J. Ritzen - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by J. Ritzen

Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 1976

Quadratic programming can be useful to compute the optimal investment trajectory for an education... more Quadratic programming can be useful to compute the optimal investment trajectory for an education system which is planned on the base of manpower targets. The computation of optimal investments required to approach manpower targets more closely becomes non trivial if the budget available is insufficient to meet manpower targets exactly, or if the manpower target trajectory is erratic. The quadratic programming problem consists of three components: (1) an optimization criterion which reflects the objective to minimize the squared deviation of actual manpower available from the manpower target; (2) a set of time difference equations which reflect the flow of students, the manpower stock flow and the flow of investments in the education subsystem: (3) a constraint on the budget, available for this branch of education over a planning period. This education investment problem is worked out for middle level technical manpower training in Bangladesh.

A Second Chance for Europe, 2017

The stark reality is that the EU, in its present form, is unlikely to survive the next 10–25 year... more The stark reality is that the EU, in its present form, is unlikely to survive the next 10–25 years. The EU of today, which provides for long-term peace and prosperity, faces an existential threat linked to recent voting in elections and referendums. Euroscepticism appears to have almost doubled in the period 2006–2016, from roughly 12% to 30% of the population (although Eurobarometer’s measure of Euroscepticism, at around 16%, has been more or less constant since 2011). These are EU citizens who do not believe that the EU has been good for them or their country. Many among them are likely to be the “losers of globalisation”. They are people who are uncertain of the future, for themselves or their children. A statistical analysis of Eurosceptic data highlights future uncertainty as a likely source of resistance to the EU. Euroscepticism has become visible in referendums on Europe; most notably with Brexit. There is therefore a need to realign the direct democracy of referendums with the indirect democracy of parliamentary representation; that is, if the EU is to serve its purpose as a “machine” for peace, security and welfare. The bottom line is that without further action Euroscepticism as a major “centrifugal” force is likely to increase in the years ahead, potentially giving rise to more exits or a complete and chaotic end to the EU.

We sketch a visionary strategy for Europe in which full employment is quickly regained, where inc... more We sketch a visionary strategy for Europe in which full employment is quickly regained, where income inequality is reduced and the economies are more sustainable. We name this scenario “vibrant.” It is contrasted with what would happen if present policies continue within the European Union (EU) and its member states. In the vibrant scenario, full employment is regained by more policy attention toward innovation and its underlying research and development (R&D), accompanied by more labor mobility within and between EU countries, in combination with a selective immigration policy based on labor market shortages. The road to full employment is embedded in a landscape with less income inequality and more “greening” of EU member states’ economies. More trade can be compatible with this scenario. We translate the vibrant scenario into policy proposals distinguishing between the role for the EU and that of the member states.

Preface - 6[-]Acknowledgments - 8[-]Executive summary - 10[-]Table of contents - 12[-]List of Fig... more Preface - 6[-]Acknowledgments - 8[-]Executive summary - 10[-]Table of contents - 12[-]List of Figures - 16[-]List of Tables - 18[-]List of Abbreviations - 20[-]List of Country Abbreviations - 24[-]Chapter 1 Introduction - 26[-]Chapter 2 The Looming Crisis - 40[-]Chapter 3 Challenges - 76[-]Chapter 4 The Battle for Talent: Europe has a Chance - 92[-]Chapter 5 Stop the Financial Strangling of European universities - 138[-]Chapter 6 Give Innovation a Chance: the context - 160[-]Chapter 7 The Future of European Universities - 190[-]Chapter 8 Appendix A - 198[-]Chapter 9 Appendix B - 200[-]Chapter 10 Appendix C - 202[-]Chapter 11 Bibliography - 208[-]Notes - 224

People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the ... more People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the "Taverne" license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:

Eurasian Business Review, 2017

A substantial literature claims that the strong increase in inequality over the last decade in We... more A substantial literature claims that the strong increase in inequality over the last decade in Western industrial countries such as the United States (US) would lead to increasing tensions between different socioeconomic groups which might in turn hamper economic growth. The population's fading hopes regarding the outlook on the future seem to confirm this. This paper qualifies this interpretation using survey data collected by the Pew Research Center for the People covering 1999-2014. Over the first decade, the decline in hope cannot be traced back to the rising inequality. However, recent data from 2014 suggest that inequality is now a major driver of a lower than ever level of hope. Hence inequality is a recent factor, not the driver of the long-term decline in hope.

European Journal of Higher Education, 2012

This article reviews the history of higher education governance and funding in The Netherlands, g... more This article reviews the history of higher education governance and funding in The Netherlands, generalising when possible to other European countries. It finds that governance reforms and the funding of higher education appear to be driven by economic and demographic factors, including massification. Furthermore, the Bologna Process can be considered a new, vital driver of change as it paves the way for an open European Higher Education Area (EHEA).

International Journal of Innovation Science, 2011

One of the consequences of demographic change is a possible decrease in the European supply of gr... more One of the consequences of demographic change is a possible decrease in the European supply of graduates. Europe has to fill the gap in young talented workers. The best way to attract young workers from developing countries (which do not have the infrastructure to provide all their qualified youngsters with the needed human capital) is through the internationalization of higher education in Europe. This challenge is intimately related to that of increasing intra-European mobility. Internationalization is necessary because of the requirements of European labour market and the need to increase European innovation capacity. However, Europe is not doing enough well with respect to internationalization. Policy conclusions are drawn.

IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, 2014

We sketch a visionary strategy for Europe in which full employment is quickly regained by 2020, i... more We sketch a visionary strategy for Europe in which full employment is quickly regained by 2020, income inequality is reduced and the economies are more sustainable. We call this scenario "vibrant". It is contrasted with what would happen if present policies continue within the European Union (EU) and its member states. In the vibrant scenario, full employment is regained through more policy attention toward innovation and its underlying research and development (R&D), accompanied by more labor mobility within and between EU countries, in combination with a selective immigration policy based on labor market shortages. The road to full employment is embedded in a landscape with less income inequality and more "greening" of EU member states' economies. We translate the vibrant scenario into policy proposals distinguishing between the role for the EU and that of the member states. We hope these proposals will affect the debate about the future of the European Union, also with regard to the pivotal role and responsibility of the European Parliament and European Commission.

Public finance = Finances publiques, 1993

"This paper studies the impact of demographic change and international migration on econ... more "This paper studies the impact of demographic change and international migration on economic development and the education sector. We employ a simple simulation model for tracing the impact of international migration on the educational and economic system, under alternative assumptions on the education background and adaptation costs of migrants. An application to the case of the Netherlands shows that international migration of whatever (realistic) level will not be able to prevent strong population aging during the period 2010-2035. Given the current below-average educational and productive profile of the immigrant population in the Netherlands, increased migration will only make matters worse."

Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 1975

Economics of Education Review, 1987

The interaction between human capital supply and the demand for human capital is modelled with a ... more The interaction between human capital supply and the demand for human capital is modelled with a production block and a block describing the supply of labour. Both blocks have been explored empirically for the Netherlands on the basis of time-series. The production block includes time delays in adjustment of labour and in the adjustment of wages. Economic development has been simulated with this model assuming an international business cycle of 20 years which determines the maximum demand for products of the private sector. In the simulations particularly Government stabilization policy is effective in maximizing long-run growth.