International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP) (original) (raw)

Volume 1: Issue 1 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)

Aim: The purpose of the study was to compare working and nonworking women with regard to self-dif... more Aim: The purpose of the study was to compare working and nonworking women with regard to self-differentiation, partner
abuse, conflict resolution tactics and the association of these variables with marital satisfaction and quality of life.
Method: Using specific inclusion criteria, a sample of 160 women (80 working, and 80 non-working women) were recruited
for the study. Data were collected using The Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised, Partner Abuse Scale—Physical, The
Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, Miller Social Intimacy Scale, The Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale, The Comprehensive
Marital Satisfaction Scale and the WHO Quality of Life Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multivariate
analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis.
Results: Findings revealed significant group differences, with working women reporting greater intimacy, adjustment, marital
satisfaction and better quality of life and non-working women reporting greater partner abuse, and the use of psychological
aggression, physical assault and physical injury to resolve conflicts. Results of regression analysis indicated that emotional
cut-off, a component of self-differentiation, accounted for 42.2% and 16.9% of the variance in quality of life among
working and non-working women respectively. Among non-working women, physical assault as a conflict resolution tactic
accounted for an additional 33% of the variance in quality of life. Findings point to significant differences between working
and non-working women. A significant finding was that most women in both groups reported poor adjustment with their
spouses, although working women tended to report greater intimacy.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that, working women enjoy better quality of life than non-working women who tend to
experience greater partner abuse.
Key Words: Self-Differentiation; Partner Abuse; Conflict Tactics; Marital Satisfaction; Quality Of Life.

Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments brought to the fore how stimuli of purely psychogenic... more Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments brought to the fore how stimuli of purely psychogenic nature mediate and affect cognitive
state, hence, shaping physiologic functions. Against this background, I seek to understand how the triad of the brain, the mind and our
human experiences (in the context of disease) interact. I attempt a systematic explication of how this interaction may occur in the onset
of gastric ulceration. On that note, I argue that a valid psychocognitive frame of reference offers creative insights into how non-pharmacological
means may be employed in the clinical palliation of forms of non-organic gastric ulcers.
Key Words: Gastric Ulceration; Thought; Classical Conditioning.

Volume 2 : Issue 1 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)

This research tries to present a general image of compliance and consistency rate of implemented ... more This research tries to present a general image of compliance and consistency rate of implemented and intended curriculum in research
and thinking textbook of elementary sixth grade in Iran according to its four major elements. Research is descriptive- survey type. Statistical
population contains all elementary sixth grade teachers of maidenly schools in Urmia city. Research’s statistical samples are 102 elementary
sixth grade teachers that are selected as simple random- classified sampling. Reaching to intend curriculum was realized through
analysis of thinking and research textbook’s content (textbook’s all sentences analysis unit). To reach implemented curriculum a researcher
made questionnaire was used that contains 43 answer packs and is adjusted based on Likret scale. Research results show that in terms of
intended and implemented curriculum of thinking and research textbook, knowledge goals are higher than average. In terms of intended
and implemented curriculum, attitudinal goals are higher than knowledge goals average. According to teachers’ statement in terms of
intended and implemented curriculum, skill goals are reported higher than 4. Also results show that attention is not paid to all curriculum
components in implemented curriculum namely from teachers’ view point intended curriculum of elementary sixth grade thinking and
research textbook in maidenly schools of Urmia city is not available about all components of curriculum in specified notes performing.
Key words: Intended Curriculum; Implemented Curriculum; Textbook; Elementary Sixth Grade; Curriculum Components.

A case study is used to illustrate cognitive factors related to poor sleep quality in a young adu... more A case study is used to illustrate cognitive factors related to poor sleep quality in a young adult. The participant was a healthy patient outside
of his sleep disturbance. Changes in cognitive functioning were evaluated with the Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological
Status (RBANS). The profile of performance for the participant was similar to that previously reported for mild cognitive impairment due to
head trauma. The implication to health (i.e., cognitive functioning) for sleep disturbance is presented.
Keywords: Sleep Deprivation; Cognitive Impairment; Adjustment Disorder of Sleep

Volume 2 : Issue 2 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)

Background: Sleep patterns of persons with developmental disabilities are different from those of... more Background: Sleep patterns of persons with developmental disabilities are different from those of age matched peers. Persons with developmental
disabilities are taking more time to fall asleep as compared with other persons without disabilities (Piazza, Fisher, & Kahng, (1996).
Sleep disturbances seem to decrease one’s ability to regulate, control, or inhibit emotion and behavior (Dahl, 1996, Wolfson and Carskadon,
1998). Brylewski and Wiggs (1999) found that persons with developmental disabilities with sleep disorders have more daytime problem behaviors
like Irritability, Stereotypy, Hyperactivity, self-injury, aggression and screaming.
Methods: The present study assessed the sleep pattern, sleep disturbance and problem behavior in a randomized sample of persons (η=70)
with developmental disabilities on whom EEG recording was done. Persons with developmental disabilities who are living in community with
parents were taken for the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect research data from informants on Demographic Data
Sheet, Showkat’s Screening Scale for Sleep Pattern of Children (SSSSPC), Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) and Behavioral Assessment
scale for Indian Children with Mental Retardation Part–B. The relationships were explored among sleep pattern, sleep disturbance and
problem behavior with respect to EEG record, medication and comorbid conditions in persons with developmental disabilities.
Results: Pearson’s correlation co-efficient (r) was calculated and it was found that sleep pattern is significantly associated with sleep disturbance
(r =0.534, p<0.01)) and problem behavior (r =0.521, p<0.01) of persons with developmental disabilities. The results showed that sleep
pattern is significant with problem behaviors like temper tantrums & misbehavior with others. Furthermore, persons with developmental
disabilities having severe problems in sleep pattern also showed severe problem behaviors, such as self injurious behavior, repetitive behavior,
odd behavior, hyperactivity & rebellious behavior. The significant difference (p<0.05) was found in sleep pattern of persons with developmental
disabilities between the groups having normal EEG record and abnormal EEG record. Similar findings were also observed with respect to
problem behavior. Results of this study are discussed pertaining to the assessment of sleep pattern; sleep disturbance and problem behavior
of persons with developmental disabilities.
Conclusions: Present research study concluded that there is an association among sleep pattern, sleep disturbance and problem behavior in
persons with developmental disabilities. In present study it was observed that there is a significant difference in sleep pattern of persons with
developmental disabilities between the groups having normal EEG record and abnormal EEG record. Similar findings were also observed
with respect to problem behavior.
Keywords: Developmental Disabilities; Sleep Disturbance; Sleep Pattern; Problem Behavior and EEG Record; Comorbidity.

Volume 2 : Issue 3 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)

Background and purpose: There is a joint link between somatic disorders and psychological stresse... more Background and purpose: There is a joint link between somatic disorders and psychological stresses. Since presence of underlying
special psychological characters predispose persons to development of broken heart syndrome (BHS), we aimed to find out predisposing
personal characteristics and their difference between cases with BHS, acute coronary syndromes and healthy subjects.
Methods and subjects: This case-control study was performed on 60 cases with diagnosed broken heart syndrome, 60 cases of acute
coronary syndrome and 60 healthy subjects. All enrolled participants filed appropriate questionnaires after getting signed informed consent.
Data were analyzed using SPSS ver.12 via MANOVA test.
Principal results: There was a significant difference in all three groups regarding psychosis (P<0.01), aggression and phobia (P<0.05).
These characteristics were higher in cases with broken heart syndrome than cases with acute coronary syndrome and healthy subjects.
Principal conclusions: Joint link between psychological factors and broken heart syndrome emphasizes on behavioral therapies and
psychological treatments for healing this entity.
Keywords: Personality Characteristics; Broken Heart Syndrome; Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Mindfulness is defined as sustained, non-judgmental attention towards the world and the self. Sev... more Mindfulness is defined as sustained, non-judgmental attention towards the world and the self. Several recent studies are bringing this
concept into cutting-edge research and creating important contributions for the clinical context. In spite of this fact, there is a promising
but unmapped field of research around specific contributions of mindfulness to music, and more specifically, for musicians. This article
reviews this topic in order to show the state of the art of mindfulness related to music and help further advancement. A total of 27 publications
were reviewed. The main conclusion is that despite its youth, this field is yielding some promising results in several dimensions:
(1) effectiveness in mindfulness-based intervention programs for professional and hobby performers, (2) attention and concentration
boost because of mindfulness induction in music audience, (3) effective induction of mindfulness states by music, and (4) promising
contributions of mindfulness and music therapies. Finally, some guidelines and future lines are suggested for expanding and improving
results, models, and methods.
Keywords: Mindfulness; Meditation; Music; Performers; Audience; Musicians; Music Performance Anxiety.

Volume 2 : Issue 4 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)

The author garners support in psychoanalytic literature for the conceptualization of a core self ... more The author garners support in psychoanalytic literature for the conceptualization of a core self with transcendent properties and the capacity
to experience a communal sense of union. This core self is thought to contain a dual track notion of self/other experience in which
the boundaries of self and other are paradoxically differentiated and yet identical. Rather than pathological, this self/no-self experience
is unitive and unambivalent and leads to ecstatic experience of transcendence and communion with benign capacities. The author draws
from psychoanalysis and from Plotinian philosophy to frame the core self with its loving capacities as ultimately benign and ideal and as
originary experience embedded in our deepest nature. All character defects, faults and malevolent affects and experience are considered
permutations of the positive elements of core self experience. The author suggests a goal of psychoanalysis can be the liberation of this
core self from the shroud of negative affects and character faults. Through the containment and transformation of negative affect and
experience, the eventual discovery of the numinous sublime qualities of the core self may emerge.

Volume 2: Issue 5 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)

This study focuses on the Locus of Control, Birth Order and Residence as predictors of General We... more This study focuses on the Locus of Control, Birth Order and Residence as predictors of General Wellbeing with special reference to
Tripura by taking 400 degree level students from different degree colleges and universities of Tripura state. Review of literature demonstrates
that different factors associated with general wellbeing operate differently in different cultures and races and since there is dearth
of such systematic study under Indian set up, it is appropriate to investigate empirically that whether or not locus of control, birth order
and residence independently or in interaction with each other are accountable for differences in General Wellbeing among students. The
following conclusions were drawn on the basis of analysis of data like Locus of control significantly influences general wellbeing of
students, internally controlled students were found superior on general wellbeing than externally controlled students. Birth order of the
students seems to have significant influence on general wellbeing. First born students were found higher on general wellbeing than later
born students. Residence does not account for substantial amount of variance on general wellbeing of students. Urban or rural students
have yielded equal outcome on the scores of general wellbeing. Locus of control and birth order appears to interact to yield significant
results on general wellbeing. Locus of control and residence and birth order and residence of the students do not appears to interact to
yield significant results on general wellbeing. Locus of control, birth order and residence of the students do not appears to interact with
reference to general wellbeing of the students of Tripura in particular.
Keywords: Locus of Control; General Wellbeing.

The cognitive models exemplar memory and cue abstraction was examined in two experiments in a mul... more The cognitive models exemplar memory and cue abstraction was examined in two experiments in a multiple-cue judgment task with
verbalization to see how the models was affected by verbalization and how verbalization could improve individual learning. The results
showed that verbalization increase individual learning and that the judgments in the analogue condition were significantly better than the
proposition condition overall. Strong exemplar effects was shown for all groups regardless of stimulus presentation and learning mode,
even for the learning individuals conditions that learned from written verbalized information in the absence of outcome feedback. The
results suggest that exemplar memory works as a backup system similar to previous research and that exemplar-based knowledge could
be the regular result of cooperation, even without social interaction.
Keywords: Multiple-Cue Judgment; Cognitive Processes; Cooperation; Verbalization; Learning.

Volume 2 : Issue 6 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)

White-collar crime as moral or ethical violations follows ideals inherent within the principles o... more White-collar crime as moral or ethical violations follows ideals inherent within the principles of natural law. Natural law focuses on
behaviors or activities that are defined as wrong because they violate the ethical principles of a particular culture, subculture, or group.
The immoral nature of the activities is seen as the foundation for defining certain types of white-collar activities as criminal. Some prefer
to call white-collar crime as violations of criminal law. White-collar crimes are criminally illegal behaviors committed by upper class
individuals during the course of their occupation. From a systems perspective, those working in the criminal justice system would likely
define white-collar crime as criminally illegal behaviors. Crime, in this context, is defined as “an intentional act or omission committed
in violation of the criminal law without defense or justification and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor” (Tappan, 1960,
p. 10). The consequences of white-collar crime can be characterized as; individual economic losses, societal economic losses, emotional
consequences, physical harm and positive consequences as well. Research on white-collar crime attitudes is important for empirical, cultural,
and policy-driven reasons (Piquero, Carmichael, & Piquero, 2008). Because white-collar offenses are viewed as equally serious as
street crimes, there may be a tendency among some to view white-collar criminals as similar to street criminals (Payne, 2003b). Many crime
prevention programs work. Others don’t. Most programs have not yet been evaluated with enough scientific evidence to draw conclusions.
Enough evidence is available, however, to create provisional lists of what works, what doesn’t and what’s promising. Those lists will
grow more quickly if the Nation invests more resources in scientific evaluations to hold all crime prevention programs accountable for
their results. Both crime and criminal have become the focus of attention in the present day Kashmiri society. It is a regrettable fact that
we have not so far undertaken comprehensive macro and micro level studies of crimes in Kashmir which could have facilitated a better
understanding of its causes and effects and help to devise proper remedial measures. It is evident from the facts that white-collar crimes
in Kashmir are increasing day by day. There are multiple causes of white-collar crimes in Kashmir. The consequences of white-collar
crime can be characterized as (1) individual economic losses, (2) societal economic losses, (3) emotional consequences, (4) physical harm
and (5) “positive” consequences. Research on white-collar crime attitudes is important for empirical, cultural, and policy-driven reasons
(Piquero, Carmichael, & Piquero, 2008).
Keywords: White-Collar Crime; Criminal Behavior; Criminal Law; Consequences And Crime Prevention.

Volume 2 : Issue 7 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)

Introduction: Today the culture of medium by the superiority of the internet has become the most ... more Introduction: Today the culture of medium by the superiority of the internet has become the most dominating and the
most influential culture in the society. The focus of this influence is on the growing generation that is the adolescents. It
means that a remarkable part of today's life of youth is attributed to communicating by the internet.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the rate of internet dependence and its relationship with sincerity in the family
among the high school students ( boys and girls) of Qum.
Method: this study is conducted by descriptive – survey method. The statistical population consisted of all the students
( girls and boys ) studying at the high school in Qum. They were 38754 and the sample volume with respect to cochran's
formula was 380 people who were chosen by stratified – random sampling. 194 of them were female students and 186 of
them were male. To collect the data the questionnaire of internet dependence and the scale of sincerity in the family was
applied .In order to analyse the data X2 test ( chi – squared test ), correlation coefficient and independent T- test were used.
Findings: The conclusions of independent T- test showed that on the rate of internet dependence there is a meaningful
difference between girls and boys. It means that boys are more dependent on the internet than girls. From the viewpoint of
sincerity in the family also there is a meaningful difference between boys and girls. Among girls the concept of sincerity in
the family is more valuable and they pay attention to it more than boys. The results of X2 test and correlation coefficient
indicated that as the students grow up their dependence on the internet become less and it clarified as well that if the internet
dependence is more the sincerity in the family will be less.
Keywords: Dependence; Internet; Sincerity; Family.

Volume 3 : Issue 1 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)

Obsessive – compulsive disorder is one the most common psychiatric disorder and strong to treatme... more Obsessive – compulsive disorder is one the most common psychiatric disorder and strong to treatment that affect on
patients quality of life. It is widely supposed that religious is one of the most background in OCD. The aim of this study
was evaluated the affect religious cognitive behavior therapy on OCD patients with religious contents. 39 OCD patients
were initially recruited. The patients were assed with Y-BOCS and WHO QOL_brife before and after treatment. Norm
values were driven from general population to characterized by randomize into 2 sample as well as a recently enlisted
psychiatric and control sample, that analyzed by Wilcoxon test and Pierson correlation. The results show significant differences
Y_BOCS and WHO QOL scores before and after treatment P < .001. On the basis of the above data, it's possible
to predict that religious cognitive behavior therapy can be effective to reduce OCD severity symptoms and enhance QOL
in obsessive- compulsive disorder.
Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD); Religious cognitive Behavioral Therapy (RCBT); quality of life.

Volume 3 : Issue 2 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)

The main objective of this study is to examine whether organizational spirituality predicts emoti... more The main objective of this study is to examine whether organizational spirituality predicts emotional intelligence and organizational
citizenship behavior (OCB) among the employees of Islamic Azad University of Chabahar in the academic year
2014-2015. The present study is an applied research project and, in terms of research topics and objectives, is conducted
with a descriptive/correlational design. The statistical population of the study is comprised of all the employees of Islamic
Azad University of Chabahar. Due to its limited volume, the whole target population was included as the sample population.
For data collection, we deployed the Standard Workplace Spirituality Scale by Milliman et al. (2003), to assess workplace
spirituality, the Emotional Intelligence Appraisal by Bradberry and Greaves (2004) to assess emotional intelligence, and the
Standard Organizational Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire by Oregon and Kanevsky (1996) to assess organizational citizenship
behavior with reliability coefficients of 0.91, 0.70 and 0.92, respectively. Collected data were analyzed on the level of
inferential statistics (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis). The results showed
that there is a significant positive relationship between organizational spirituality on the one hand and emotional intelligence
and organizational citizenship behavior in university employees on the other. In other words, organizational spirituality
predicts emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior among university employees.
Keywords: University Employees; Organizational Spirituality; Emotional Intelligence; Organizational Citizenship Behavior.

Volume 3 : Issue 3 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)

Residents of rural and regional areas often have limited access to health care professionals. Thi... more Residents of rural and regional areas often have limited access to health care professionals. This study investigated the
ability of a modification of the Arthritis Basics for Change program developed by the American Arthritis Foundation to
improve psychosocial functioning in a group of individuals with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis who lived in northern
Queensland. The program comprised five, home-based sessions spaced over three weeks incorporating an audio CD
and two 10-minute telephone consultations. A total of 34 individuals (7 males, mean age 59 years) were randomly assigned
to either an intervention group or a wait list control group. Measures were administered before, after and at three-months
follow up and included the Arthritis Helplessness Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Health Assessment Questionnaire,
and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Improvements in both groups were noted in helplessness, anxiety, and
depression following the program and at a three-month follow up. No changes were observed for pain, disability, or coping
skills across time and between groups. A higher proportion of individuals in the intervention group than in the control
group attained clinically significant improvement on the HADS Depression scale. Despite the small sample size, results
showed that some significant gains can be made through short, specifically tailored interventions.
Keywords: Arthritis; Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy; Anxiety; Depression; Pain.

This paper is designed to determine the entrepreneurial abilities and lacking of graduate student... more This paper is designed to determine the entrepreneurial abilities and lacking of graduate students in Pakistan. This study is
aimed to investigate the issues and challenges for young graduates for becoming entrepreneurs. The study considers both
the economic and personality based perspectives. The fresh Business graduates and finale semester students who are or
intend to become entrepreneurs of four universities of Karachi, Pakistan are being interviewed personally to determine
their response. A comprehensive questionnaire on likert scale has been used to collect the responses. The responses are then
statistically analyzed. The study concludes that graduates students possess basic skills such as team management and Entrepreneurial
attitude; however, they are risk averse. The biggest challenge for them is lack of infrastructure and Governmental
Support for new Entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Although funds are available in the market but there is visible gap between
investors and New Entrant Entrepreneurs. Worsening law and order situation, corruption and poor economic conditions
are unmanageable threats for new entrants. Above all, existing aggressive competition under the shelter of persistent inflation
and effective pricing strategies are the basic challenges for new entrants.
Keywords: Entrepreneurs; Graduates; Personality.

The present study examined the extent to which religiosity, operationalized as intrinsic and extr... more The present study examined the extent to which religiosity, operationalized as intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation
was related to academic stress in self-report measures among 100 (40 male and 60 female) students from Kashmir University.
Pearson’s product method was used to find the results. The results indicated that intrinsic religious orientation has a
significant negative relation with facets of academic stress such as group study stress, time management stress and stress
due to peers. In other words it can be said that more intrinsic the person is lesser the amount of academic stress he faced.
Similarly a positive correlation was found between extrinsic religious orientation and five of the seven facets of academic
stress namely, Result Stress, Group Study Stress, Peer Stress, Time Management Stress and Self Inflicted Stress. In other
words it means that more an individual is extrinsic higher the scores are in academic stress facets mentioned above.
Keywords: Academic Stress; Religiosity; Religious Orientation.

The present study is an attempt to assess internet addiction and depression among university stud... more The present study is an attempt to assess internet addiction and depression among university students. The sample in the
study consisted of one hundred thirty university students out of which 70 were males and 60 were females who were selected
on the purposive basis from the main campus of Kashmir University. Young's Internet Addiction Scale (IAT), Beck's
Depression Inventory (BDI-II 1996) and Demographic Data sheet were used to collect research data from informants. The
obtained data were analysed by frequency method, Pearson correlation method and t-test. The results revealed that male
university students experienced more internet addiction and depression as compared to the female university students and
a significant positive correlation was found between internet addiction and depression.
Keywords: Depression; Internet Addiction; University Students.

Introduction: Youth suicide is one of the top three causes of death among age group between 15 an... more Introduction: Youth suicide is one of the top three causes of death among age group between 15 and 24 years old. The
known risk factors include depression, hopelessness, dysfunctional families, substance abuse, school failure and harassment.
However, research reports in relation to the protective factors to prevent adolescent from suicidal attempts are still lacking.
The purpose of this study is to detect (if any) the protective effect of physical activity and the habit of eating breakfast on
children suicidal attempts.
Methods: This study adopted a secondary data analysis approach, in which data was extracted from the 2013 Youth Risk
Behaviour Surveillance System to detect the association effect between children's physical activity level and the habit of
eating breakfast with suicidal attempts.
Results: The increase number of days of physical activity and the habit of eating breakfast were both significantly related
to the declining trend in suicidal attempts (p<0.0001). Only the effect of habit of eating breakfast on suicidal behaviour
remained a protective factor for suicidal attempts after the adjustment (p<0.001).
Conclusions: Our results illustrate that the physical activity has a marginal effect on suicidal attempts among males only.
After adjusting other risk factors, the habit of eating breakfast shows a strong effect on preventing children from having
suicidal attempt and also suggests a dose effect for the days of eating breakfast. For a child who skips breakfast for a week
would have 1.7 higher risk of suicidal attempt compared with another child who eats breakfast every day in a week.
Keywords: Suicide; Breakfast; Physical Activity.

To understand the relationship between the structure of resource loss and depression after disast... more To understand the relationship between the structure of resource loss and depression after disaster exposure, the components
of resource loss and the impact of these resource loss components on depression was examined among college
students (N=654) at two universities who were affected by Hurricane Katrina. The component of resource loss was analyzed
by principal component analysis first. Gender, social relationship loss, and financial loss were then examined with the
regression model on depression. Financial loss was a significant predictor of depression. Social relationship loss did not
predict depression significantly. In predicting depression, resource loss was more important for females than for males.
Keywords: Hurricane Katrina; Resource Loss; Depression; Principal Component Analysis; Regression.

Currently, one of the most developed areas of research concerns the elucidation of the relationsh... more Currently, one of the most developed areas of research concerns the elucidation of the relationship between affect and cognition.
The main objective of this experimental study is to examine the effects of mood on self-concept, or more precisely,
on the elaboration or conceptualization of the self-concept in-the-moment. A useful technique that has recently started to
be used in research concerning self-concept was used: The Natural Semantic Networks Technique. The data was analyzed
using a graphics tracing technique, which allows an accurate visualization of the network elements (i.e. self-concept defining
words) and of the centrality that the elements have in that network. The results support the hypothesis that mood affects
in-the-moment judgments of self-concept.
Keywords: Mood Induction; Self-Concept; Semantic Networks.

As adults enter old age, they tend to decrease the size of their social circle; however, despite ... more As adults enter old age, they tend to decrease the size of their social circle; however, despite this decrease, older adults
express the same or increased satisfaction in the quality of current relationships and the size of their social circle. Socioemotional
Selectivity Theory (SST) suggests that older adults’ perceived time left to live was the main reason for their choice
of emotionally gratifying partners. In the present study, we examined how the Christian belief of eternal life might impact
older adults’ social partner choices. If believing in life after death was perceived as an extension of time, older adults who
hold this belief should show a decreased tendency to choose family/close friend as social partners than those who do not
believe in life after death. Our results showed that Christians who believed in life after death were more likely to choose
family members/close friends as their social partners than Atheists. We also found evidence that older adults may not necessarily
choose family/close friends more often than young adults, especially when religious beliefs and current goals were
taken into account.
Keywords: Religion; Socioemotional Selectivity Theory; Aging; Social Preferences.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex mental disorder with psychological and emotion... more Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex mental disorder with psychological and emotional components, caused
by exposure to single or repeated extreme traumatic events found in war, terrorist attacks, natural or man-caused disasters,
and by violent personal assaults and accidents. In recent years, armed conflicts in the Middle East have resulted in high rates
of exposure to traumatic events. Despite the increasing demand of mental health care provision, ongoing violence limits
conventional approaches of mental health care provision. Internet-based interventions for post traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) have proved feasible and effective in Western countries, but their applicability and efficacy in war and conflict
regions remains unknown. Despite clinical studies and improved understanding of the mechanisms of cellular damage,
prevention and treatment strategies for patients with PTSD remain unsatisfactory. Post traumatic stress disorder is a prevalent
mental health problem associated with substantial psychiatric morbidity. To develop an improved plan for treating and
impeding progression of PTSD, it is important to identify underlying biochemical changes that may play key role in the
initiation and progression of these disorders.
Keywords: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD); Epidemiology; Diagnosis; CBT; EMDR.

Prior entry refers to the hypothesis of attended objects being perceived prior to unattended obje... more Prior entry refers to the hypothesis of attended objects being perceived prior to unattended objects. In the current study,
we employed the paradigms of temporal order judgment (TOJ) and simultaneity judgment (SJ) to investigate prior-entry
effects for objects of the attended feature (color). Stimuli comprised two differently oriented bars equidistant from fixation,
presented either simultaneously or successively, with a variable stimulus-onset asynchrony between them. Color feature
cues preceded the stimuli with variable cue lead-time. To reduce the confounding effect of response bias, we employed an
orthogonal judgment method in the TOJ task: observers reported the temporal order based on the orientation, rather than
the color of the stimuli. Using the TOJ paradigm, significant prior-entry effect based on attending to the color feature was/
was not observed when observers performed/did not perform an attentional task on the color cue. A similar trend of effect
was observed with the SJ paradigm, but the effect was not statistically significant. One possibility is that there are separate
mechanisms subserving TOJ and SJ tasks, and the mechanism underlying the TOJ task is more likely to reveal prior-entry
effect.
Keywords: Prior-Entry; Feature-Based Attention; Temporal Order Judgment; Simultaneity Judgment.

Objectives: Quality of life has been currently recognized as a highly important outcome measure i... more Objectives: Quality of life has been currently recognized as a highly important outcome measure in the management of
dementia. This work aimed to examine the psychometric properties of an Arabic-translation of Quality of life-Alzheimer
Disease scale (QoL-AD) for patient and caregiver reports in Alexandria, Egypt.
Methods: A total of 100 patient-caregiver dyads who attended the psycho-geriatric out-patient clinic of El-Mammora
Mental Hospital in Alexandria participated in a cross sectional study. Tools included the Mini Mental State Examination
(MMSE), Katz Index for Activities of Daily Living (ADL), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the QoL-AD.
Results: Both patients and caregivers reports showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient >
0.70). The correlation between patient and caregiver ratings was very good (Rho= 0.75, p≤ 0.001). All validity measures
used (PHQ-9, ADL) revealed good convergent validity of the Arabic version. The principal component factor analysis supported
the construct validity of the scale.
Conclusion: The Arabic version of QoL-AD is a reliable and valid tool in people with dementia with a MMSE of 10 or
higher.
Keywords: QoL-AD; Dementia; Quality of Life; Alzheimer Disease; Reliability and Validity.

Explicit examinations of homosexuality within Daoism have not been found within academic journals... more Explicit examinations of homosexuality within Daoism have not been found within academic journals. This paper attempts
to begin to address this issue. Drawing upon an understanding of the foundational principles of Daoism, including a yin/
yang and alchemical analysis, homosexuality is explored and analyzed within this spiritual/religious tradition. After reviewing
these principles within a number of Daoist historical and schools of thought, homosexuality is examined from within
Chinese historical and culture perspectives. Utilizing these combined perspectives this paper advances the position that
homosexuality is inclusive of the principles of yin/yang and alchemical dynamics. A particular emphasis and analyze will
examine the constructs of gender, sexual behavior, and sub cultural context and dynamics regarding how homosexuality
incorporates the foundational principles and specific constructs of Daoism. Consequently, the position that homosexuality
should be seen within the Dao is advanced.
Keywords: Homosexuality; Daoism; Yin; Yang; Alchemy.

The third causes of death among youths worldwide is suicide. Suicide rate in India is approximate... more The third causes of death among youths worldwide is suicide. Suicide rate in India is approximately 11.4 per 1 lakh in male
and 8.0 per 1 lakh in female. In Indian study predominant suicidal victims are males, literates, married and from rural background.
Aim of the present study is to asses Psychological factors, socio demographic characteristic in relation to family
history of suicide associated with complete suicide by hanging. Out of 128 suicidal cases 80 cases which meet the criteria
were selected for the present study. Data were collected using semi structured performer for the demographic, psychological,
social, tying pattern. Knot analysis for type and handedness were analysed for family history and without the family
history of suicide cases. More than 60% of suicide victims were in the age group of 15 to 34 yrs. Male outnumbered females
in this study. Psychosocial stress were found in 71% of suicide victims. Granny or Reef knots were the most preferred used
for suicidal hanging with family history of suicide. Using right hand proved left hemisphere dominance. Specific focus on
identifying psychosocial factors, demographic variable, and increase risk of suicide can be identified at an early stage. The
present study indicates that Suicide prevention strategies through family education programme can prevent the rate of suicide
with family history and without family history of suicide.
Keywords: Stress; Psychological Factors; Suicidal Hanging; Family History; Family Education.

This study is aimed to consider the effectiveness of exposure therapy and Exposure Response Preve... more This study is aimed to consider the effectiveness of exposure therapy and Exposure Response Prevention (ERP) on decrease
of symptoms of obsessive - compulsive disorder is. The research method was quasi-experimental and its design was
pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of this study was all patients with obsessive-compulsive
disorder (both male and female) referring to therapy centers of Maragheh city that a sample of 30 subjects was chosen by
available sampling method and then they were replaced in experimental (therapy) group and control group randomly and
answered to Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). The findings indicated that the experimental group's average
score in obsessive-compulsive symptoms was 14/46 in pre-test and 7/67 in post-test. As well as, in control group, the
mean score of obsessive - compulsive symptoms in pre-test was 14/66 and 11/93 in post-test. Thus, it could be concluded
that the reduction of scores in post-test of experimental group was accompanied with the decrease of symptoms of obsessive
- compulsive disorder in experimental group.
Keywords: Obsessive – Compulsive; Treatment ERP; Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory.

This research aims to study the influence of NLP training program in reducing test anxiety by ana... more This research aims to study the influence of NLP training program in reducing test anxiety by analyzing biological feedback. This empirical study assessed pre- and post-tests of a study sample consisting of 30 students aged 19.6 years that were diagnosed with high test anxiety. The students were divided into an experimental group and a control group; each with 15 students. The experimental group was trained on 24 units of NLP strategies for 3 months, i.e. 2 units per week with each unit lasting for 40-60 minutes. The anxiety test scale was applied on par with observations of vital biological changes (heart rate and blood pressure). The results showed statistically significant differences in the average scores of test anxiety before and after applying the aforementioned program mean ± SD 198 ± 11.9 (P< 0.05) for the post-test results were better than the pre-test ones. Moreover, there were statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups indicating better results achieved by the experimental group when they took the post-test. In sum, the NLP program had a highly positive influence in reducing test anxiety and undesirable biological changes when applied to the experimental group.
Keywords: Neuro-Linguistic Programming; Test Anxiety; Biological Feedback.

Post-coma persons with acquired brain injuries (ABI) may pose serious challenges to medical and/o... more Post-coma persons with acquired brain injuries (ABI) may pose
serious challenges to medical and/or rehabilitative centers. Beside traditional treatments, they may need specific interventions aimed at promoting their independence and resort their functioning accordingly. One way to profitably pursue this goal is the use of microswitches-based programs (MBP). Thus, within a MBP a person with multiple disabilities will be able to enhance his/her self-determination by autonomously access to preferred stimuli through the exhibition of small behavioral responses already available in his/her repertoire. That is, based upon learning principles (i.e. causal association between a behavioral response and an environmental consequence), one may design different solutions, depending upon patients recovery perspectives.

Methadone maintenance therapy has been a main pillar of harm reduction for people who injecting d... more Methadone maintenance therapy has been a main pillar of harm reduction for people who injecting drug user in VietNam as
well as in Can Tho. Dropout rate has indicated to be high in Can Tho city. Methadone maintenance has been offered since
2008 in VietNam and it implemented in Can Tho since 2010; however, its dropout rate is high. This study aim at exploring
the factors related to drop out from treatment. Qualitative conducted to interview 17 methadone clients for both drop out
clients and current on treatment clients; 4 health workers and 3 family members of clients.

Background: No study has been conducted to determine the reliability and validity of the Depressi... more Background: No study has been conducted to determine the reliability and validity of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Hospital Anxiety and Depression [HADS] and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) among the Arab Breast Cancer population.
Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the reliability and validity of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress scale (DASS-21), the Beck Depression Inventory-(BDI-II) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) among Breast Cancer women in Qatar.
Design: This is an observational cohort hospital based study.
Subjects: A list of 1,042 eligible breast cancer patients was prepared, from the disease registry from January 2010 to December 2014 who could be contacted. From the available 1,042 list, 730 breast cancer patients information were available (70.0%) and expressed their consent to participate in the study.
Methods: Breast cancer women were screened for depression using DSM-IV criteria, followed by data collection based on 21 items Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) through interviews by trained nurses. Analyses included comparisons between the classifications of women according to the HADS, BDI-II and DASS-21 with classification of breast cancer depression based on DSM IV (Gold
standard). Sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve and kappa coefficients was calculated for each scale.
Results: The prevalence of postpartum depression was 20% based on DSM-IV criteria while on the other hand the prevalence was 23% based on DASS-21, 21.8% based on BDI-II and 19.7% based on HADS validated tools. Sensitivity was highest for BDI-II (85%) followed by DASS-21 and HADS (78%) based on standard cut off points of ≥17, ≥10 and ≥13 respectively. On the other hand, specificity was highest for DASS-21 (89%) followed by BDI-II (81%) and HADS (80%). The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.86 (95% CI 0.83-0.89) for DASS-21, 0.84 (95% CI 0.80-0.88) for BDI-II and 0.83 (95% CI 0.80-0.86) for HADS scales. There was highest agreement between DASS-21 and HADS (Kappa =0.80 p value <0.001), followed by DASS-21 and BDI-II (Kappa 0.75, p value <0.001) and BDI-II and EPDS (Kappa 0.60, p <0.001).
Conclusions: DASS-21, BDI-II and HADS have excellent sensitivity, and specificity to quickly screen for breast cancer women. Agreement is highest among DASS-21 and HADS. Overall, DASS-21 performed better as compared to the other tools based on sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). The Arab version of the DASS-21 exhibited satisfactory psychometric properties and its use for research and health care practice is warranted. Results indicate and support the cross-cultural validity of the DASS-21 in Arab countries.

This project demonstrates a local norming procedure for ruling out global intellectual delay when... more This project demonstrates a local norming procedure for ruling out global intellectual delay when identifying primary language disorder (PLD) for children from traditionally underrepresented populations. The Epidemiological Study of Specific Language Impairment Diagnostic Database [9], a population based sample of students with PLD, was utilized for the analysis. Two measures of performance IQ were used to estimate cognitive ability. The database was spilt into Caucasian (n = 1623) and African American (n = 254). Local norms were created using within group z scores. The distributions for the African American group were slightly, but significantly left shifted relative to the normative distribution. After accounting for this left shift during identification, the proportion of African American children in the sample more closely matched the overall population distribution. Creating local norms is a feasible, low-cost solution when dealing with distributions that do not match the normative distribution of a standardized test.

Mental representations of Self-concept and self-esteem were obtained from a sample of 171 high sc... more Mental representations of Self-concept and self-esteem were obtained from a sample of 171 high school students by using a natural semantic network. From students´concept nets were possible to obtain word pairs related to self-schemata to be tested against associative and non-related word pairs in a semantic priming experiment. The goal was to look for meaningful differences regarding self-schemata concept organization in the human lexicon between this sample of teenagers and 88 young adults coming from two different cultural backgrounds. Results from semantic priming studies showed that self-schemata word concept latencies are different from other semantic related word recognition latencies in the study. Interestingly, in the three samples, self-esteem concepts related to physical attributes were recognized (primed) as different from conceptual ones (interference). No main effect to recognition of self-schema concepts was obtained through age. Implications for a dual mental representation for self-esteem are discussed.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic pathology due to an excessive length of a repetitive sequen... more Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic pathology due to an
excessive length of a repetitive sequence of trinucleotides
(CGG) in a specific gene (FMR1), matched to FMR1 protein,
which is primarily responsible for the regular brain developing
and functioning. It represents one of the most usual cause
of developmental disabilities with learning difficulties as
consequence of intellectual, communicative and social disorders.

This research review based on literature derived from a Pubmed search on the terms romantic love ... more This research review based on literature derived from a Pubmed search on the terms romantic love revealed only 149 studies
from 1953 to 2016. These include self-report and behavior observation studies as well as research on neurotransmitter/
neurohormonal systems and electrophysiological monitoring and neuroimaging. The protocol used in most of these studies
involved fMRI responses by the romantic love person viewing photos of the loved one versus photos of familiar and/or
unfamiliar others. Although as many as nine areas have been activated by love photos, the most frequently included the orbitofrontal
cortex, the ventral tegmental area, the caudate nucleus and the anterior and posterior cingulates.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdL) is a congenital disorder characterized by multiple disabilities.... more Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdL) is a congenital disorder characterized by multiple disabilities. It includes growth delays, behavioral abnormalities, both hands and feet problems, intellectual difficulties, autistic features, stereotypic movements, language deficits, self-injuries. Although there is a substantial variance in its phenotype, the majority of CdL individuals are socially, communicatively and cognitively impaired, ranging between the moderate and the profound level of developmental
disabilities. Microcephaly, highly arched eyebrows, long and thick eyelashes, short neck, hirsute ears with thickened helices, small widely-spaced teeth, arched palate with clefts, downturned mouth corners are physical traits commonly described. The diagnosis is usually based upon clinical grounds. Specifically, positive mutation on CdL gene testing or facial findings and meet-criteria such as development and behavior basic points (e.g., learning difficulties, attention deficits hyperactivity disorders, anxiety, withdrawal, impulsive behavior, roaming, obsessivecompulsive features) should be considered. Accordingly, a
primary rehabilitative goal of CdL children is the independence and self-determination towards their environment because they constantly rely on parents and/or caregivers' assistance due to their pathology. One way to pursue the latter objective, is the use of cognitive-behavioral interventions. Eventually, assistive technology-based program should be implemented.

This study examined whether athletes’ values are related to aggressiveness through self-regulator... more This study examined whether athletes’ values are related to aggressiveness through self-regulatory mechanisms. Athletes (N=225) completed four questionnaires to assess their values, resistive self-regulatory efficacy, moral disengagement and aggressiveness. The results of structural equation modeling showed a good fit to the data and illustrated that: (a) The status and moral values were indirectly associated with aggressiveness through the mediating roles of resistive self-regulatory efficacy and moral disengagement, (b) Status values was negatively associated with resistive self-regulatory efficacy and positively with moral disengagement, whereas moral values was positively associated with resistive self-regulatory efficacy and negatively with moral disengagement, and (c) Resistive self-regulatory efficacy was negatively linked with moral disengagement, which in turn was positively associated with aggressiveness. The finding that resistive self-regulatory efficacy and moral disengagement mediate the values-aggressiveness relationship offers new insight into the psychological mechanisms underlying aggressiveness. This study also provides empirical support for Bandura’s social cognitive theory of moral thought and action whereby resistive self-regulatory efficacy inhibits transgressive behavior through the mediating influence of moral disengagement. This suggests that athletes’ values like status and moral may be significant predictors of these self-regulatory mechanisms.

In our graduate level, Doctoral training we are provided with a Biological Bases of Behavior cour... more In our graduate level, Doctoral training we are provided with a Biological Bases of Behavior course and sometimes an elective to take an advanced seminar in Neuroscience. With this training, we discover the impact of our biological functioning on behavior. Newest in this focus is the area of Neuroimmunology. The ways in which the body utilizes adaptive and cellular defenses against bacteria, viruses, prion and other toxins in one general facet of the field of Immunology. Recently in media sources, new hypotheses of the role of dysfunctional immune system
functioning thus allowing a type of brain virus has been hypothesized with the disorder of Schizophrenia. And, gender differences in the response to pain; -particularly the activity of pain receptors has been concluded to involve microglia cells that then impact immune system functioning. Also, toxins, such as tobacco smoking, is a source of inflammation of neurons that alters delicate signaling necessary for the neural transmission of cognitive behaviors associated with the recognition of chronic pain (involving both the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex). Which these basic science findings provide a multitude of pathways to consider for the study of behavior, they, also, provide one more message in this age of Neuroscience of the need to
consider biological bases of behavior.

A review of the romantic breakup literature suggests that it can lead to breakup distress, betray... more A review of the romantic breakup literature suggests that it can lead to breakup distress, betrayal and heartbreak. The breakup distress that occurs can be explained in part by depression and feelings of rejection and betrayal. These may lead to physical problems including heartbreak or the broken heart syndrome and immune dysfunction. The broken heart syndrome has notably mimicked heart attacks, but it has been differentiated from a real heart attack by angiograms revealing unclogged arteries and no permanent heart damage. Reduced vagal activity and increased cortisol and catecholamine levels (dopamine and norepinephrine) accompanying heartbreak are thought to be potential underlying mechanisms for the broken heart syndrome and for immune dysfunction including increased inflammatory cytokines and reduced natural killer cells. fMRIs following breakups have revealed increased activity in the cingulate cortex and the right ventricular prefrontal cortex. These data highlight the complexity of breakup distress, betrayal and heartbreak and the need for multi-variable research. This narrative review involved a literature search on the terms romantic breakup distress, betrayal and heartbreak on PubMed and PsycInfo. For the selection process, the inclusion criteria were: published empirical studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Exclusion criteria included: non-English papers, case studies, under-powered samples, and non-juried papers. Following these screening criteria, the publications selected are briefly reviewed here.

In the first part of this paper, I will look at the backgrounds of Canadian psychiatric services ... more In the first part of this paper, I will look at the backgrounds of Canadian psychiatric services by examining the people, ideas, and institutions of the mother country England, the USA and France which provided the prime sources of influence in the delivery of mental health services.
We shall see how the Canadian system has fared in the new regime
of managerial expediency-and thus why we are in the crisis that
we are. This is a crisis prevalent throughout the Western World.
History and psycho-geographical study are relevant only as we
can apply their insights to current circumstances.

During the late 18th and early 19th century the mentally ill who were not considered dangerous or... more During the late 18th and early 19th century the mentally ill who were not considered dangerous or too much of a nuisance were left to wander at will in the forests, towns, and country side. County jails as well as locked attics provided by frightened relatives were also common collecting places for the mentally ill. Departments of health, welfare or corrections did not exist and were not anticipated in the early farming and pioneer environment. As industrialization proceeded and both the nuisance value
of the mentally ill increased in town and country, ad hoc committees
composed of politicians and occasional clergymen, doctors or judges were formed The penitentiaries and asylums came into being through this process. The social reform movement came about in the mid 19th century. In New Brunswick which has the distinction of having had the first provincial asylum, the 1836 Report of the Commissioners had as a central theme the moral treatment of the insane

Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders. During any given year, about 15% of... more Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders. During any given year, about 15% of all adult between 18-75 may suffer significant depressive symptoms, and one out of every 100 people with a depressive disorder dies by suicide. Suicide is the second leading cause of death for 15-34-year-old in USA (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The following table shows the prevalence of suicide in the world.

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic disorder, first described by Harry Angelman in 1965 [1].... more Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic disorder, first described by Harry Angelman in 1965 [1]. Thus, three of his patients showed severe to profound intellectual disabilities, excessive
laughing, jerky movements, and abnormal physical development.
Because the three participants emphasized a flat head disorder,
they were called "puppet children". Their common behavior was
characterized by ataxia, lack of speech, learning difficulties, seizures, tongue protrusion, and motor impairments. A new unique
distinct syndrome known as AS was identified.

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Uncertainties are an integral part of intimate relationships. They exist because people, at certa... more Uncertainties are an integral part of intimate relationships. They exist because people, at certain points, find it difficult to resolve the tension between their desires to simultaneously pursue self and relational goals. Relational contradictions have been found to vary, ranging from uncertainty to dialectics. The present study investigated the validity and reliability of a measure on relational dialectics harmony. The scale measures how relational partners may cognitively project and harmonize
their personal-relational tensions to stay connected in healthy relationships. The procedure involved content and principal component analyses and the convergent/discriminant validity evaluation of the new scale with four existing and related measures: the relational maintenance strategies measure, infidelity proneness scale, attributional complexity scale and the marital performance ecology scale which was simultaneously developed. Pilot survey involving 70 married persons yielded a Cronbach alpha of .91. The scale was later administered to 664 couples (1328 respondents) at different stages of their marital relationships. A high internal consistency estimate for the Marital Dialectics Harmony Scale (MDHS) was obtained. An exploratory factor analysis produced a simple factor (eigen value = 3.674) accounting for 52.5% of variability based on seven of the 10 scale items that loaded between .70 and .75 factor pattern coefficient. A single scale was therefore created to represent the Marital Dialectics Harmony Scale with a Cronbach’s alpha of .85. Significant convergent relationships were
also found between the Marital Dialectics Harmony scale and each of the four relational measures. The scale has therefore filled an important gap in couples’ empathic research that was hitherto open. It is therefore recommended that researchers adopt the measure for marital assessment and interventions.

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More than 800,000 people die by suicide every year around one person every 40 seconds. Suicide oc... more More than 800,000 people die by suicide every year around one person every 40 seconds. Suicide occurs all over the world and can take place at almost any age. Globally, suicide rates are highest in people aged 70 years and over. In some countries, however, the highest rates are found among the young. Worryingly, suicide is the second leading cause of death in 15-29 year olds globally. Suicide has become a menace in Kenya with rates going high by the day. This study was carried out among the Gusii people of Kenya which targeted secondary school students. The purpose of this study is to establish if students of
secondary school have social interactions, friends, peers, relationships and feel burdensome to parents by secondary school students as this are predictors of suicide. The study utilized a qualitative research design and data was collected by use of questionnaires and data was analyzed by use of simple percentages The study revealed that majority of the students 70% of the respondents said that they spend time with friends at home and at school and 21% do not enjoy spending time with family or even with friends whereas 9% remained neutral. On how they feel with their peers 40 (26%) feel comfortable majority 99 (66%) do not like the idea of being with peers. The study gave recommendations based on the findings of what needs to be done to reduce the predictors of suicide.

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Psychology is the science of behavior and mind. Psychology includes the study of conscious and un... more Psychology is the science of behavior and mind. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought. It is an academic discipline of immense scope. Psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains, and all the variety of phenomena linked to those emergent properties, joining this way the broader neuroscientific group of researchers. As a social science it aims to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles.

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The scientific study of sleep deprivation, while longstanding, continues to be needed as the find... more The scientific study of sleep deprivation, while longstanding, continues to be needed as the findings directly impact public health concerns. Increased symptomology in medical conditions, development of symptoms of disease such as increased blood pressure and heart rate, heightened blood sugar levels, increased infections due to reduced immune functioning, and inflammation [4]. In addition to the medical consequences of sleep deprivation are the reductions in psychological functioning. Decreased attention and focus have been consistently found with products of this function measured in sleep deprived college student low grades and decreased functioning in the classroom process [8]. The micro changes in cortical functioning in terms of reduced hippocampal synaptical activity to the cortex resulting in reduced processing and memory functioning [5]. Impaired synaptic functioning also leads to impaired synaptic plasticity. It is believed that this impaired cellular functioning is the root of the poor communication ability leading to compromised cortex driven activities of attention, concentration and memory.

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Children with rare genetic syndromes (e.g., Angelman, Cornelia de Lange, fragile X, Rett) and sev... more Children with rare genetic syndromes (e.g., Angelman, Cornelia
de Lange, fragile X, Rett) and severe to profound neurodevelopmental and multiple disabilities may experience significant difficulties while dealing with everyday environmental requests. Beside intellectual delays, extensive motor impairments, lack of speech and communication difficulties, they may present sensorial deficits and be unable of an adaptive responding [1, 3]. Furthermore, they can be quite passive and isolated with few opportunities to profitably cope with their environment. In fact, their clinical conditions may have negative outcomes on their quality of life and they constant rely on caregivers and families’ assistance [4, 5]. Moreover, they can be described with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) traits and be reported with withdrawal, tantrums, and
sparse daily social interactions. Due to lack of everyday stimulation they can additionally exhibit challenging behaviors.

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Many people I know don't really question why they or other people behave the way that they do, wh... more Many people I know don't really question why they or other people behave the way that they do, why they feel how they feel (meta-emotions), why they relate to others the ways that they do (social perception and cognitions), or why the same patterns play out again and again in people's lives. To think psychologically, to me is to draw links with what has been learnt from early experiences or relationships in the past, what the antecedents and consequences are to behavior, what triggers particular feelings or behaviors.We can constantly sought to put more psychology in our lives and more life in our psychology( Lemma, 2005, Zimbardo, 2004).

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This paper presents a critical and descriptive analysis about the concepts of discrimination, pre... more This paper presents a critical and descriptive analysis about the concepts of discrimination, prejudice and stereotypes in Peruvian context; illustrating cognitive, affective and behavioral explicit or hidden manifestations. All of them, focused on maximizing the differences of a group, minimizing the critical analysis about a collective, concurring in generalizations to strengthen the pseudo-selfesteem of the members of the endogroup, giving way to a collective narcissism. Finally, it concludes by considering imperative elements for the construction of socio-cultural scenarios in which diversity is assumed with a tolerant and normal
approach.

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Many empirical studies indicated that social media use has increased substantially from time to t... more Many empirical studies indicated that social media use has increased substantially from time to time and it becomes an important element of human life. However, social media can become problematic if its use is excessive. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the level of social media addiction, and examine the relationship between
social media addiction and personality traits.

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Marital satisfaction and stability are important aspects of family life that shapes people’s heal... more Marital satisfaction and stability are important aspects of family life that shapes people’s health and well-being. The objective of this study was to measure the relationship between marital satisfaction and stability among married individuals in Nifas Silk Lafto Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The target population for this study was all heterosexual married individuals, legally bound by the state of marriage as husband and wife. For this study, a systematic sampling technique along with a simple random sampling technique was employed to select 326 households. Frequency and percentage, means, standard deviation, and
Pearson correlation were all used to compute sample statistic. The results showed that marital satisfaction and stability were significantly and positively correlated among married individuals, r = .68, α < .001. Females’ marital satisfaction and stability were strongly and significantly correlated p = .74, α < .001. Marital satisfaction and stability were also strongly and positively associated among males, p = .59, α < .001. In conclusion, the findings have significant implications in the enhancement of marital satisfaction and stability of married individuals, prevention of spouses’ conflict and divorce in the study sub-city of
Addis Ababa.

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The current worldwide outbreak of the novel coronavirus Covid-19, originated from Wuhan (China), ... more The current worldwide outbreak of the novel coronavirus Covid-19, originated from Wuhan (China), has spread to 6 continents, 213 countries and territories around the world. This paper aggregates and consolidates the state of the art about Sars Cov2 virology, molecular genetics, immunology, pathogenicity, epidemiology, explores the concept of crisis and psychological effects on population by the ongoing 2020 Covid-19 outbreak crisis vs previous pandemic impacts. The detailed description of this public health threat highlights the great uncertainty surrounding it. Uncertainty and confusion can amplify the psychological impact of this event on the general population. Results are summarized and discussed. Methodological suggestions are provided for studies aimed at investigating psychological effects of critical catastrophic and unexpected life events, such as a pandemic. The analyzed aspects have implications for healthcare professionals in their efforts to promote the psychological well-being of general population during critical unexpected events.

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This paper aims to point out the negative effect that democracy can have on the achievement of so... more This paper aims to point out the negative effect that democracy can have on the achievement of social goals, based on the stimulation of a certain type of human behavior. It is common knowledge that democracy is a civilizational creation that forces decision-making based on a majority vote. In addition, democracy is characterized by freedom of expression, where each individual has the right to express their own opinion. Although these two characteristics of democracy sound promising and logical at first, they do not always give good results in practice. Moreover, in some cases, a democratic approach to achieving social goals can yield extremely poor outcomes. On the basis of a virtual example, which represents a simulation of a real situation, it has been
shown how this is theoretically and practically possible.

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Background: Road traffic crash (RTC) has become a global burden. The world health organization's ... more Background: Road traffic crash (RTC) has become a global burden. The world health organization's (WHO) global report on road traffic safety of 2015 shows that about 1.25 million deaths observed due RTC which means every 24 seconds someone dies on the road and predicted to become the fifth leading cause of death by 2030. RTC was identified as the leading cause of death especially among young people of 15-29 years, and low and middle-income countries. Attitude of drivers towards road traffic safety (RTS) is one of the most important indicator for RTC which needs due emphasis to tackle this tragedy. Methods: The study was conducted among 398 public transport drivers that selected randomly. Driver Attitude Questionnaire (DAQ) that comprises 16 items was applied to investigate drivers' attitudes towards RTS with four Point Likert-scales (1-4, refers to totally disagree, disagree, agree and totally agree respectively for positive statements and reverse for negative statements where scale 1 belongs to totally agree). The driver was considered to have positive attitude if agrees/accepts items of positive statements and disagree/against items of negative statements. DAQ assesses attitude of drivers towards RTS with its four domains (Alcohol, close following, overtaking and speeding). Cross tabs and binary logistic regression were applied to determine the association of attitude related variables with occurrence of RTC. A p-value less than 0.05 was declared as statistically significant. Results: From the total 398 drivers participated on the study, males accounted 394 (99%). The mean age of the respondents was 32.11±9.133 years that range from 20-60 years. They had an average driving experience of 6.72 years. Majority of participants [219(55.0%)] had less than 5 years of driving experience; More than one third [142 (35.7%)] of the drivers were reported to sustained RTC. From the applied DAQ questionnaires with 16 items to assess drivers attitude towards RTS, about nine items of DAQ variables with negative statements (speed limitation problems, interest of competition, taking risks, perception of obeying regulation as childish, mimicking peer fraud, disobey regulation when no police, attitude about offense punishment, alcohol drinking and overtaking in front vehicles) were statistically significantly associated with the occurred RTCs among drivers. There was statistically significant difference observed among drivers' attitude scores of Likert-scales with occurred RTCs. In nutshell, drivers who sustained RTC (35.7%) were statistically associated with lower scores of Likert-scale (totally agreed) to those items with negative statements. Conclusion and Recommendation: The occurrence of RTC was more likely among drivers with negative attitude/behavior (who agreed/very agreed to items with negative statements and/or who disagreed/very disagreed to items with positive statements) which needs due emphasis for tackling this tragic event in collaboration to enhance drives attitude towards RTS by providing awareness.

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The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between anxiety and depression. The tw... more The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between anxiety and depression. The two states are affective disorders, and It is hypnotized that the temperament is the fundamental of this relationship between these states. The findings indicate, for good understanding, predicting and controlling anxious and depressive behavior require of using multi-methodologies from developmental perspective.

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Feelings and emotions are very important for human survival in the natural and social environment... more Feelings and emotions are very important for human survival in
the natural and social environment. There is no doubt that they
can be useful to humans. It is this trait that sets people apart from
machines, which have also learned to "think" and make certain
decisions. However, the question arises, do feelings can have detrimental effects on the process of information processing and
decision-making? This article focuses primarily on the role of
feelings in decision-making.