Iwona Bojar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Iwona Bojar

Metabolites

The study aimed to investigate the association between the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) polymorp... more The study aimed to investigate the association between the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) polymorphism and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity, as well as the coexistence of MetS and obesity, in peri- and post-menopausal Polish women. The study group consisted of 202 peri-menopausal and 202 post-menopausal women. ERα polymorphism: Xba I and Pvu II, MetS, BMI, and serum estrogen concentration were analyzed. MetS was found in 29% of the peri-menopausal women and in 21% of the post-menopausal women. BMI did not significantly differ between the peri- and post-menopausal women (≈42% were normal weight, ≈40% were overweight, and ≈18% were obese), (p = 0.82). Serum estrogen concentration in the peri-menopausal women was 91 ± 75 pg/mL, while that in the post-menopausal women was 17 ± 9. pg/mL, on average. Peri-menopausal women with AA and TT genotypes of the ERα polymorphism have a lower risk of obesity and MetS and the co-existence of obesity and MetS, whereas those wome...

deep vein thrombosis be predicted after varicose vein operation in women in rural areas?

Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 2015

Numerous structures of the central nervous system are responsible for cognitive functioning. The ... more Numerous structures of the central nervous system are responsible for cognitive functioning. The cortex is responsible for the accumulation of long-term memory. The hippocampus participates primarily in the formation of short-term episodic memory. The amygdala is involved in the formation of emotional memory. In the shell are collected the recordings of our procedural memory, memory of skills, while the caudate nucleus is responsible for our instinctive behaviour, i.e. the genetic memory. Cognitive functioning depends on the efficient co-functioning of the above-mentioned structures of the encephalon. Studies in the area of neurobiology indicate that the region where there occur the first changes related with ageing is the so-called prefrontal cortex and parietal lobes [1, 2].

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021

The objective of this study was to determine whether the severity of depressive symptoms was link... more The objective of this study was to determine whether the severity of depressive symptoms was linked to healthy behaviors in Polish postmenopausal women and whether the strength of the link differed between women living in urban versus rural settings. The study was conducted in 2018 in the Lublin region of Poland and included 396 postmenopausal women (239 living in rural areas and 157 in urban areas). The severity of depressive symptoms was evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the frequency of healthy behaviors was assessed using the Inventory of Healthy Behaviors. Postmenopausal women living in rural areas underwent menopause significantly earlier, were more often widowed, more often obese, more often less educated, and less likely to have never married when compared to those living in urban areas. Importantly, rural postmenopausal women endorsed more depressive symptoms (p = 0.049). There was a negative correlation between the severity of depressive symptoms and age...

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2020

Introduction. Increased life expectancy, share of the very old in populations and differences in ... more Introduction. Increased life expectancy, share of the very old in populations and differences in the prevalence or types of health problems between male and female seniors pose challenges for health and social care systems in providing adequate care. Objective. The aim of the study is to compare the health condition and quality of life between women and men aged 90 or over, as well as to correlate the quality of life at advanced age with demographic and health conditions. Materials and method. The study was conducted in Poland in 2015-2018 on 870 women and 264 men aged 90 or over who were able to communicate logically and had no dementia diagnosed previously by a physician. The author's questionnaire, Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, Abbreviated Mental Test Score and WHO Quality of Life-Bref questionnaires were used. Results. The women aged 90 or over had a significantly higher prevalence of chronic pain (76% vs 60%), urinary incontinence (60% vs 44%), falls and syncopes (39% vs 25%), stool incontinence (17% vs 9%), more severe functional and cognitive impairment and lower quality of life than men at the same age. City residence, being widowed, chronic pain, geriatric giants and functional impairment were factors found to decrease all aspects of the life quality, while age in the studied interval decreased only physical health' assessment. Lack of education only affected negatively psychological health while cognitive impairment decreased the assessment of physical and psychological health, as well as social relationships. Conclusion. Men who reached the age of 90 or over assessed their health condition and quality of life better than women at the same age.

Medical Science Monitor, 2017

Increasing age, increased body mass index (BMI), and abnormal lipid profiles contribute to an inc... more Increasing age, increased body mass index (BMI), and abnormal lipid profiles contribute to an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency. Women who have a perimenopausal and postmenopausal reduction in estrogen levels are a high-risk group for vitamin D deficiency. The aims of this study were to compare the serum vitamin D levels, lipid profile, and BMI between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in non-manual employment, and to determine whether there were any interdependent factors. Material/Methods: Three hundred women in non-manual employment, aged between 44-66 years, were divided into three groups: early perimenopausal; late perimenopausal; and postmenopausal. Laboratory tests included measurement of serum lipid profiles and vitamin D levels, the BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR) and body fat were measured. Statistical analysis included F-test analysis of variance and the least significance difference (LSD) test was used for multiple comparisons. Results: For the 300 women who were in non-manual employment, and in the early and late perimenopausal and postmenopausal periods, serum vitamin D levels were reduced (mean 16.8±8.7 ng/mL); 29% of women had abdominal obesity; 41% had excessive body fat accumulation; and 56% had an increased body mass index (BMI) (>25 kg/m 2) with raised total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, LDL/high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and total cholesterol/HDL ratios (p<0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in non-manual employment, serum vitamin D levels were associated with serum lipid profile and degrees of obesity.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2019

Introduction and objective. There is a significantly higher risk of lipid disorders occurrence, i... more Introduction and objective. There is a significantly higher risk of lipid disorders occurrence, including atherogenic dyslipidemia in women after menopause than it is in general population. The aim of the work was to investigate the correlation between health behaviours and the occurrence of lipid disorders in women after menopause working in agriculture. Material and methods. The study was conducted in years 2015-2016 and included 843 post-menopausal women working in agriculture. The following were used: a questionnaire including socio-demographic data, laboratory lipid tests, inventory of health behaviours. The following were estimated: logistic regression models for serum lipids concentration versus frequency of health behaviours in the examined women. Results. Adverse lipid profile was found in over a half of post-menopausal women working in agriculture, whereas the frequency of health behaviours were estimated at the average level, although the frequency of correct eating habits and health practices was significantly lower than preventive behaviours and positive psychological attitudes. A correlation was found between the frequency of health behaviours and the occurrence of lipid disorders in women after menopause working in agriculture: more frequent health practices co-existed with the lower concentration of total cholesterol and a higher concentration of HDL-cholesterol, more frequent preventive behaviours co-existed with lower concentration of LDL-cholesterol. Women with higher concentration of triglycerides undertook pro-health practices relatively more often. Conclusions. The study revealed a high prevalence of lipid disorders in postmenopausal women working in agriculture. More effective health education programmes are necessary in the area of reduction the risk factors of CVD in the population of women working in agriculture.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2017

Introduction. Systematic, dynamic physical effort brings about tremendous health benefits, not on... more Introduction. Systematic, dynamic physical effort brings about tremendous health benefits, not only in young individuals, but as a form of primary prevention, and primarily as secondary prevention of cardiovascular system diseases. Materials and method. The research project was conducted in the Rehabilitation Centre at the Witold Chodźko Institute of Rural Health (IMW) in Lublin, Poland, and covered a group of 927 ambulatory patients. From among the study group, two subgroups were distinguished (Groups 1 and 2). Selection of patients was targeted, based on the criterion of the existing diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (Group 1; N=53), and the lack of these diseases (Group 2; N=53). The daily level of physical activity was assessed using the monitoring application (Instrument for Activity Measurement IMW)-using a short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and alternatively analyzing the data from a smartphone accelerometer. Results.The total level of weekly physical activity in Group 1 was 4532.88±3611.6 MET-min/week, and was considerably higher, compared to the control group (3142.58±2536.9 MET-min/week). Also, the values of weekly caloric cost of physical activity (KAF kcalxweek-1) showed higher values (6935.77±5957.4), compared to the control group (4274±3344.9). The group of cardiologic patients (Group 1) showed a higher level of activity, especially within the range of effort on an intensive level, and low level-going for walks, walking(MET1, MET3), which was also translated into the caloric cost of these levels of physical activity (KAF1, KAF3). Conclusions. The results of the study indicated a significantly higher level of physical activity in the group of patients with concomitant cardiovascular diseases, compared to the control group. The overestimation of the level of physical activity perceived by patients seems to be an important problem, especially in the control group.

Archives of Medical Science, 2017

Introduction: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of occurrence of cardiovascula... more Introduction: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and metabolic syndrome (MS) diagnoses on the frequency of health behaviours in postmenopausal women working in agriculture. Material and methods: Eight hundred and ten postmenopausal women living in rural areas and working in agriculture, aged 46-70 and at least 12 months from the last menstrual period, were examined. Analysis of variance with multiple comparison tests was used to compare the Inventory of Health Behaviours among the women with and without CVDs and MS. Results: The frequency of some health behaviours, mainly health practices, is higher in postmenopausal women working in agriculture with CVDs or MS than in those without CVDs or MS (p = 0.045). Women with such disorders more often limit their physical effort (p = 0.029), try to be less overworked (p < 0.001) and to take more rest (p = 0.027), more often limit consumption of animal fat and sugar (p = 0.024), more regularly visit physicians (p = 0.003) and more often take seriously recommendations concerning their health. However, an insufficient frequency of health behaviours was observed among both the healthy women and those with metabolic disorders and CVDs. One third of all the examined women had a high frequency of health behaviours, one third had an average frequency and one third had a low frequency; hence actions should be taken to improve the situation. Conclusions: Postmenopausal women working in agriculture more often perform beneficial health behaviours if they have MS and CVDs diagnosed in comparison to healthy women.

Videosurgery and Other Miniinvasive Techniques, 2017

Introduction: Increasing the energy expenditure above the elementary level of metabolism by under... more Introduction: Increasing the energy expenditure above the elementary level of metabolism by undertaking regular physical activity causes body mass reduction and its maintenance at a healthy level. Aim: To remote assessment of the level of physical activity in a group of overweight and obese individuals.

Medical Science Monitor, 2016

Background: The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive function... more Background: The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive functions and the level of endogenous estradiol in postmenopausal women, according to which estrogen receptor a (ERa) polymorphism the woman carries. Material/Methods: The study group consisted of 210 women. The inclusion criteria were: minimum 2 years after the last menstruation, FSH concentration 30 U/ml, and no dementia signs on Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). A computerized battery of Central Nervous System Vital Signs (CNS VS) test was used to diagnose cognitive functions. Genotyping of the ERa polymorphism was performed using a polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzymes (PCR-RFLP). Blood plasma was tested for FSH and estradiol (E2). Statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA software. Results: A relationship was confirmed between standard scores for 3 cognitive functions: general memory, verbal memory, and processing speed, and the XbaI polymorphism in the women in the study. In the group of women with genotype TT PvuII, significant positive relationships were observed between the concentration of E2 and the standard scores of 3 cognitive functions: general memory, verbal memory, and processing speed. In the group of women with genotype TC PvuII, significant negative correlations were found between the concentration of E2 and the standard scores of 4 cognitive functions: NCI, general memory, verbal memory, and processing speed. Conclusions: ERa polymorphism exerted an effect on the interaction between the concentration of estradiol and the results for cognitive functions. The concentration of estradiol did not depend on Xba1 and PvuII polymorphisms. The results for cognitive functions depended on which Xba1 polymorphism the woman carried.

Endokrynologia Polska, 2016

The menopause is associated with multiple health and metabolic consequences resulting from the de... more The menopause is associated with multiple health and metabolic consequences resulting from the decrease in oestrogen levels. Women at postmenopausal age are burdened with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, and the main cause of mortality in this group is ischaemic heart disease. Oestrogen deficiency is related, among other things, with frequent occurrence of dyslipidaemia, cessation of the beneficial effect of oestrogens on the vascular wall, and increase in body weight characterised by unfavourable redistribution of fatty tissue, with an increased amount of visceral fat and reduction of so-called non-fatty body mass. Oestrogens exert an effect on the metabolism, mainly through the genomic mechanism. The presence of a and b oestrogen receptors was found in many tissues and organs. Recently, attention has been paid to the fact that the effect of oestrogen action on tissues and organs may depend not only on their distribution, but also on their polymorphic types. This article presents the latest approach to the problem of metabolic consequences resulting from menopause, according to the possessed a oestrogen receptor polymorphism (ERa). Genes encoding for ERa have many polymorphic variants, the most important of which from the clinical aspect are two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): Xba1 and PvuII. The review of literature indicates that ERa polymorphisms are of great importance with respect to the effect of oestrogens on the functioning of the body of a woman after menopause, and may imply the development of many pathological states, including the prevention or development of metabolic disorders. Identifying ERa polymorphisms may be useful in oestrogen therapy for menopausal women who may benefit from it.

Medical Science Monitor, 2016

This study was sponsored by Institute of Rural Health in Lublin, Poland Background: Evaluation of... more This study was sponsored by Institute of Rural Health in Lublin, Poland Background: Evaluation of the state of health, quality of life, and the relationship between the level of the quality of life and health status in a group of women at an advanced age (90 years of age and older) in Poland. Material/Methods: The study was conducted in 2014 in an all-Polish sample of 870 women aged 90 years and older. The research instruments were: the authors' questionnaire and several standardized tests: Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz ADL), Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF. The results of the study were statistically analyzed using significant t-test for mean and regression analysis. Results: The majority of women at an advanced age suffered from chronic pain (76%) and major geriatric problems such as hypoacusis (81%), visual disturbances (69%) and urinary incontinence (60%); the minority of women at an advanced age suffered from falls and fainting (39%), stool incontinence (17%), severe functional impairment (24%), and cognitive impairment (10%). On a scale of 1 to 5, women at an advanced age assessed positively for overall quality of life (mean 3.3), social relationships (3.5), and environment (3.2), but negatively for general health, physical health, and psychological health (2.7, 2.7, and 2.8, respectively). The presence of chronic pain and geriatric problems, including urinary and stool incontinences, falls and faint ing, visual disturbances and hypoacusis, significantly decreased overall quality of life; general health, physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment. Overall quality of life, general health, physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment was correlated with functional and cognitive impairments. Conclusions: Quality of life of women at an advanced age decreased if chronic pain, major geriatric problems, or functional or cognitive impairments occurred.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2016

Introduction. Women aged 50-69 are the most likely to develop breast cancer. Knowledge about brea... more Introduction. Women aged 50-69 are the most likely to develop breast cancer. Knowledge about breast tumours as well as regular examination are two of the key factors which reduce the risk of the disease, and increase both the success of treatment and chances of survival. Objective. The aim of the paper was to assess knowledge about risk factors, symptoms, screening, early diagnosis and breast cancer treatment among women in perimenopausal age. Materials and method. 400 women aged 45-60, residing in the Lublin region of eastern Poland participated in the research. The primary research tool was a questionnaire with 35 questions checking knowledge about symptoms, screening and early diagnosis, as well as breast cancer treatment. Particulars were also part of the questionnaire. Results. Over 50% of women obtained average results with regard to general knowledge, 40% obtained high results and 6% low results. Subjective assessment of the women's knowledge was statistically significantly (p<0.001) different from the objective assessment. The research confirmed a significant relationship between knowledge and education (p<0.01), and place of residence (p<0.001). The group examined displayed considerably limited knowledge about risk factors, symptoms, screening, as well as breast cancer early diagnosis and therapy. Over a half of the women in perimenopausal age had average general knowledge, while only 40%-high. Conclusions. Over half of the women in perimenopausal age had average general knowledge, while only 40%-high. Subjective assessment of knowledge differed statistically significantly from the objective assessment. Women with higher education and living in rural areas displayed a higher level of general knowledge about breast cancer. The study did not identified any relationship between level of knowledge about breast cancer and age, financial situation or health of women in perimenopausal age.

Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, Jan 4, 2015

The aim of the study was to analyse the level and the trends of Potential Years of Life Lost due ... more The aim of the study was to analyse the level and the trends of Potential Years of Life Lost due to main causes of deaths in Poland in 2002-2011, with consideration of place of residence, urban-rural. The material for the study was the number of deaths due to main causes in Poland in years 2002-2011, based on data from the Central Statistical Office. Premature mortality analysis was conducted with the use of PYLL indicator (PYLL - Potential Years of Life Lost). PYLL rate was calculated according to the method proposed by J. Romeder, according to which the premature mortality was defined as death before the age of 70. Time trends of PYLL rate and the annual percent change (APC) were assessed using the Joinpoint Regression Programme. Rural/urban ratio was used to presented the differences in premature mortality between rural and urban areas . In years2002-2011, the PYLL rate for all-cause deaths decreased by 13.2% among men and 16.0% among women in rural areas, whereas in urban decrea...

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2015

The objective of the study was investigation of the relationship between cognitive functions and ... more The objective of the study was investigation of the relationship between cognitive functions and lipid profile, BMI and change of body weight in postmenopausal women carriers of Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms (APOE). A group of 170 women was recruited to the study. The inclusion criteria were: minimum of two years after the last menstruation, FSH concentration 30 U/ml and no signs of dementia on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). A computerized battery of Central Nervous System Vital Signs (CNS VS) was used for diagnostic cognitive functions. APOE genotype was performed by multiplex PCR. In blood plasma were determined: triglycerides, total cholesterol and its fractions: HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance in STATISTICA software. In the postmenopausal women examined, the carrier state of APOE gene polymorphism was associated with the level of triglycerides, and results concerning three cognitive functions: executive functions, psychomotor speed, and cognitive flexibility. Loss of body weight in postmenopausal women was related with lower results in neurocognitive index and the majority of cognitive functions. The results concerning cognitive functions in postmenopausal women in the study were not significantly related with lipid profile. Significant differences were observed according to APOE gene polymorphism in correlations between LDL/HDL and CHOL/HDL ratios, and results in the processing speed and reaction time, as well as between the BMI and results in processing speed in the postmenopausal women examined.

Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2015

Background The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between interaction of poly... more Background The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between interaction of polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor alpha gene (Erα) and estradiol (E2), and the occurrence of selected atherosclerosis risk factors in postmenopausal women without the diagnosis of a cardiovascular disease. Material and Methods The study covered 210 women, a minimum of 2 years after menopause, with FSH >30 mlU/ml, aged 50-60 years, with no chronic diseases diagnosed. In the women examined, the levels of estradiol, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined, as well as height, waist circumference (W), hip circumference (R), and arterial hypertension. The BMI and W/H ratio were calculated. Genotyping of the ER-α polymorphism was performed using a polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzymes (PCR-RFLP). The alleles of the XbaI polymorphism were defined as A and G: heterozygote AG, wild type GG and homozygote AA. The alleles of PvuII polymo...

Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 2013

In 2009, the SDR due to cardiovascular diseases was 356.3 per 100,000 people in Poland. The Proph... more In 2009, the SDR due to cardiovascular diseases was 356.3 per 100,000 people in Poland. The Prophylaxis and Early Detection of Cardiovascular Diseases Programme (PEDCCP) aimed at decreasing mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Poland by 25%. The global risk of SCORE (European Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation) has become a reason for implementing pro-health recommendations in order to eliminate risk factors in CVD. The presented observation study encompassed 458 participants of the PEDCCP from 2009-2011. The subjects received two arterial blood pressure tests as well as anthropometric measurements. Also, TC, LDL, HDL and TG levels were measured in laboratory tests. Statistical analysis included elements of descriptive and analytical statistics, with bivariate and multivariate logistic regression (odds ratios with 95% CIs). A positive change in SCORE was observed in 13.3% of the subjects. It was higher in almost every third subject of the authors' own study (29....

Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 2013

Acrylamide is used for wide range of industry purposes and it is produced in food during heating ... more Acrylamide is used for wide range of industry purposes and it is produced in food during heating process. Foods with high acrylamide concentration include French fries, chips, bread crust, cereal, different baked goods. The electrophilic nature of acrylamide allows to interact with biological molecules. It is easily absorbed via the ingestion, inhalation or through the skin. Evaluation of dietary exposure to acrylamide in chosen population with respect to different age groups in South Poland and assessment of health risk. Food consumption survey was conducted among 3 southern provinces in Poland. Studies involved 1470 participants. A semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire was used. Consumption data of individuals were calculated into μg/kg(bw)/day. Statistics was calculated for both whole group and different age groups. MOE values were calculated. Average acrylamide intake was 0.85 ± 0.82 μg(acrylamide)/kg(bw) per day and calculated 95th percentile was 1.70 μg(acrylamide)/kg...

Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 2012

In Poland, the incidence of cervical cancer remains on the level of the mean value observed in th... more In Poland, the incidence of cervical cancer remains on the level of the mean value observed in the regions of Eastern and Central Europe; however, it is higher than in Western Europe. The effects of performance of prophylactic programmes would be more effective if an improvement was observed in the reporting by women for examinations, and the quality and accessibility of these tests was observed, in accordance with international standards. The objective of the study was analysis of the reporting rates for cervical screening in the Szczecin Region during the period 2007-2010. Statistical data were analyzed obtained from: the Central (Poznań) and Regional (Szczecin, Olsztyn) Coordination Centre for the Programme of Prophylaxis and Early Detection of Cervical Cancer of the Medical Prophylaxis Computer Information System (SIMP), and Oncology Centre in Warsaw. All collected data were subjected to the statistical analyses. The West Pomeranian Voivodeship, with reporting rates for cervical...

Metabolites

deep vein thrombosis be predicted after varicose vein operation in women in rural areas?

Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 2015

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2020

Medical Science Monitor, 2017

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2019

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2017

Archives of Medical Science, 2017

Videosurgery and Other Miniinvasive Techniques, 2017

Medical Science Monitor, 2016

Endokrynologia Polska, 2016

Medical Science Monitor, 2016

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2016

Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, Jan 4, 2015

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2015

Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2015

Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 2013

Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 2012