvement of the new and second Bulgarian alphabet created in this way to a large extent collectively and over a relatively long period of time. With the help of the thus compiled and codified Old Bulgarian alphabet, the scribes and educators from Ohrid and Preslav not only taught the young and still underdeveloped and unstrengthened ethnic Bulgarian people to read and write but also translated, compiled, or wrote with it the entire immeasurably huge Old Bulgarian literature.
Princess Olga is the daughter of the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon the Great, Princess Elena, whom he gave as a wife to Prince Igor. At the head of Russia, Princess Elena-Olga completed the laying of its foundations, carried out administrative reform and perfected the system of state government, reformed and perfected the tax system, built judicial centers in the individual regions, brought out, presented and legitimized Russia to the outside world as a great world power and raised it to the level of the third great European state, along with Bulgaria and Byzantium.
The marriage of Prince Vladimir to the Bulgarian princess Anna is the basis and beginning of mass Christianization and the further giving and provision of Bulgarian literature, writing, and Orthodox culture to the Russians by the Bulgarians. In Kherson, Bishop Michael, in collaboration with the local Greek bishop and local Bulgarian priests, baptized Prince Vladimir together with his entourage. On his return to Kyiv, Prince Vladimir found here a large group of Bulgarian clergy sent by Tsar Samuel, supplied with the necessary religious and liturgical literature and church utensils and necessities.
Shortly thereafter, Prince Vladimir scheduled a Holy Baptism and invited the townspeople to gather on the riverbank in a slightly threatening tone. Here, with the appropriate solemnity and lavish splendor of chants and colors and under the immediate leadership of Metropolitan Michael, the Bulgarian bishops and priests baptized them and gave them Christian names right there on the spot. The Bulgarian bishops and priests in Kyiv and the other big cities, in addition, began to plan, organize, lead, guide, and implement all cultural and educational works and activities among the Russians without exception. Thus, the Bulgarians laid the foundations of the Russian School, the Russian Church, and the entire Russian state. The literary Russian language arose, was built, and developed in the bowels of the Old Bulgarian language from the literature that Presbyter Grigory and the Bulgarian clergy from the time of Vladimir brought to Kyivan Rus.

PROTO-BULGARIAN TEXTS AND INSCRIPTIONS IN EURASIA IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Pro... more PROTO-BULGARIAN TEXTS AND INSCRIPTIONS IN EURASIA IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Proto-Bulgarian complete texts and inscriptions have been published scattered and separately in Bulgarian and foreign publications, as well as on our personal website and on the scientific platform Academia.edu. This makes it very difficult to find and get acquainted with them, which in general makes it extremely necessary and even more than appropriate to collect them in a single publication, where they are presented in a relatively more generalized and popular form. As a result of personal reading, translation, and comparative-etymological lexical-grammatical analysis and description, some of the more voluminous Bulgarian texts and inscriptions in Eurasia in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages are the following: Süčig tälígar Puguγ tоγudúγar If the commander-in-chief goes to war, The Pugu tribe will be defeated; Hunog šad iqüi ašuk hum The cup from which to feed the prince of the Hunog; Küŋeg Dengiz jikü käse! Kižü, šox-šox saxyngil, gür Täŋrig! The dish, from which khan Dengiz has to eat! Man, be very afraid of Him, mighty is Tangra! hоn bähi dоqi Burial by cremation of the prince of the Honites; ispor boto yiugi kyasä The dish from which to feed Prince Asparuh; Кърчи билиг aŋäǯäk Kurchi's grave, let's remember it! Ǯuɣutur koǯa belüg tikettüki ǯal eǯki ojum The tombstone of Elder Dzhugutur, the year he was placed, is Capricorn, month ten; Ёгюнбех белюг д'огъ эни эш ойушттукъ. Ижден ал ол Tombstone of the funeral by cremation of Prince Yogyun, we have found you a new companion, stand before God; tuγlasini ǯapdi Biǯigir The bricks are made by Biǆigir; Эгинч бенгд'ур элинче угъу юм ёгиген Bahadur Eginch paid homage and praise to his country; Aŋišä Čal kaghan urtegi imeq Kan Täŋirem köčregi atla The coin which in the almighty name of my Tengri-Khan cut off the wise kagan Chal; Čəig Kagana egidlügüne kelün Worship the courage of kagan Cheig; Buila župan tеšеji dugetоjgi Butaul žoăpan tagrogi ičigi täjši The cup for which the prefect Boila ordered, as a lining, to write and from which to drink cheers the prefect Botaul.

Late Antique Bulgarian Inscriptions with Khorezm Letter, 2020

THE HERALDIC SIGN TAMGHA OF THE PROTO-BULGARIAN RULER CLAN DULO IN HER REPRESENTATION FUNCTION (short version)

THE HERALDIC SIGN TAMGHA OF THE PROTO-BULGARIAN RULER CLAN DULO AND THE TAMGHA OF THE OGHUZIAN TR... more THE HERALDIC SIGN TAMGHA OF THE PROTO-BULGARIAN RULER CLAN DULO AND THE TAMGHA OF THE OGHUZIAN TRIBE QAYI, PART 2. THE TAMGHA OF THE OGHUZIAN TRIBE QAYI: The Oghuz’s are a separate and independent group in the Turkic ethnolinguistic family, which consolidated and separated into several tribes shortly before the New Era in the area of the lake Baikal. Migrating along the Selenga River, they stayed for some time in the valley of the Orkhon River, where they met and mixed with the rest along the valley of the Tola River. With the exit from this area and the progress of the Oghuzization of the Bulgarians, the tamgha of the Dulo family was adopted and began to be used by the leading main, already properly Oghuz family of the Kai tribe. In this way and manner, the chiefs of the Kai tribe turned out to be descendants of the Central Asian proto-Bulgarian clan Dulo, as both they and the tribe as a whole inherited, borrowed, used, and carried over the lands of Central and Asia Minor the tamgha of the proto-Bulgarian ruling clan Dulo.
The earliest in Asia Minor, the tamgha of the Oghuz tribe Kai was inscribed together with the Tamghas of 12 other Oghuz tribes on the wall of a former Armenian rock church in the Kara-yaze valley, near Erzurum, and on a syenite rock near a pasture around Sivas. On the territory of modern Iran, the tamgha of the Kai tribe was transferred and used by the Oghuz Qashqai people, and in Asia Minor - during the invasion and the brutal rough, even incredibly cruel and bloody conquest by force of arms, slaughter, expulsion, depopulation, seizure, and plundering of the Armenian and Greek villages and towns by the Oghuzo-Seljuk tribes, one of which was the Kai tribe. This tamgha as a representative and protective sign was later used by the founder of the Turkish state Prince Osman, as well as some of his successors, therefore the Turkish Osmanids are also descendants of the proto-Bulgarian ruling family Dulo. In recent times, the tamgha of the Kai tribe continues not only to be used but also to be most solemnly celebrated by its descendants in Turkey and Iran.

The Chinese by Origin Proto-Bulgarian Titles Kagan, and Khan, with Kavhan, of Rulers from the Fir... more The Chinese by Origin Proto-Bulgarian Titles Kagan, and Khan, with Kavhan, of Rulers from the First Bulgarian Kingdom
The Bulgarian tribes and peoples appeared on the historical stage at the end of the third millennium BC, and in Inner Asia, they are a huge military-political and geostrategic force. For many centuries, the Bulgarians not only quarrel or fought, but also communicated with the numerous tribes and peoples of Inner Asia, and especially with the Chinese. From them the Bulgarians learn, perceive or borrow the construction of walls, the glazing of ceramic vessels, the casting of cast iron, the distillation of alcohol, the twelve-year cycle calendar, especially the indicative for a sufficiently high level of civilization and culture words kniga „book“, and bukva „letter“ with their respective objects, the individual components of the hierarchically stratified intra-social organization titles such as ban, zhupan, tarkan, khan, kagan, tigin, etc.
The Chinese by origin Proto-Bulgarian position-rank title kagan, Latin cagan, Greek χαγάν/κανα is based on ancient Chinese γwāŋ-γwāŋ; position-rank title khan has its origins in Chinese kuan or γwã. The derivative on this basis position-rank title kavhan is formed according to the rules of Persian syntax with the help of Middle Persian title kav „tribal chief; prince; tsar".

The Chinese by Origin Proto-Bulgarian Titles Kanartigin, Sü-bigi, Tarkan, and Turun of Nobleman's... more The Chinese by Origin Proto-Bulgarian Titles Kanartigin, Sü-bigi, Tarkan, and Turun of Nobleman's from the First Bulgarian Kingdom
Bulgarian tribes and peoples appeared on the historical stage at the end of the third millennium BC, and in Inner Asia, they are a huge military-political and geostrategic force. For many centuries, Bulgarians not only fought or fought, but also communicated with the numerous tribes and peoples of Central Asia and especially with the Chinese. From them the Bulgarians learn, perceive or borrow the construction of walls, the glazing of ceramic vessels, the casting of cast iron, the distillation of alcohol, the twelve-year cycle calendar, especially the words книга „book“, and буква „letter“, with their respective objects, denoting and naming the individual components of the hierarchically stratified intra-social organization titles such as ban, zhupan, tarkan, khan, kagan, tigin, etc.
The Chinese by Origin Proto-Bulgarian position-rank title kanartigin, Greek κανάρατίκείνος „heir to the throne“ is based on Ancient Chinese t'a-kin < d'ek-g'ien, d'ak(lek)-g'ien; position-rank title sü-bigi, Greek συβηγη „commander in chief“ - Ancient Chinese śwò/shù, Middle Chinese śü, and Middle Chinese päik/рặiк; the prestigious-honorary title tarkan, Greek ταρκανος - Middle Chinese that-kwan/that-kuan; the prestigious-honorary title turun, Old Bulgarian дрѫгъ - Middle Chinese to-thoŋ/to-tok.

The Chinese by Origin Proto-Bulgarian Titles Ban and Zhupan of Noblemans from the First Bulgarian... more The Chinese by Origin Proto-Bulgarian Titles Ban and Zhupan of Noblemans from the First Bulgarian Kingdom
In Late Antiquity from the China, the Inner Asian Bulgarians learn, perceive or borrow the construction of walls, the glazing of ceramic vessels, the distillation of alcohol, the twelve-year cycle calendar, the words kniga and bukva, titles such as ban, zhupan, kagan, tigin, etc.
The Proto-Bulgarian title ban has as its basis and beginning the ancient Chinese title wang „emperor; tsar; prince; nobleman“.
Medieval Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Hungarian, Czech, Romanian and others title župan is Proto-Bulgarian in origin. It has its genetic-historical basis in the late ancient Chinese language and has passed from here to the Turkic languages in general and in the Bulgarian languages in particular somewhere around the beginning of the New Era. It is based on the late ancient Chinese title tsou-pan „secretary; chancellor” with the modern continuation wáng-zuò/wángzhŏu „closest assistant to the emperor; highest nobleman“.
Immediately after its establishment and consolidation on the other side of the Danube, Khan Asparuh began to organize and resettle the Slavic clans and tribes, appointing them proto-Bulgarian dignitaries as bans and zhupans, but this practice continued under Khan Krum and Khan Omurtag. That is why, even long after that, the South-West Slavic tribes had as tribal chiefs zhupans, who, however, were no longer Proto-Bulgarians but Slavs by origin, while some of the princes and boyars of the Vlach-Bulgarian principalities across the Danube even after the 15th century are still titled as bans and zhupans.

Khan Kubrat imposes a powerful deadly blow on the Sasanidperpish Empire, prevents the destruction... more Khan Kubrat imposes a powerful deadly blow on the Sasanidperpish Empire, prevents the destruction of the Byzantine Empire, saves and returns to Christianity the Holy Cross of the Lord. The Persians were defeated and the Holy Cross of the Lord was returned to his place in Jerusalem thanks only to the Bulgarians. The Coalition Greek-Bulgarian war with the Persians represents a sacred war in the form of a crusade. The Bulgarians are the first crusaders of the world and have the greatest merit and contribution to the entire Christian world and civilization, because they are just exporting the main burden and solving the outcome of the war. It is precisely because of all this, and today, we Bulgarians, in no way and for any reason, to forget the great epoch of our native Bulgarian history, and with full right we can and should be proud to have saved the Holy Cross of the Lord and we have returned it to all Christians in the world, including ourselves!

In essence and function, the heraldic sign tamgha of the Proto-Bulgarian ruler clan Dulo is a sig... more In essence and function, the heraldic sign tamgha of the Proto-Bulgarian ruler clan Dulo is a sign of ownership with one primary-basic function-the possession, and two secondary-derived and additional functions-the representative (representative) and the protective (apotropheic). Khan Asparuh ordered the tamgha of the Dulo clan to be carved on a suitable stone to be built over the main gate of the Belgorod Fortress as a sign that there is a descendant of the Dulo clan, who is also a ruler, a khan of the entrusting Proto-Bulgarian tribes. He directed the repair of the Drustress fortress and ordered the tamgha of Dulo clan to be carved on the fortress walls. The wall in front of the village of Byala, Varna district is the last and the most southern wall that Khan Asparuh builds. On it the tamgha of the Dulo clan is carved between two Runic letters, so the whole inscription translates as The State of Dulo. The urns with the ashes of the khans and their wives from the First Bulgarian Kingdom are stored in a special pit into the most hidden underground tunnel connected to the palace of Khan Krum. The title канартигин is formed on the basis of the Proto-Bulgarian expression *каган-ирт-тикин, literally "prince-after-kagan", i.e. "crown prince".

In its Latinized form Ungari, the ethnonym Huŋar, as the name of the main Protobulgarian tribe of... more In its Latinized form Ungari, the ethnonym Huŋar, as the name of the main Protobulgarian tribe of the Empire of Attila, is testified on a stone inscription from 477 by the Roman Emperor Odoakar. Khan Asparuh's tribe has the name Huŋ-Huŋar. On this basis, the names of cities, peoples, states and individuals such as Hung, Hungar, hungar, Vangar, Hungary, Kun, Hunnarakert, Humara and others are formed in Europe.
In Central Asia, the Bulgarians set the beginning of the Great Migration of the Nations. The Chionites and Ephthalites cut coins, build cities, conclude with the Persians dynastic marriages. The coins that the princes of the Chionites cut down and the vessels they are given are inscribed with the ethnonym Hunug.
In Inner Asia, the Chineses gave to the Bulgarians names such as Hu, Xiongnu, Xunyu and others. All they are variants in the Chinese dialects of the Protobulgarian ethnonym Huŋ-Huŋar.
The Protobulgarian ethnonym Huŋ is formed on the basis of the Indo-Iranian lexema kuŋ. It has continuants in the Turkic languages and is it also borrowed in the languages of Eastern Europe.

The Heraldic Sign Tamgha of the Proto-bulgarian Ruler Clan Dulo has three functions - possessive,... more The Heraldic Sign Tamgha of the Proto-bulgarian Ruler Clan Dulo has three functions - possessive, representative and protective. The Dulo clan is the ruler clan of the Proto-Bulgarian tribe Onogury, which is mainly mentioned in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khanes from the time of the First Bulgarian Kingdom, but was testified just after the New Era in the ancient Chinese chronicles. The Tamgha was created and used long before the New Era in Inner Asia as a means of marking and proving the right to ownership of the livestock and pastures owned. In its representative function, it is used for the first time during a burial in an ancient Chinese pyramid of a Chinese Empress by origin of the Dulo clan. The sign was discovered on the lands of Northern Black Sea and Transylvania, but its use and distribution was especially frequent on the territory of the First Bulgarian Kingdom after its foundation by Khan Asparuh in 681. At present, the heraldic sign Tamgha of the Proto-Bulgarian ruler clan Dulo is studied and described by Bulgarian epigraphs, historians and archaeologists not very detailed and inconsistent with its origin, essence and basic functions, and in the absence of an explanation for its specific use as a connection with a certain historical personality or event.

The Proto-Bulgarian Origin of the Place Name Balchik Името води своето начало от прабългарската л... more The Proto-Bulgarian Origin of the Place Name Balchik
Името води своето начало от прабългарската лексема *balq , преминала от източноиранския праезик, където трябва да има и семантически напълно подходящ, а и фонетически почти тъждествен на дртюрк. *balq първичен лексикален корен етимон под формата на изтир. *wälγ “голям, висок; горен, планински; преграда, стена”, което идва от ир. *upairi “наверху”, отклонява се към западноиранските езици от една страна в ав. upairi “наверху; сверх”, пехл. awar, wal, ul, перс. bar “на; над” и към източноиранските езици от друга, където продължава в осет. wællag от *wælikkon “верхний, высший; наземный, земной; мощный, сильный; великан”, пам. war, wāriy, woru “на; вверх; верхний” .

The Huns are the immortal topic of human pioneering spirits. They are the first Asiatic nomads to... more The Huns are the immortal topic of human pioneering spirits. They are the first Asiatic nomads to make the trans-continental expeditions, precursors to the Turks and the Mongols. Their impact was felt in ancient Rome as well as in ancient China.
Chanyu then wrote to Han emperor, stating: "Han Chinese to the south and 'Hu' people to the north ...the so-called "Hu" meant the 'privileged son of the Heaven'... I [chanyu] want to renew the intermarriage with Han princess..."

Прародина на българските племена и народи е приалтайската Минусинска котловина. Тук, още преди кр... more Прародина на българските племена и народи е приалтайската Минусинска котловина. Тук, още преди края на 4-то хил. пр.н.е., отделилите се малко преди това от пратюркската етнолингвистична общност български родове и фамилии се съсредоточават, консолидират и обединяват в отделно-самостоятелно българско племе под ръководството и управлението на един-единствен върховен вожд, избиран по принцип от старейшините на родове и главите на фамилии.

На основе анализа-синтеза всех доступно-наличных исторических, лингвистических, эпиграфических, п... more На основе анализа-синтеза всех доступно-наличных исторических, лингвистических, эпиграфических, палеографических, археологических, антропологических, этнографических, этногеографических и других сведений и данных, при том с непременным учетом уже хорошо наблюдаемого факта, что в последнее время особенно интенсивно и широкомасштабно во всей мировой исторической и лингвистической науках имплицитно или эксплицитно проявляется и берет верх тенденция безоговорочно полного(!!?) или по крайней мере частичного(!!!) отождествления центрально-азиатских хунну/сюнну и европейских гуннов с болгарами/булгарами тюркской этнолингвистической семьи, минимальный, но вполне достатычный набор и состав фундаментальных принципов Болгаристики, должен быть следующим:...

Първата по време, а и историко-лингвистически най-значимата и съществена като номинативносемантич... more Първата по време, а и историко-лингвистически най-значимата и съществена като номинативносемантична функция и употреба иранска титла в българските диалекти и езици изобщо, е престижно-почетната титл. *абит “княз“, фонетичният облик на която в прабългарския език в частност, по силата и поради специфично-характерната за този език спирантизация и преход на зв. б в зв. в, е *авит (Ив. Добрев). По произход тази титла под формата *bеd е древноиранска и по-точно най-вероятно източноиранска заемка в българските диалекти и езици, като датира поне 5-6 века преди Новата ера, когато централноазиатските българи пребивават в най-близко-тесен етнолингвистичен контакт и взаимодействие с някой клон на източните иранци, най-вероятно усуни или скито-сармати.

Специфично-характерното и даже куриозно-любопитното за прабългарската титл. багатур е това, че ощ... more Специфично-характерното и даже куриозно-любопитното за прабългарската титл. багатур е това, че още от най-дълбока древност, а и в по-ново време чак до края на Ранното средновековие, като нарицателно или собствено съществително име, пряко или косвено тя е разпространена в множеството диалекти и езици и се използва от голям брой племена и народи в границите на огромно-необятната територия от Северния ледовит океан до Индийския океан от север на юг и от Тихия океан, включително и в корейския език [Choi 2016, 6], до Атлантическия океан от изток на запад, в това число и в Мала Азия и Балканите [вж. и срв. ЭСТЯз-б, 82-85; Doerfer-2, 366-377].

Иранските по произход думи, титли и имена в българските езици и диалекти изобщо и в прабългарскит... more Иранските по произход думи, титли и имена в българските езици и диалекти изобщо и в прабългарските/болгарските езици и диалекти в частност са краен резултат от сравнително близко-интензивен етнолингвистичен контакт и взаимодействие между иранските племена и народи от една страна и болгарските племена и народи от друга. Нивото и степента, на които този контакт и взаимодействие се осъществяват и протичат, са дотолкова високо-ефективни и съществено-значими, че болгарските племена и народи попадат в ситуацията на частична иранизация с оглед на антропология, език, материална и духовна култура.

The Distich about the Bulgarian Pugu tribe is the earliest and priceless complete and connected t... more The Distich about the Bulgarian Pugu tribe is the earliest and priceless complete and connected text in Proto-Bulgarian, also in Bulgarian and the Turkic language. It is because of this that it is one of the strongest and extremely important evidence of the Proto-Bulgarian origin and ethnicity of the Inner Asian Hunnu/Syunnu.

THE COUPLET FOR PUGU – THE OLDEST AND EARLIEST TEXT IN BULGARIAN LANGUAGE OF INNER ASIA S u m m a... more THE COUPLET FOR PUGU – THE OLDEST AND EARLIEST TEXT IN BULGARIAN LANGUAGE OF INNER ASIA
S u m m a r y
The Huns from Inner Asia, whose Chinese names are Xiongnu, are Bulgars and their language, too, are Bulgarian. The Couplet for Pugu was found in the ancient Chinese chronicles. It was pronounced in the year of grace 329 and must be translated in the following manner:
If the commander-in-chief goes to war,
The Pugu tribe will be defeated.
The Couplet for Pugu is the most powerful and extremely important testimonies and evidences for the Bulgarian origin and the ethnicity of the Inner Asian Xiongnu.
ИВАН ДОБРЕВ
ДВУСТИШИЕ ПРО ПУГУ – ПЕРВЫЙ И САМЫЙ РАННИЙ ТЕКСТ
НА ЦЕНТРАЛЬНО-АЗИАТСКОМ БОЛГАРСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Р е з ю м е
Хунну/сюнну – это китайское название центрально-азиатских гуннов. В действи-тельности же гунны являются болгарами, а их язык – болгарским. Перевод найденного в древнекитайских летописях и датированного 329 г. двустишия про пугу такое:
Если главнокомандующий поведёт в поход,
То племя пугу будет побеждено.
Двустишие про пугу представляет собой самое убедительное и чрезвычайно важное доказательство того, что центрально-азиатские гунны по происхождению – болгары и принадлежат они к болгарским племенам и народам.

PRESLAV TREASURE The Preslav treasure is one of the most glamorous and precious finds from the Bu... more PRESLAV TREASURE The Preslav treasure is one of the most glamorous and precious finds from the Bulgarian Middle Ages and is the largest medieval treasure discovered in our lands. It was placed in a wooden box with silver fittings and was found in 1978 near Veliki Preslav, where it was hidden in the stone furnace of a small house, most likely during the siege and conquest of the city by Byzantine troops in 971. Contains over 180 gold and gold ornaments - gold tiara, necklaces, medallions, earrings, buttons, rings, cutlery and tiles made of 14- and 22-carat gold. For their production are also used cellular enamel in different colors, colored glass, pearls, aquamarine, mountain crystal, rubies, garnets, amethysts, emeralds.

Found on May 12, 1912, in the tomb of Khan Kubrat, the exquisite gold, and silver vessels, the go... more Found on May 12, 1912, in the tomb of Khan Kubrat, the exquisite gold, and silver vessels, the gold-plated sword with a wide leather belt, the only token of which is almost 0.5 kg of solid gold, the gold rings with its monogram and all other gold and silver objects, jewelry, ornaments and coins weighing 25 kg for gold and 50 kg for silver, more than 800 in number and in all, are the largest, richest and most unique in the world silver and gold treasure, widely known also as the famous treasure from Malaya Pereshchepina and they are shedev of the Proto-Bulgarian, Persian and Byzantine goldsmith's art.
The silver and gold objects and articles from the funeral in Malaya Pereshchepina, Khan Kubrat has them and owns it as his own heritage from the previous Bulgarian khans; as a battle trophy acquired personally by him with a weapon in his hand during battles with the Persians; as gifts mainly from the Byzantine emperors and as invaluable works of art at the jewelry studio in his court. Each of the four groups of artifacts possesses and is characterized by its own specific artistic stylistic features and characteristics.
The first stage of the development of Bulgarian goldsmith's applied art in Europe begins from the end of the 4th century and continues until the end of the 6th century. It is characterized by the workmanship of gold products of extremely high artistic value.
The second stage of the development of Bulgarian goldsmith's applied art in Europe began in the first quarter of the 7th century with the manufacture of gold products in the atelier at the court of Khan Kubrat.
Together with the gold artifacts produced in the atelier in the court of Khan Kubrat and at the atelier in the court of Khan Asparuh, as well as those from the funerals in Voznesenka, Glodossi, Kellegay, etc. all the way to Kunbaboni and Nagyszéksós in the territory of present-day Hungary, they are all Proto-Bulgarian and form a homogeneous and unified Bulgarian Cultural Circle, because they are from the funerals of Bulgarians participating in the Greco-Persian wars or their heirs.

Near the present-day Poltava village of Malaya Pereschepina in Ukraine is buried our Bulgarian de... more Near the present-day Poltava village of Malaya Pereschepina in Ukraine is buried our Bulgarian dear ancestor, the great Bulgarian and the Roman patrician Khan Kurt-Kubrat († 665); the founder and long-time ruler of the Caucasian Proto-Bulgarian Empire, Old Great Bulgaria, which is the second European Bulgarian state after the West Hun Empire of Atilla the Bulgarian, and the earlier one of New Great Bulgaria of Khan Asparuh; one of the most significant figures in Asia and Europe since the first half of the 7th century; a brave warrior crusader, a great commander, a skilful diplomat, the richest and most influential emperor of the entire then world, from the Chinese Empire to the east and the Roman Empire to the west; the Bulgarian ruler who dared to oppose the strongmen of the West Turkic and Avar Kaganates of the day; he defeated the mighty Sasanian-Persian Empire, prevented the death of the great Byzantine Empire and saved the Holy Cross of the Lord from Persian captivity.
All the silver and gold objects and articles from the tomb of Khan Kubrat he has them and owns as his own heritage from the previous Bulgarian khans; as a fighting trophy acquired personally by him with a weapon in his hand during battles with the Persians; as gifts mainly from the Byzantine emperors and as invaluable works of art at the jewelry studio in his court.

Near the present-day Poltava village of Malaya Pereschepina in Ukraine is buried our Bulgarian de... more Near the present-day Poltava village of Malaya Pereschepina in Ukraine is buried our Bulgarian dear ancestor, the great Bulgarian and the Roman patrician Khan Kurt-Kubrat († 665); the founder and long-time ruler of the Caucasian Proto-Bulgarian Empire, Old Great Bulgaria, which is the second European Bulgarian state after the West Hun Empire of Atilla-Avitohol and the earlier one of New Great Bulgaria of Khan Asparuh; one of the most significant figures in Asia and Europe since the first half of the 7th century; a brave warrior crusader, a great commander, a skilful diplomat, the richest and most influential emperor of the entire then world, from the Chinese Empire to the east and the Roman Empire to the west; the Bulgarian ruler who dared to oppose the strongmen of the West Turkic and Avar Kaganates of the day; he defeated the mighty Sasanian-Persian Empire, prevented the death of the great Byzantine Empire and saved the Holy Cross of the Lord from Persian captivity.
All the silver and gold objects and articles from the tomb of Khan Kubrat he has them and owns as his own heritage from the previous Bulgarian khans; as a fighting trophy acquired personally by him with a weapon in his hand during battles with the Persians; as gifts mainly from the Byzantine emperors and as invaluable works of art at the jewelry studio in his court.

Хуните са безсмъртната тема на прогресивния човешки дух! Прародина на българските племена и народ... more Хуните са безсмъртната тема на прогресивния човешки дух! Прародина на българските племена и народи е степната приалтайска Минусинска котловина, която приблизително има размери 600Х400 км или площ от 240 хил. км², докато в сегашните си граници България има 111 хил. км². В тази котловина, още преди края на 4то хил. пр.н.е., отделилите се малко преди това от пратюркската етнолингвистична общност български родове и фамилии, се съсредоточават, консолидират и обединяват в едно единствено, отделносамостоятелно българско племе под ръководството и управлението на само един върховен вожд или хан, избиран по принцип от старейшините на родове и главите на фамилии. В своята прародина българите са главно скотовъди номади, но допълнително спомагателно се занимават и със земеделие. Още през Бронзовата епоха към края на ІІІ и началото на ІІ хил. пр.н.е. те обработват земята с мотика, реколтата си жънат с бронзови сърпове, а за напояване на нивите си прокарват напоителни канали.

Връщаме си безценно българско съкровище със златни купи и кани от хан Кубрат, златното блюдо за х... more Връщаме си безценно българско съкровище със златни купи и кани от хан Кубрат, златното блюдо за хранене на хан Аспарух и златните купи за кръщаване на цар Борис І и неговото семейство.
Най-после, след многократно-безуспешни опити на най-големи наши и чуждестранни учени, е разчетен и преведен напълно убедително-сполучливо самобитно-уникален прабългарски надпис.

We take back a priceless Bulgarian treasure with golden jugs from khan Kubrat, khan Asparukh's go... more We take back a priceless Bulgarian treasure
with golden jugs from khan Kubrat,
khan Asparukh's golden dinner dish
and tsar Boris's golden christening cup.

For almost a thousand years, the Bulgarians have at their mercy or at least on the alert and resp... more For almost a thousand years, the Bulgarians have at their mercy or at least on the alert and respecting them the most ancient, the most powerful and highly civilized for that time Chinese empire. They not only force the Chinese to erect the Great Chinese Wall, the only earth object which can be seen from space with the naked eye, but also to be paid an annual tax in kind, as well as to be sent a princess as a wife to the Shanyu, the princes or khans of the tribal conglomerates.

At the end of the 3rd century BC under the leadership of Shanyu, i.e. Emperor Bagatur (234-174), ... more At the end of the 3rd century BC under the leadership of Shanyu, i.e. Emperor Bagatur (234-174), Chinese Maodun, Mode, The Bulgarians Hunnu create the first nomadic empire in world history, the Hsiung-nu empire (209-174) with a territory of more than 2 million square kilometres between Baikal in the north, the Great Chinese Wall in the south, East Turkestan in the west and the plateau of Hingan and the river of Lyaohe in the east. It unites more than 26 tribes of Turkic, Iranian, Mongol and Tungusic-Manchurian origin and ethnicity in itself.

BASİC-MAİN BULGARİAN TRİBES AND PEOPLES AND THEİR DİALECTS AND LANGUAGES İN EURASİA DURİNG LATE A... more BASİC-MAİN BULGARİAN TRİBES AND PEOPLES AND THEİR DİALECTS AND LANGUAGES İN EURASİA DURİNG LATE ANTİQUİTY AND THE EARLY MİDDLE AGES, PART 4. THE BULGARİAN SABİRİ TRİBE Сабири, кит. Xianbei-Эфталиты-Ак-хун-Southern Huns, Taɣbač, табгач, кит. Тоба - ветвь сабиров, Taɣbač из булг. Taɣ- „гора“, суф. -bač т.е. „горец“; Halaç-Kalaş: The Bulgarian ethnonym Sabir originated and was formed in the Minusinsk Basin even before the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. It is based on Indir. *sap- „seven“, of which with preserved vocalism and the attributive suffix -ta are Ind. saptá and Avest. hapta and to which is again added *är „man; genus“, so the appellative of the ethnonym *sap-är acquires the meaning „the seven genera“. Subsequently, the second component of the composite began to contaminate with the Bulgarian plural suf. -ir, which constellates her, i.e. is superimposed on it, and thus the form *sap-ir is obtained. The vowel of the suffix sounds the preceding voiceless consonant, resulting in the form *sabir.
The Sabirs are the other great and mighty Bulgarian tribe and, accordingly, a military-tribal union on the territory of Inner Asia. In ancient Chinese chronicles, they are known as Xianbei, and even entire Chinese dynasties are derived from them. It is they who set up on the territory of China a number of Bulgarian staites, build unprecedented cities until then, using completely new and unfamiliar technologies; built the first special furnace and for the first time in Chinese practice baked white porcelain in it, which generally requires a very high processing temperature; it is they who hold the primacy in metal casting, metal-working, and especially in the processing of gold, in which, discovering cellular enamel and granular gold, they elevate it to such mastery and perfection that no other people in the world will ever reach them and surpass them; lay the foundations of Chinese small sculpture, craft magical and superb gold appliqués and torretics, sculpt realistic bas-reliefs, sculptures, panels and figurines of people and horses; giant statues of Buddha are carved into the rocks, paint their Buddhist cave temples with wonderfully beautiful and still very fresh drawings; lay the foundations of the heavy cavalry in particular and the division of the army to different branches and species in general; create the Imperial Guard, begin the preliminary military training of the army, invent, put into use and perfect new and new types of weapons and equipment, develop and implement new combat tactics; found and put into use in China the armor of the horse and rider and the stirrup; the Sabirs by origin emperors are the first to embrace Buddhism and subsequently pass it on to other peoples from this part of the World. Therefore, there is no way for Sabir Bulgarians to be recognized as the artistic and technical genius of late antiquity and early medieval Humankind, especially after their unreached and unsurpassed innovations and achievements also in the fortress siege.
During the Sixteen Kingdoms (304-439) period, the Xianbei founded six kingdoms, including the Former Yan (281-370), Western Yan (384-394), Later Yan (383-407), Southern Yan (398-410), Western Qin (385-430) and Southern Liang (397-414). Most of them were unified by the Tuoba Xianbei, who established the Northern Wei (386-535), which was the first of the Northern Dynasties (386-581) founded by the Xianbei. In 534, the Northern Wei split into an Eastern Wei (534-550) and a Western Wei (535-556). The former evolved into the Northern Qi (550-577), and the latter into the Northern Zhou (557-581), while the Southern Dynasties were pushed to the south of the Yangtze River.

BASIC-MAIN BULGARIAN TRIBES AND PEOPLES AND THEIR DIALECTS AND LANGUAGES IN EURASIA DURING LATE A... more BASIC-MAIN BULGARIAN TRIBES AND PEOPLES AND THEIR DIALECTS AND LANGUAGES IN EURASIA DURING LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, PART 3. THE BULGARIAN BOLGAR TRIBE
The homeland of the Bulgarian tribes and peoples is the steppe Minusinsk valley, which has approximately dimensions of 600x400 km or an area of 240 thousand km². Towards the end of the 4th millennium BC the Bulgarian clans and families separated from the Neolithic-primeval proto-Turkic horde of primitive hunters and fruit-gatherers, wandering in the north of the Sayan-Altai mountain massif and, migrating to the Minusinsk valley, consolidated and united into a separate and independent Bulgarian tribe under the leadership and management of one single supreme chief, chosen in principle by the elders of clans and heads of families. The late antique and early medieval lexico-phonetic basis of the ethnonym Bolgar has the form *bolq to which the Bulgarian plural suffix -ar is added. In the form Bulgar, Chinese Buluoji, abbreviated Jihu or Jie (Цзэ in Russian transcriptions), the ethnonym Bolgar is attested as far back as the ancient Chinese chronicles around the time of the New Era. According to the account of the Buluoji in Zhou Shu, they were the separate clans of the Xiongnu and were the descendants of the followers of Liu Yuan, the founder of the Former Zhao Dynasty (304-29). The Bolgar tribe appeared on the historical stage of China in the period of the Sixteen States of the Five Northern Tribes, which lasted 135 years - from 304 to 439. Shi Le (274-333) - founder of the Late Zhao dynasty (319-351). At that time, they moved to China, and their leader Shi Le ascended the imperial throne and began to rule the Chinese. Later, the emperors Atilla, Kubrat, Asparukh, Krum, Omurtag, Simeon, and others stood as the head of state of the Bolgar tribe. The Bulgarian identity of the Bolgar tribe is confirmed by the linguistic data and above all by the couplet about the Pugu tribe. The language of the Bulgarian Bolgar tribe consists of inscriptions and texts, appellative lexicon, ethnonyms, titles and chrononyms, anthroponyms, theonyms and toponyms, and word-forming and word-changing suffixes.

BASIC-MAIN BULGARIAN TRIBES AND PEOPLES AND THEIR DIALECTS AND LANGUAGES IN EURASIA DURING LATE A... more BASIC-MAIN BULGARIAN TRIBES AND PEOPLES AND THEIR DIALECTS AND LANGUAGES IN EURASIA DURING LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, PART 2. THE BULGARIAN BOLGI TRIBE
The homeland of the Bulgarian tribes and peoples is the steppe Minusinsk valley, which has approximately dimensions of 600x400 km or an area of 240 thousand km². Towards the end of the 4th millennium BC the Bulgarian clans and families separated from the Neolithic-primeval proto-Turkic horde of primitive hunters and fruit-gatherers, wandering in the north of the Sayan-Altai mountain massif and, migrating to the Minusinsk valley, consolidated and united into a separate and independent Bulgarian tribe under the leadership and management of one single supreme chief, chosen in principle by the elders of clans and heads of families. The late antique and early medieval lexico-phonetic basis of the ethnonym Bulgarians has the form *bolq with such language-local-time phonetic variants as bulq, polq, pulq, etc. In the form bulh, the ethnonym bolk is attested on the early medieval Armenian map from the middle of the 7th century Ashkharatsuits. The ethnonym *pоlq/pulq in the Chinese language should have the form *pukiu, the use and development of which later gave the varieties bugu/pugu, buku, boku, Bulugu, Buliugu, b'uək-kuət, etc. that are common in ancient Chinese chronicles. Pugu migrated from Dolange to the east; consisted of 30,000 kibitok; had 10,000 troops. This is the northernmost country. Pugus were persistent, brave, indomitable. The Pugu elder Sofu Sylifa Kelan Bain surrendered to China. The Pugu tribe played an important role in early medieval Chinese history, with its dignitaries occupying high positions in the Chinese military and administration. In addition, in the 7th-9th century, the Pugu tribe was one of the main suppliers of thoroughbred war horses for the Chinese army. In the course of time, ethnonym *bolk/bulk passed and was taken up in Central Asian East Iranian languages as well, most probably first in Sogdian, and subsequently in Alanic. Here, by virtue of East Iranian phonetics, the Proto-Bulgarian sound L is substituted by the Sogdian sonorous R. On the territory of Central Asia, to the basis of the ethnonym *bolk/bulk, the common Iranian plural -an is added under the influence of which the consonant K is voiced to the consonant G. In the Middle Persian Pahlavi language, this consonant is substituted and adapted as ج, which was subsequently replaced and written by ج (jim) among Arab chroniclers and geographers as well. In this order and manner, the forms bolkan, bulkan, bolgan, burgan, burgar, burjan, etc. are also obtained. The Burjan variant is applied to the Central Asian, and subsequently to the Caucasian, Volga and Danube Bulgarians. The language of the Bulgarian Bolgi tribe consists of appellative lexicon, ethnonyms, titles and chrononyms, anthroponyms, theonyms and toponyms and word-forming and word-changing suffixes.

THE GOLDEN TREASURES OF THE BULGARIANS WHO SAVED THE HOLY CROSS-OF THE LORD The exquisitely magni... more THE GOLDEN TREASURES OF THE BULGARIANS WHO SAVED THE HOLY CROSS-OF THE LORD
The exquisitely magnificent gold and silver vessels found on May 12, 1912, in the tomb of Khan Kubrat, the gilded sword with a wide leather belt, only the buckle of which is almost 0.5 kg of solid gold, the gold rings with its monogram and all other gold and silver objects, jewelry, ornaments and coins with a total weight of 25 kg for gold and 50 kg for silver, more than 800 in total, and in general are the largest, richest and uniquely unsurpassed in the world silver-gold treasure, widely known also as the Famous Treasure of Malaya Pereshchepina, and are masterpieces of proto-Bulgarian, Persian and Byzantine goldsmith art.
The Vienna Kunsthistorisches Museum houses the world-famous and extremely highly artistic Golden Treasure of Nagy Saint-Miklos. It was found on July 3, 1799, by their Serbian farmer Voin Nehru, while digging, in the vineyard of the Bulgarian merchants, the Nakovi brothers from the Austro-Hungarian town of Nagy Szent-Miklós, inhabited by Bulgarians, Hungarians, and Romanians. The Nakovi brothers presented the treasure to Emperor Joseph II, who awarded them noble titles. Based on this story, the writer Moore Yokai wrote the novel Gypsy Baron, and the composer Johann Strauss created the operetta of the same name.
The treasure consists of 24 vessels of various shapes and sizes, made of the very high gold samples, mainly 21 and 22 carats: 8 large jugs, 1 dish or tray, 4 tassel shallow cups or bowls with hanging buckle, 4 cups, both of which can be called pitchers, 3 zoomorphic bowls, but rather cups or glasses, 2 pateras, ie. loose-shallow ladles, 1 rhyton or golden drinking horn, 1 deep and large cup or bowl, all with a total weight of 9,926 kg, i.e. almost 10 kg.
Near the present-day Poltava village of Malaya Pereschepina in Ukraine is buried our Bulgarian dear ancestor, the great Bulgarian and the Roman patrician Khan Kurt-Kubrat († 665); the founder and long-time ruler of the Caucasian Proto-Bulgarian Empire, Old Great Bulgaria, which is the second European Bulgarian state after the West Hun Empire of Atilla-Avitohol and the earlier one of New Great Bulgaria of Khan Asparuh; one of the most significant figures in Asia and Europe since the first half of the 7th century; a brave warrior crusader, a great commander, a skillful diplomat, the richest and most influential emperor of the entire then world, from the Chinese Empire to the east and the Roman Empire to the west; the Bulgarian ruler who dared to oppose the strongmen of the West Turkic and Avar Kaganates of the day; he defeated the mighty Sasanian-Persian Empire, prevented the death of the great Byzantine Empire and saved the Holy Cross of the Lord from Persian captivity.
Khan Kubrat imposes a powerful deadly blow on the Sasanidperpish Empire, prevents the destruction of the Byzantine Empire, saves and returns to Christianity the Holy Cross of the Lord. The Persians were defeated and the Holy Cross of the Lord was returned to his place in Jerusalem thanks only to the Bulgarians. The Coalition Greek-Bulgarian war with the Persians represents a sacred war in the form of a crusade. The Bulgarians are the first crusaders of the world and have the greatest merit and contribution to the entire Christian world and civilization because they are just exporting the main burden and solving the outcome of the war. It is precisely because of all this, and today, we Bulgarians, in no way and for any reason, to forget the great epoch of our native Bulgarian history, and with full right we can and should be proud to have saved the Holy Cross of the Lord and we have returned it to all Christians in the world, including ourselves.

В основата и началото на масовата християнизация и по-нататъшното напълно безвъзмездно и безкорис... more В основата и началото на масовата християнизация и по-нататъшното напълно безвъзмездно и безкористно даване и предоставяне на русите от българите на българската книжнина, писменост и православна култура стои женитбата на княз Владимир за българската княгиня Анна. Това знаменателно-велико не само за русите събитие обаче е съпроводено, допълнително подсилено и осигурено и чрез непосредствено-преките контакти на княз Владимир с цар Самуил от Охрид. От тук пък християнизацията на русите сравнително продължително време се подпомага, материално осигурява, ръководи и направлява в основно-главното от Охридската Патриаршия.
Многобройни са свидетелствата и доказателствата за това, че именно, единствено и само дунавските българи християнизират русите и им дават българската книжнина, писменост и православна култура. По вид и характер тези свидетелства и доказателства са най-различни и разнообразни – религиозно-богословски, книжовно-текстологични и лингвистични, художествено-палеографски, архитектурно-строителни, художествено-живописни, нумизматични и др. Все пак и въпреки всичко най-голяма доказателна сила тук очевидно-безспорно притежават първата група свидетелства и доказателства, именно поради което тъкмо и единствено те се разкриват, разглеждат, синтезират и обобщават в по-нататъшното изложение.
Християнизацията и даването на русите от българите на българската книжнина, писменост и православна култура е без всякакъв аналог в общочовешката история и култура. Това епохално-велико дело във вътрешно-национален план се отразява и проектира най-напред и преди всичко в самото полагане основите и начертаване насоките на образуване и изграждане докрай на самата руска народност. Всичко това обаче е възможно като такова, а и реалнообективно се осъществява единствено и само на основата и благодарение на първите две и много важни условия предпоставка за него, каквито са общият книжовен език и общата научно-художествена литература, които наред и заедно с общата православна вяра играят ролята съответно на обединително-съединителна връзка между източнославянските племена и родове, а по-нататък и надолу даже и между отделните социални индивиди в тях.

Обществено-политическото и културно-просветното влияние и приноси на дунавските българи за руския... more Обществено-политическото и културно-просветното влияние и приноси на дунавските българи за руския народ, държава и култура започва с женитбата на княгиня Олга за княз Игор. В действителност княгиня Олга е дъщерята на българския цар Симеон Велики, княгиня Елена, която той дава за жена на княз Игор. Българката по произход руска княгиня Олга-Елена довършва полагането основите на руската държава; извършва административно-съдебна и данъчна реформа и усъвършенства системата на държавното управление; издига културно-просветното ниво на поданиците си руси; привлича и обединява под егидата на държавата си редица по-близки или по-далечни източнославянски племена; пресича варяжската експанзия от север и слага край на варяжското господство в страната; предприема мащабно военно-отбранително строителство и очертава държавните граници на Русия; построява нови градове и поставя началото на каменното строителство на църкви и обществени сгради; издига, представя и легитимира Русия пред външния свят като велика световна сила наред с България и Византия.

Дунавските българи или само българите от Първото Българско Царство се характеризират със собствен... more Дунавските българи или само българите от Първото Българско Царство се характеризират със собствено-специфично народностно название, етноним с някои лексико-граматични варианти или малко на брой синоними при отделни народи от областта на Източна Европа, а така също и с конкретно-определен историко-етнически произход и принадлежност, непосредствено свързан с който е и техният расово-антропологичен тип.
Специално произходът на дунавските българи е резултат от тяхната миграция към Балканите от Кавказ след разпадането на тукашната им държава Стара Велика България и се откроява достатъчно изчерпателно-ярко не само на фона на последните дни и погребенията на хан Кубрат и хан Аспарух, но и на някои световно значимо-съществени и даже знаменателни събития от тяхната кавказска история. Централно място сред тези знаменателни събития заема спасяването от българите на похитения от персите Кръст Господен. Всички тези събития са достатъчно подробно-недвусмислено осветлени и документирани от историческите извори.
Обществено-политическото и културно-просветното влияние и приноси на българите за руския народ, държава и култура започват още от дунавските българи от Първото Българско Царство, а се продължават, разгръщат и приключват последователно-непрекъснато, но все пак разновременно-разноместно от северните, южните и волжските българи в Източна Европа.

We take back a priceless Bulgarian treasure with golden jugs from khan Kubrat, khan Asparukh’s go... more We take back a priceless Bulgarian treasure with golden jugs from khan Kubrat, khan Asparukh’s golden dinner dish and tsar Boris’s golden christening cup.
At long last, after a number of fruitless attemps of prominent Bulgarian and foreign scholars a unique proto-Bulgarian inscription has been spelt out and translated.