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Papers by Iqra Zafar khan

Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Industry 4.0—also known as the modern industrial revolution—nurtures close collaboration between ... more Industry 4.0—also known as the modern industrial revolution—nurtures close collaboration between various organizations so that they can come together for innovation. While aiming for digital transformation through such innovation, these organizations form certain interdependencies due to the pool of resources and tasks they agree to share to reach both common and independent goals. To understand those interdependencies, we studied a national innovation project in Finland called “Reboot IoT Factory,” which leveraged several resources, processes, and practices to successfully combine modern technologies in manufacturing in a competitive and sustainable way. The participants included in the project were factories, research organizations, and small and medium enterprises (SMEs). An actor dependency model was used to analyze the observed interdependencies through survey and interview data. The results showed strong goal, task, and resource dependencies between the participants. A convent...

Chili anthracnose damages chili fruits extensively at pre-and postharvest stages causing anthracn... more Chili anthracnose damages chili fruits extensively at pre-and postharvest stages causing anthracnose lesions. Even very small lesion of anthracnose on fruits of chili reduces the market value of chili crop. Fungitoxic effects of methanolic plant extracts were tested in vitrothrough poisoned food technique. There was a significant decrease in mycellial growth of the fungus with an increase in methanolic plant extracts concentration in all the tested methanolic plant extracts over the control. The fungitoxicity of methanolic plant extracts varied greatly among each other and their concentrations. In general, there was a decrease in mycelial growth Colletotrichum capsici with an increase in concentration of methanolic plant extracts. However, when growth of the fungus in response to various methanolic plant extract concentrations after an incubation period of nine days at 28 ± 2°C was compared, neem leaf extract proved to be the best as it had given the maximum control (64 percent) followed by datura leaf extract (63 percent) on 1000 µg/ml concentration. While eucalyptus leaf extract was proved to be the least effective (45 percent) at highest concentration (1000 µg/ml). None of the tested methanolic plant extracts has completely checked the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum capsici at any of their concentrations. Although there was an overall trend of reduction in mycelial growth of Colletotrichum capsiciwith increase in the concentration of methanollic plant extracts.These plant extracts can be used to controlanthracnose of chilies to reduce the use of fungicides, as plant extracts are safer than synthetic fungicides.

Pakistan Journal of Educational Research, 2021

The term education has been the living phenomena among the social and cultural lives of the human... more The term education has been the living phenomena among the social and cultural lives of the human body that derives the crucial needs and necessities of the modern world. This could be considered as the realistic approach to say- as education provided the positive barrier between the old and new learnings to help bring out the development in the logical and literal minds. The fundamental requirements of education result the possibility when its acquirements are made reachable to the deserving hands. Education is hence freed from all the discrimination and racial comments- welcomes the technological and scientific learnings to those who seeks for it. As, for men, education has been the revolving agenda to succeed in the rushing world and as it’s similar for the women of every religion and culture. With the rising inventions and prominent technological factors, the demanding scope for the educational promotions established the future needs. This need in an outcome prevailed the exceed...

Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 15 different phytochemicals. Among these, 1,... more Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 15 different phytochemicals. Among these, 1,2benzedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester (15); 9,12-octadecadienoic_acid-(Z,Z) (13); 8,11-octadecadienoic_acid, methyl ester (12); hexacosanoic acid, methyl-ester (11); hexadecenoic acid,2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (14); n-hexadecanoic acid (10); hexadecenoic-acid, methyl ester (8); 2-propenoic acid,3-[4-(acetyloxy)-3methoxyphenyl]-, methyl ester (7); 1,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaen-3-ol,2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-,(all-E)(9) and undecane (1) were present in moderate to abundant concentrations. Biological activities of the identified compounds were searched in the previous literature.

Objective: To determine the level of stress among the academic side in Doctor of Physical Therapy... more Objective: To determine the level of stress among the academic side in Doctor of Physical Therapy teachers and also to identify the age and gender specific patterns of stress in the target population. Material and Methods: Data was collected from different Physical Therapy institutes of Lahore, Pakistan. The study period was from February 2016 to August 2016. The results were calculated from 61 participants as per response rate of teachers. The study time period was seven months. The age range was 22 to 50 years including 20 male and 41 female teachers. Stress questionnaire of NUT (National Union of Teachers) was used for this study with demographic data. The qualitative variables were demonstrated through frequency tables and graphs where needed. Results: The results showed that out of 61 respondents who were willing to participate in this study 78.7% (n=48) had moderate level of stress at their job, while 21.3% (n=13) had low level of stress at their university/college. Conclusion...

IEEE Access, 2021

The need for automated production plans has evolved over the years due to internal and external d... more The need for automated production plans has evolved over the years due to internal and external drivers like developed products, new enhanced processes and machinery. Reconfigurable manufacturing systems focus on such needs at both production and process planning level. The age of Industry 4.0 focused on mass customization requires computer aided planning techniques that are able to cope with custom changes in products and explores intelligent algorithms for efficient scheduling solutions to reduce lead time. This problem has been categorized as NP-Hard in literature and is addressed by providing intelligent heuristics that focus on reducing machining time of the products at hand. However, as 70% of the lead time is consumed in non-value added tasks, it is fundamental to provide modular solutions that can reduce this time and handle part variety. To address the subject, this paper focuses on the generation of automated process plans for a single machine problem while focusing on reducing time lead time. Two evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been proposed and compared to answer complex problem of process planning. A modified genetic algorithm (GA) has been proposed in addition to cuckoo search (CS) heuristic for this discrete problem. On testing with selected benchmark part ANC101, significant improvement was seen in terms of convergence with proposed EAs. Moreover, a novel Precedence Group Algorithm (PGA) is proposed to generate quality input for heuristics. The algorithm produces a set of initial population which significantly effects the performance of proposed heuristics. For the discrete constrained process planning problem, GA outperforms CS providing 10% more feasible scheduling options and three times lesser run time as compared to CS. The proposed technique is flexible and responsive in order to accommodate part variety, a necessary requirement for reconfigurable systems.

JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH, 2021

Calotropis procera is a medicinal weed of family Asclepiadaceae. This study was carried out to ex... more Calotropis procera is a medicinal weed of family Asclepiadaceae. This study was carried out to explore the biochemical profile of C. procera flowers collected from Southern Punjab region of Pakistan. Methanolic flower extract of C. procera was subjected to GC-MS analysis. There were 30 compounds identified in this extract. The predominant compound was γ-sitosterol with 15.39% peak area. Other abundantly occurring compounds included stigmasterol (9.22%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (9.01%), campesterol (8.63%), α-amyrin acetate (8.25%), β-amyrin (8.09%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (7.91%), 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (6.15%), and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (5.66%). Moderately abundant compounds included nonacos-1-ene (2.83%), methyl stearate (1.57%), pentacosane (1.44%), phytol (1.33%), heptacos-1-ene (1.20%), heneicosane (1.19%), and 1-hexacosene (1.09%). The remaining less abundant compounds were present with peak areas less than 1%. Literature survey sh...

JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH, 2021

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), a medicinal plant of family Cannabaceae, growing wildly in most of the... more Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), a medicinal plant of family Cannabaceae, growing wildly in most of the rainfed areas of Punjab, Pakistan. In this study, phytochemical profile of methanolic extract of root was assessed through GC-MS analysis and various biologically active compounds were identified through literature survey. There were 14 compounds in the root extract. The most abundant compounds were γ-sitosterol (27.08%) and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (24.09%) and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (21.81%). Other identified compounds were methyl stearate (5.51%), stigmasterol (5.12%), campesterol (4.19%), phenol, 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-(2.52%), 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (2.10%), squalene (1.89%), β-amyrin (1.88%), eicosanoic acid, methyl ester (0.85%), tetracosanoic acid, methyl ester (0.88%), dronabinol (1.02%) and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (0.96%). Most of the identified compounds possess one or more biological activities viz. ant...

JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH, 2020

This study aimed to assess a brassicaceous weed Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. as a source of potenti... more This study aimed to assess a brassicaceous weed Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. as a source of potential natural herbicides for management of an alien weed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). Initially, the effect of aqueous leaf, stem, root and flower extracts (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0%) of the weed was checked on germination and growth of the target weed. Leaf and stem extracts showed the best herbicidal activity and a 2.5% extract of the each plant part completely inhibited germination of parthenium seeds. The lowest extract concentration (0.5%) of leaf and stem reduced germination by 56 and 46%, shoot length by 43 and 12%, root length by 59 and 62%, and biomass of whole plant by 44 and 15%, respectively. Root and flower extracts were less herbicidal and reduced parthenium germination by 23–52% and 33–56%, respectively. In a pot experiment, soil was incorporated with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.10, 1.2% (w/w) crushed dry biomass of C. didymus, parthenium seeds were so...

JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH, 2020

Chenopodium murale L. is a common winter weed mostly growing along the road-sides. In the present... more Chenopodium murale L. is a common winter weed mostly growing along the road-sides. In the present study, n-hexane soluble fraction of methanolic stem extract of this weed was subjected to GC-MS analysis that showed the presence of 28 compounds in this fraction. Major compounds included oleic acid (16.55%), palmitic acid (11.22%), β-sitosterol (9.63%), hexadecanoic acid (7.71%) and methyl oleate (5.90%). Other prominent compounds were piperine (4.75%), nonacosane (4.69%), monoplalmitin (4.21%), γ-sitosterol (3.91%), methyl linoleate (3.88%), neocurdione (3.86%) and ethanonone (3.25%). The compounds such as stigmasterol (2.92%), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (2.78%), tetracosanoic acid (1.19%), stearic acid (1.36%), tridecanoic acid (1.35%), tridecanal (1.30%), phytol (1.29%), docosanoic acid, methyl ester (1.23%), octadecanoic acid (1.20%), 4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid (1.05%), 2-hydroxy-2-phenylbutanamide (0.91%), hexacosanoic acid (0.76%), cholestrol (0.61%), methyl octacosanoate (0....

JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH, 2020

This study was carried out to explore herbicidal potential of an asteraceous weed Ageratum conyzo... more This study was carried out to explore herbicidal potential of an asteraceous weed Ageratum conyzoides against an exotic noxious weed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). Different concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%) of aqueous extracts of various parts of the tested weed were used in laboratory bioassays. ANOVA revealed the significant effect of plant part bioassay and extract concentration on germination as well as various root and shoot growth parameters. Leaf extract was found the most herbicidal where a 10% extract completely inhibited the germination and growth of parthenium. Root and inflorescence extracts were also highly inhibitory in suppressing the germination up to 89% and 95%, shoot length up to 80% and 89%, root length up to 86% and 91%, and plant biomass up to 89% and 98%, respectively. Stem extract showed the least herbicidal activity causing up to 46%, 59%, 73% and 37% reduction in germination, shoot length, root length and plant biomass, respectively. This s...

JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH, 2021

Chenopodium murale L. is a winter weed of Chenopodiaceae. In this study, bioactive compounds pres... more Chenopodium murale L. is a winter weed of Chenopodiaceae. In this study, bioactive compounds present in ethyl acetate fraction of root extract of C. murale were identified. The weed plants were collected from Jehlem, Pakistan. Its roots were dried, powdered and extracted in methanol. After evaporation of the solvent, the remaining extract was mixed in water and partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform and finally with ethyl acetate. The last fraction was analyzed through GC-MS that indicated the presence of 15 compounds. These included the three major compounds namely o-xylene (15.03%), cyclopentanol (13.42) and 2-hexanol (13.99%). The moderately and less abundant compounds were ethylbenzene (5.47); methyl acetate (6.00%); cholestrol (4.33%); 2-phenanthrenol (3.01%); cyclohexanone (5.32%); p-xylene (5.12%); furostan-3,26-diyl dibenzoate (3.29%); dihexyl phthalate (4.99%); tricosanoic acid (2.74%); dioctyl phthalate (4.99%), hexanal (3.05%) and ergostane (1.29%). Literature survey showe...

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021

Industry 4.0 has been identified as a major contributor to the era of digitalisation. Its implica... more Industry 4.0 has been identified as a major contributor to the era of digitalisation. Its implications for sustainable development have gained widespread attention from the perspectives of the triple bottom line, sustainable business models and circular economy. The purpose of this paper is to map the broad field of sustainable development and investigate the key research areas which comprises the aforementioned perspectives under Industry 4.0 framework. A systematic mapping review was conducted by searching five databases for relevant literature published between January 1, 2012 and April 17, 2020. The search yielded 4291 papers of which 81 were identified as primary papers relevant to the research herein. The primary findings are that the majority of sustainability research focuses on conceptual analysis, and the Internet of Things is dominantly cited with an emphasis on achieving the triple bottom line benefits. Sustainable development in the Industry 4.0 context contributes to circular economic objectives by achieving social, economic, and environmental benefits. Triple bottom line studies mainly focus on Industry 4.0 adoption and implementation, sustainable supply chains, smart and sustainable cities, and smart factories. Circular economy and sustainable business models as emerging research themes that focus on Industry 4.0 adoption and implementation, as well as sustainable supply chains. Our analysis consolidates emerging research patterns areas in both the Industry 4.0 and sustainability literature. Furthermore, it identifies salient research gaps and suggests future research.

Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 2020

A field experiment was carried out in 2019 to assess the efficacy of two fungicides namely cytrol... more A field experiment was carried out in 2019 to assess the efficacy of two fungicides namely cytrol 75% WP (thiophanate methyl 35% + chlorothalonil 40%) and revus 240 SC (mandipropamid) to control late blight of potato caused by Phytophthora infestans, under field conditions. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design. There were four treatments viz. control, cytrol @ 500 g acre-1 , cytrol @ 600 g acre-1 and revus 240 mL acre-1. Data regarding disease incidence and disease control were recorded on 3 rd , 5 th and 7 th days after spray. On day 7 th , the highest disease incidence (74%) was recorded in control. All three fungicide treatments significantly reduced disease incidence. Cytrol @ 500 and 600 g acre-1 treatments reduced the disease incidence to 28% and 25%, showing 62% and 66% disease control potential, respectively. Likewise, application of revus 240 mL acre-1 reduced disease incidence to 28% exhibiting 62% disease control potential over control. This study concludes that cytrol @ 500 g acre-1 and revus 240 mL acre-1 can effectively control late blight of potato under field conditions.

The exponential development of Internet of things (IoT) services over edge computing and cloud ne... more The exponential development of Internet of things (IoT) services over edge computing and cloud networks has increased the utilities of remote monitoring, control systems, continuous maintenance and effective utilization of services for applications, such as smart cities. However, data modelling is required to manage such heterogeneous data sources. IoT applications gather data from diverse sources. These applications sometimes obtain data in the form of datasets. Heterogeneous datasets are used for various purposes, and the issue of semantic interoperability arises. Therefore, this paper presents an empirical study of IoT-based semantic interoperability. This study aims at combining portable and fixed sensors with an intermediate microcontroller module and annotating data semantically for the smart autonomous environment, smart home. A context model is devised for developing a mechanism over an ontology schema for managing and passing controlling and monitoring messages to home appl...

Plant Protection, 2019

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.) is a recently introduced pseudocereal crop in Pakistan. In the pre... more Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.) is a recently introduced pseudocereal crop in Pakistan. In the present study, methanolic extract was partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform and finally with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to GC-MS analysis for the identification of various antimicrobial and antioxidant constituents. Thirteen compounds were identified through GC-MS analysis of this fraction. Among these, 11 compounds possessed antibacterial, antifungal and/or antioxidant properties as reported in literature. These include naphthalene; tetradecane; hexadecane; pentadecane; cyclohexadecane; 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester; dibutyl phthalate; 1-nonadecene; 1-octadecanol; 9-hexacosene; and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester.

Journal of forensic and legal medicine, Jan 4, 2018

The methods of dental age estimation and identification of unknown deceased individuals are evolv... more The methods of dental age estimation and identification of unknown deceased individuals are evolving with the introduction of advanced innovative imaging technologies in forensic investigations. However, assessing small structures like root canal volumes can be challenging in spite of using highly advanced technology. The aim of the study was to investigate which amongst the two methods of volumetric analysis of maxillary central incisors displayed higher strength of correlation between chronological age and pulp/tooth volume ratio for Malaysian adults. Volumetric analysis of pulp cavity/tooth ratio was employed in Method 1 and pulp chamber/crown ratio (up to cemento-enamel junction) was analysed in Method 2. The images were acquired employing CBCT scans and enhanced by manipulating them with the Mimics software. These scans belonged to 56 males and 54 females and their ages ranged from 16 to 65 years. Pearson correlation and regression analysis indicated that both methods used for ...

Collar rot caused by a fungus Sclerotium rolfsii, is a serious soil-borne disease of chickpea (Ci... more Collar rot caused by a fungus Sclerotium rolfsii, is a serious soil-borne disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Present study was carried out to manage this disease by commercial fungicides under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro bioassays were carried out using four fungicides namely Tegula (tebuconazole), Thiophanate Methyl, Ridomil Gold (metalaxyl + mancozeb) and Mancozeb at 50, 100, …, 250 ppm concentrations. All the concentrations of these fungicides significantly decreased radial growth of S. rolfsii over control. In vivo bioassays were carried out in plastic pots of 15-cm diameter and 20 cm deep with 1 kg soil in each pot. Treatments included a negative control, a positive control (with pathogen only), and two chemical fungicides viz. Thiophanate methyl and Mancozeb. There was 95% and 50% reduction in plant mortality due to Thiophanate methyl and Mancozeb over positive control, respectively, after 30 days of sowing.

Feminist Dissent, 2021

Translated from the original 'Jamia ki Ladkiyan' in Urdu by Rashmi Varma) They unmask kings they ... more Translated from the original 'Jamia ki Ladkiyan' in Urdu by Rashmi Varma) They unmask kings they launch revolutions through subtle glances the girls of Jamia As they tear apart the garb of patriarchy, people clear the path ahead when they embark stubbornly on their journey the girls of Jamia And when the police raise their batons, and the people throw stones And screams are heard from the slaughterhouse, and human breaths are scuffled the sighs are stifled, the eyes downcast and when people begin to pay obeisance to injustice and power and when the slaves tire of fighting the masters when the broken shards of humanity fall in pieces on the road they clench their fists and raise a cry the girls of Jamia

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2016

Background: There is a noticeable change in the approach with which women nowadays seek help for ... more Background: There is a noticeable change in the approach with which women nowadays seek help for diseases like breast cancer, primarily due to awareness campaigns, but what happens after surgical procedures is of great significance too. This study focused on the several psychological connotations attached to mastectomy and how the patients cope. Objective: To understand the pattern of anxiety and level of depression among Pakistani patients undergoing mastectomy. Materials and Methods: The sample size consisted of 88 patients who had undergone mastectomy at the different surgical units of the Civil Hospital, Karachi, from January 2012-December 2014; The questionnaire was administered before they were discharged i.e. within 3 days of surgical procedures. The patients were asked if they were willing to participate in this study, those who agreed signed the consent form and then we preceded by asking questions with a standardized tool. A self made questionnaire was constructed keeping in mind the nature and specification of the disease, which consisted of 20 questions related to anxiety and depression, focusing on a mixture of psychological and physiological symptoms. Results: There were a total of 88 patients out of which 36 (41%) were aged 51 to 60 years, 24 (27.2%) of the patients were in the age category of 41 to 50 years, 17 aged 61 and above (19.3%) and only 11 (12.5%) 30-40 years of age, the youngest of all the age categories. The pattern of depression and anxiety was found to be similar among all age categories, severe depression and anxiety predominating over moderate level of such symptoms, with only relatively few patients sufering mild or no depression symptoms. Conclusions: It was concluded that going through mastectomy leads to moderate to severe levels of depression and anxiety, primarily because the females feel incomplete and insecure after losing a part of themselves.

Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Industry 4.0—also known as the modern industrial revolution—nurtures close collaboration between ... more Industry 4.0—also known as the modern industrial revolution—nurtures close collaboration between various organizations so that they can come together for innovation. While aiming for digital transformation through such innovation, these organizations form certain interdependencies due to the pool of resources and tasks they agree to share to reach both common and independent goals. To understand those interdependencies, we studied a national innovation project in Finland called “Reboot IoT Factory,” which leveraged several resources, processes, and practices to successfully combine modern technologies in manufacturing in a competitive and sustainable way. The participants included in the project were factories, research organizations, and small and medium enterprises (SMEs). An actor dependency model was used to analyze the observed interdependencies through survey and interview data. The results showed strong goal, task, and resource dependencies between the participants. A convent...

Chili anthracnose damages chili fruits extensively at pre-and postharvest stages causing anthracn... more Chili anthracnose damages chili fruits extensively at pre-and postharvest stages causing anthracnose lesions. Even very small lesion of anthracnose on fruits of chili reduces the market value of chili crop. Fungitoxic effects of methanolic plant extracts were tested in vitrothrough poisoned food technique. There was a significant decrease in mycellial growth of the fungus with an increase in methanolic plant extracts concentration in all the tested methanolic plant extracts over the control. The fungitoxicity of methanolic plant extracts varied greatly among each other and their concentrations. In general, there was a decrease in mycelial growth Colletotrichum capsici with an increase in concentration of methanolic plant extracts. However, when growth of the fungus in response to various methanolic plant extract concentrations after an incubation period of nine days at 28 ± 2°C was compared, neem leaf extract proved to be the best as it had given the maximum control (64 percent) followed by datura leaf extract (63 percent) on 1000 µg/ml concentration. While eucalyptus leaf extract was proved to be the least effective (45 percent) at highest concentration (1000 µg/ml). None of the tested methanolic plant extracts has completely checked the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum capsici at any of their concentrations. Although there was an overall trend of reduction in mycelial growth of Colletotrichum capsiciwith increase in the concentration of methanollic plant extracts.These plant extracts can be used to controlanthracnose of chilies to reduce the use of fungicides, as plant extracts are safer than synthetic fungicides.

Pakistan Journal of Educational Research, 2021

The term education has been the living phenomena among the social and cultural lives of the human... more The term education has been the living phenomena among the social and cultural lives of the human body that derives the crucial needs and necessities of the modern world. This could be considered as the realistic approach to say- as education provided the positive barrier between the old and new learnings to help bring out the development in the logical and literal minds. The fundamental requirements of education result the possibility when its acquirements are made reachable to the deserving hands. Education is hence freed from all the discrimination and racial comments- welcomes the technological and scientific learnings to those who seeks for it. As, for men, education has been the revolving agenda to succeed in the rushing world and as it’s similar for the women of every religion and culture. With the rising inventions and prominent technological factors, the demanding scope for the educational promotions established the future needs. This need in an outcome prevailed the exceed...

Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 15 different phytochemicals. Among these, 1,... more Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 15 different phytochemicals. Among these, 1,2benzedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester (15); 9,12-octadecadienoic_acid-(Z,Z) (13); 8,11-octadecadienoic_acid, methyl ester (12); hexacosanoic acid, methyl-ester (11); hexadecenoic acid,2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (14); n-hexadecanoic acid (10); hexadecenoic-acid, methyl ester (8); 2-propenoic acid,3-[4-(acetyloxy)-3methoxyphenyl]-, methyl ester (7); 1,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaen-3-ol,2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-,(all-E)(9) and undecane (1) were present in moderate to abundant concentrations. Biological activities of the identified compounds were searched in the previous literature.

Objective: To determine the level of stress among the academic side in Doctor of Physical Therapy... more Objective: To determine the level of stress among the academic side in Doctor of Physical Therapy teachers and also to identify the age and gender specific patterns of stress in the target population. Material and Methods: Data was collected from different Physical Therapy institutes of Lahore, Pakistan. The study period was from February 2016 to August 2016. The results were calculated from 61 participants as per response rate of teachers. The study time period was seven months. The age range was 22 to 50 years including 20 male and 41 female teachers. Stress questionnaire of NUT (National Union of Teachers) was used for this study with demographic data. The qualitative variables were demonstrated through frequency tables and graphs where needed. Results: The results showed that out of 61 respondents who were willing to participate in this study 78.7% (n=48) had moderate level of stress at their job, while 21.3% (n=13) had low level of stress at their university/college. Conclusion...

IEEE Access, 2021

The need for automated production plans has evolved over the years due to internal and external d... more The need for automated production plans has evolved over the years due to internal and external drivers like developed products, new enhanced processes and machinery. Reconfigurable manufacturing systems focus on such needs at both production and process planning level. The age of Industry 4.0 focused on mass customization requires computer aided planning techniques that are able to cope with custom changes in products and explores intelligent algorithms for efficient scheduling solutions to reduce lead time. This problem has been categorized as NP-Hard in literature and is addressed by providing intelligent heuristics that focus on reducing machining time of the products at hand. However, as 70% of the lead time is consumed in non-value added tasks, it is fundamental to provide modular solutions that can reduce this time and handle part variety. To address the subject, this paper focuses on the generation of automated process plans for a single machine problem while focusing on reducing time lead time. Two evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been proposed and compared to answer complex problem of process planning. A modified genetic algorithm (GA) has been proposed in addition to cuckoo search (CS) heuristic for this discrete problem. On testing with selected benchmark part ANC101, significant improvement was seen in terms of convergence with proposed EAs. Moreover, a novel Precedence Group Algorithm (PGA) is proposed to generate quality input for heuristics. The algorithm produces a set of initial population which significantly effects the performance of proposed heuristics. For the discrete constrained process planning problem, GA outperforms CS providing 10% more feasible scheduling options and three times lesser run time as compared to CS. The proposed technique is flexible and responsive in order to accommodate part variety, a necessary requirement for reconfigurable systems.

JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH, 2021

Calotropis procera is a medicinal weed of family Asclepiadaceae. This study was carried out to ex... more Calotropis procera is a medicinal weed of family Asclepiadaceae. This study was carried out to explore the biochemical profile of C. procera flowers collected from Southern Punjab region of Pakistan. Methanolic flower extract of C. procera was subjected to GC-MS analysis. There were 30 compounds identified in this extract. The predominant compound was γ-sitosterol with 15.39% peak area. Other abundantly occurring compounds included stigmasterol (9.22%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (9.01%), campesterol (8.63%), α-amyrin acetate (8.25%), β-amyrin (8.09%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (7.91%), 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (6.15%), and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (5.66%). Moderately abundant compounds included nonacos-1-ene (2.83%), methyl stearate (1.57%), pentacosane (1.44%), phytol (1.33%), heptacos-1-ene (1.20%), heneicosane (1.19%), and 1-hexacosene (1.09%). The remaining less abundant compounds were present with peak areas less than 1%. Literature survey sh...

JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH, 2021

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), a medicinal plant of family Cannabaceae, growing wildly in most of the... more Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), a medicinal plant of family Cannabaceae, growing wildly in most of the rainfed areas of Punjab, Pakistan. In this study, phytochemical profile of methanolic extract of root was assessed through GC-MS analysis and various biologically active compounds were identified through literature survey. There were 14 compounds in the root extract. The most abundant compounds were γ-sitosterol (27.08%) and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (24.09%) and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (21.81%). Other identified compounds were methyl stearate (5.51%), stigmasterol (5.12%), campesterol (4.19%), phenol, 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-(2.52%), 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (2.10%), squalene (1.89%), β-amyrin (1.88%), eicosanoic acid, methyl ester (0.85%), tetracosanoic acid, methyl ester (0.88%), dronabinol (1.02%) and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (0.96%). Most of the identified compounds possess one or more biological activities viz. ant...

JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH, 2020

This study aimed to assess a brassicaceous weed Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. as a source of potenti... more This study aimed to assess a brassicaceous weed Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. as a source of potential natural herbicides for management of an alien weed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). Initially, the effect of aqueous leaf, stem, root and flower extracts (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0%) of the weed was checked on germination and growth of the target weed. Leaf and stem extracts showed the best herbicidal activity and a 2.5% extract of the each plant part completely inhibited germination of parthenium seeds. The lowest extract concentration (0.5%) of leaf and stem reduced germination by 56 and 46%, shoot length by 43 and 12%, root length by 59 and 62%, and biomass of whole plant by 44 and 15%, respectively. Root and flower extracts were less herbicidal and reduced parthenium germination by 23–52% and 33–56%, respectively. In a pot experiment, soil was incorporated with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.10, 1.2% (w/w) crushed dry biomass of C. didymus, parthenium seeds were so...

JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH, 2020

Chenopodium murale L. is a common winter weed mostly growing along the road-sides. In the present... more Chenopodium murale L. is a common winter weed mostly growing along the road-sides. In the present study, n-hexane soluble fraction of methanolic stem extract of this weed was subjected to GC-MS analysis that showed the presence of 28 compounds in this fraction. Major compounds included oleic acid (16.55%), palmitic acid (11.22%), β-sitosterol (9.63%), hexadecanoic acid (7.71%) and methyl oleate (5.90%). Other prominent compounds were piperine (4.75%), nonacosane (4.69%), monoplalmitin (4.21%), γ-sitosterol (3.91%), methyl linoleate (3.88%), neocurdione (3.86%) and ethanonone (3.25%). The compounds such as stigmasterol (2.92%), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (2.78%), tetracosanoic acid (1.19%), stearic acid (1.36%), tridecanoic acid (1.35%), tridecanal (1.30%), phytol (1.29%), docosanoic acid, methyl ester (1.23%), octadecanoic acid (1.20%), 4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid (1.05%), 2-hydroxy-2-phenylbutanamide (0.91%), hexacosanoic acid (0.76%), cholestrol (0.61%), methyl octacosanoate (0....

JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH, 2020

This study was carried out to explore herbicidal potential of an asteraceous weed Ageratum conyzo... more This study was carried out to explore herbicidal potential of an asteraceous weed Ageratum conyzoides against an exotic noxious weed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). Different concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%) of aqueous extracts of various parts of the tested weed were used in laboratory bioassays. ANOVA revealed the significant effect of plant part bioassay and extract concentration on germination as well as various root and shoot growth parameters. Leaf extract was found the most herbicidal where a 10% extract completely inhibited the germination and growth of parthenium. Root and inflorescence extracts were also highly inhibitory in suppressing the germination up to 89% and 95%, shoot length up to 80% and 89%, root length up to 86% and 91%, and plant biomass up to 89% and 98%, respectively. Stem extract showed the least herbicidal activity causing up to 46%, 59%, 73% and 37% reduction in germination, shoot length, root length and plant biomass, respectively. This s...

JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH, 2021

Chenopodium murale L. is a winter weed of Chenopodiaceae. In this study, bioactive compounds pres... more Chenopodium murale L. is a winter weed of Chenopodiaceae. In this study, bioactive compounds present in ethyl acetate fraction of root extract of C. murale were identified. The weed plants were collected from Jehlem, Pakistan. Its roots were dried, powdered and extracted in methanol. After evaporation of the solvent, the remaining extract was mixed in water and partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform and finally with ethyl acetate. The last fraction was analyzed through GC-MS that indicated the presence of 15 compounds. These included the three major compounds namely o-xylene (15.03%), cyclopentanol (13.42) and 2-hexanol (13.99%). The moderately and less abundant compounds were ethylbenzene (5.47); methyl acetate (6.00%); cholestrol (4.33%); 2-phenanthrenol (3.01%); cyclohexanone (5.32%); p-xylene (5.12%); furostan-3,26-diyl dibenzoate (3.29%); dihexyl phthalate (4.99%); tricosanoic acid (2.74%); dioctyl phthalate (4.99%), hexanal (3.05%) and ergostane (1.29%). Literature survey showe...

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021

Industry 4.0 has been identified as a major contributor to the era of digitalisation. Its implica... more Industry 4.0 has been identified as a major contributor to the era of digitalisation. Its implications for sustainable development have gained widespread attention from the perspectives of the triple bottom line, sustainable business models and circular economy. The purpose of this paper is to map the broad field of sustainable development and investigate the key research areas which comprises the aforementioned perspectives under Industry 4.0 framework. A systematic mapping review was conducted by searching five databases for relevant literature published between January 1, 2012 and April 17, 2020. The search yielded 4291 papers of which 81 were identified as primary papers relevant to the research herein. The primary findings are that the majority of sustainability research focuses on conceptual analysis, and the Internet of Things is dominantly cited with an emphasis on achieving the triple bottom line benefits. Sustainable development in the Industry 4.0 context contributes to circular economic objectives by achieving social, economic, and environmental benefits. Triple bottom line studies mainly focus on Industry 4.0 adoption and implementation, sustainable supply chains, smart and sustainable cities, and smart factories. Circular economy and sustainable business models as emerging research themes that focus on Industry 4.0 adoption and implementation, as well as sustainable supply chains. Our analysis consolidates emerging research patterns areas in both the Industry 4.0 and sustainability literature. Furthermore, it identifies salient research gaps and suggests future research.

Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 2020

A field experiment was carried out in 2019 to assess the efficacy of two fungicides namely cytrol... more A field experiment was carried out in 2019 to assess the efficacy of two fungicides namely cytrol 75% WP (thiophanate methyl 35% + chlorothalonil 40%) and revus 240 SC (mandipropamid) to control late blight of potato caused by Phytophthora infestans, under field conditions. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design. There were four treatments viz. control, cytrol @ 500 g acre-1 , cytrol @ 600 g acre-1 and revus 240 mL acre-1. Data regarding disease incidence and disease control were recorded on 3 rd , 5 th and 7 th days after spray. On day 7 th , the highest disease incidence (74%) was recorded in control. All three fungicide treatments significantly reduced disease incidence. Cytrol @ 500 and 600 g acre-1 treatments reduced the disease incidence to 28% and 25%, showing 62% and 66% disease control potential, respectively. Likewise, application of revus 240 mL acre-1 reduced disease incidence to 28% exhibiting 62% disease control potential over control. This study concludes that cytrol @ 500 g acre-1 and revus 240 mL acre-1 can effectively control late blight of potato under field conditions.

The exponential development of Internet of things (IoT) services over edge computing and cloud ne... more The exponential development of Internet of things (IoT) services over edge computing and cloud networks has increased the utilities of remote monitoring, control systems, continuous maintenance and effective utilization of services for applications, such as smart cities. However, data modelling is required to manage such heterogeneous data sources. IoT applications gather data from diverse sources. These applications sometimes obtain data in the form of datasets. Heterogeneous datasets are used for various purposes, and the issue of semantic interoperability arises. Therefore, this paper presents an empirical study of IoT-based semantic interoperability. This study aims at combining portable and fixed sensors with an intermediate microcontroller module and annotating data semantically for the smart autonomous environment, smart home. A context model is devised for developing a mechanism over an ontology schema for managing and passing controlling and monitoring messages to home appl...

Plant Protection, 2019

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.) is a recently introduced pseudocereal crop in Pakistan. In the pre... more Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.) is a recently introduced pseudocereal crop in Pakistan. In the present study, methanolic extract was partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform and finally with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to GC-MS analysis for the identification of various antimicrobial and antioxidant constituents. Thirteen compounds were identified through GC-MS analysis of this fraction. Among these, 11 compounds possessed antibacterial, antifungal and/or antioxidant properties as reported in literature. These include naphthalene; tetradecane; hexadecane; pentadecane; cyclohexadecane; 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester; dibutyl phthalate; 1-nonadecene; 1-octadecanol; 9-hexacosene; and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester.

Journal of forensic and legal medicine, Jan 4, 2018

The methods of dental age estimation and identification of unknown deceased individuals are evolv... more The methods of dental age estimation and identification of unknown deceased individuals are evolving with the introduction of advanced innovative imaging technologies in forensic investigations. However, assessing small structures like root canal volumes can be challenging in spite of using highly advanced technology. The aim of the study was to investigate which amongst the two methods of volumetric analysis of maxillary central incisors displayed higher strength of correlation between chronological age and pulp/tooth volume ratio for Malaysian adults. Volumetric analysis of pulp cavity/tooth ratio was employed in Method 1 and pulp chamber/crown ratio (up to cemento-enamel junction) was analysed in Method 2. The images were acquired employing CBCT scans and enhanced by manipulating them with the Mimics software. These scans belonged to 56 males and 54 females and their ages ranged from 16 to 65 years. Pearson correlation and regression analysis indicated that both methods used for ...

Collar rot caused by a fungus Sclerotium rolfsii, is a serious soil-borne disease of chickpea (Ci... more Collar rot caused by a fungus Sclerotium rolfsii, is a serious soil-borne disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Present study was carried out to manage this disease by commercial fungicides under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro bioassays were carried out using four fungicides namely Tegula (tebuconazole), Thiophanate Methyl, Ridomil Gold (metalaxyl + mancozeb) and Mancozeb at 50, 100, …, 250 ppm concentrations. All the concentrations of these fungicides significantly decreased radial growth of S. rolfsii over control. In vivo bioassays were carried out in plastic pots of 15-cm diameter and 20 cm deep with 1 kg soil in each pot. Treatments included a negative control, a positive control (with pathogen only), and two chemical fungicides viz. Thiophanate methyl and Mancozeb. There was 95% and 50% reduction in plant mortality due to Thiophanate methyl and Mancozeb over positive control, respectively, after 30 days of sowing.

Feminist Dissent, 2021

Translated from the original 'Jamia ki Ladkiyan' in Urdu by Rashmi Varma) They unmask kings they ... more Translated from the original 'Jamia ki Ladkiyan' in Urdu by Rashmi Varma) They unmask kings they launch revolutions through subtle glances the girls of Jamia As they tear apart the garb of patriarchy, people clear the path ahead when they embark stubbornly on their journey the girls of Jamia And when the police raise their batons, and the people throw stones And screams are heard from the slaughterhouse, and human breaths are scuffled the sighs are stifled, the eyes downcast and when people begin to pay obeisance to injustice and power and when the slaves tire of fighting the masters when the broken shards of humanity fall in pieces on the road they clench their fists and raise a cry the girls of Jamia

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2016

Background: There is a noticeable change in the approach with which women nowadays seek help for ... more Background: There is a noticeable change in the approach with which women nowadays seek help for diseases like breast cancer, primarily due to awareness campaigns, but what happens after surgical procedures is of great significance too. This study focused on the several psychological connotations attached to mastectomy and how the patients cope. Objective: To understand the pattern of anxiety and level of depression among Pakistani patients undergoing mastectomy. Materials and Methods: The sample size consisted of 88 patients who had undergone mastectomy at the different surgical units of the Civil Hospital, Karachi, from January 2012-December 2014; The questionnaire was administered before they were discharged i.e. within 3 days of surgical procedures. The patients were asked if they were willing to participate in this study, those who agreed signed the consent form and then we preceded by asking questions with a standardized tool. A self made questionnaire was constructed keeping in mind the nature and specification of the disease, which consisted of 20 questions related to anxiety and depression, focusing on a mixture of psychological and physiological symptoms. Results: There were a total of 88 patients out of which 36 (41%) were aged 51 to 60 years, 24 (27.2%) of the patients were in the age category of 41 to 50 years, 17 aged 61 and above (19.3%) and only 11 (12.5%) 30-40 years of age, the youngest of all the age categories. The pattern of depression and anxiety was found to be similar among all age categories, severe depression and anxiety predominating over moderate level of such symptoms, with only relatively few patients sufering mild or no depression symptoms. Conclusions: It was concluded that going through mastectomy leads to moderate to severe levels of depression and anxiety, primarily because the females feel incomplete and insecure after losing a part of themselves.