Joe Brownlie - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Joe Brownlie

Veterinary Microbiology, Sep 1, 2009

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an endemic pathogen worldwide and eradication strategies f... more Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an endemic pathogen worldwide and eradication strategies focus on identification and removal of persistently infected (PI) animals arising after in utero infection. Despite this, acute infections with BVDV can persist for months or years after the removal of the PI source despite repeated screening for PIs and tight biosecurity measures. Recent evidence for a prolonged duration of viraemia in the testicles of bulls following acute BVDV infection suggests the * Manuscript achieved. This indicates that BVDV-infected, recovered and immune animals have the potential to remain infectious for BVDV-naïve cohorts for longer than previously demonstrated.

Veterinary Record, Mar 19, 1994

Veterinary Record, Mar 1, 2020

Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics, Apr 24, 2009

Sera from 287 sheep were screened for cytotoxic antibodies against sheep lymphocytes. Forty four ... more Sera from 287 sheep were screened for cytotoxic antibodies against sheep lymphocytes. Forty four antisera were selected which provisionally define 13 lymphocyte antigens. The frequency of these antigens was studied in 305 sheep from 8 flocks of different breeds. Family studies confirm that inheritance of sheep lymphocyte antigens is controlled by the autosomal codominant genes of at least 2 linked loci.

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, Mar 1, 2004

PLOS ONE, Mar 14, 2011

Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are related orbiviruses, t... more Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are related orbiviruses, transmitted between their ruminant hosts primarily by certain haematophagous midge vectors (Culicoides spp.). The larger of the BTV outer-capsid proteins, 'VP2', can be cleaved by proteases (including trypsin or chymotrypsin), forming infectious subviral particles (ISVP) which have enhanced infectivity for adult Culicoides, or KC cells (a cell-line derived from C. sonorensis). We demonstrate that VP2 present on purified virus particles from 3 different BTV strains can also be cleaved by treatment with saliva from adult Culicoides. The saliva proteins from C. sonorensis (a competent BTV vector), cleaved BTV-VP2 more efficiently than those from C. nubeculosus (a less competent / non-vector species). Electrophoresis and mass spectrometry identified a trypsin-like protease in C. sonorensis saliva, which was significantly reduced or absent from C. nubeculosus saliva. Incubating purified BTV-1 with C. sonorensis saliva proteins also increased their infectivity for KC cells ,10 fold, while infectivity for BHK cells was reduced by 2-6 fold. Treatment of an 'eastern' strain of EHDV-2 with saliva proteins of either C. sonorensis or C. nubeculosus cleaved VP2, but a 'western' strain of EHDV-2 remained unmodified. These results indicate that temperature, strain of virus and protein composition of Culicoides saliva (particularly its protease content which is dependent upon vector species), can all play a significant role in the efficiency of VP2 cleavage, influencing virus infectivity. Saliva of several other arthropod species has previously been shown to increase transmission, infectivity and virulence of certain arboviruses, by modulating and/or suppressing the mammalian immune response. The findings presented here, however, demonstrate a novel mechanism by which proteases in Culicoides saliva can also directly modify the orbivirus particle structure, leading to increased infectivity specifically for Culicoides cells and, in turn, efficiency of transmission to the insect vector.

Journal of General Microbiology, May 1, 1973

T-Mycoplasmas have been isolated from the human urogenital tract (Shepard, I 954) and oropharynx ... more T-Mycoplasmas have been isolated from the human urogenital tract (Shepard, I 954) and oropharynx (Taylor-Robinson & Purcell, 1966). They have also been isolated from the urogenital tract of cattle (Taylor-Robinson, Haig & Williams, I 967), from pneumonic calf lungs (Gourlay, 1968), from eyes in cases of bovine keratoconjunctivitis (Gourlay & Thomas, 1969), from the throats of cats (Tan & Markham, 1971), from the genital tract of dogs and the throats of squirrel monkeys (

Journal of Virology, Dec 15, 2002

The Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO, https://www.iddo.org) has launched a clinical dat... more The Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO, https://www.iddo.org) has launched a clinical data platform for the collation, curation, standardisation and reuse of individual participant data (IPD) on treatments for two of the most globally important neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), schistosomiasis (SCH) and soiltransmitted helminthiases (STHs). This initiative aims to harness the power of data-sharing by facilitating collaborative joint analyses of pooled datasets to generate robust evidence on the efficacy and safety of anthelminthic treatment regimens. A crucial component of this endeavour has been the development of a Research Agenda to

Veterinary Microbiology, Jun 15, 2006

Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) has recently been detected in dogs; it is a group 2 corona... more Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) has recently been detected in dogs; it is a group 2 coronavirus showing similarity to bovine coronavirus (BCoV) but is distinct from canine enteric coronavirus (CECoV). CRCoV may play an important role in canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) either by predisposing to further and potentially more serious viral and bacterial infections or possibly as a primary pathogen. The prevalence of serum antibodies to CRCoV, in a population of dogs in the south east of England, has been shown previously to be 30.1% on the first day of entry to a rehoming kennel [Erles, K., Toomey, C., Brooks, H.W., Brownlie, J., 2003. Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease. Virology 310, 216-223]. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of CRCoV in the general canine population within as well as outside the UK. An ELISA, used to test for the presence of antibodies to CRCoV in canine serum samples, identified seropositive dogs in UK, USA, Canada, Republic of Ireland and Greece. The development of an ELISA based on CRCoV antigen and immunofluorescence assay are described here. 54.7% (547/1000) of North American and 36.0% (297/824) of United Kingdom dogs were seropositive for CRCoV. The age and geographical distribution of seropositive dogs was also assessed. The cross-reactivity demonstrated between CRCoVantibodies from different countries and a UK viral isolate suggests immunological similarity. The overall prevalence of this virus in both North America and the UK suggests that CRCoV has international significance and that further epidemiological studies are required.

British Small Animal Veterinary Association eBooks, Dec 1, 2018

Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), commonly referred to as kennel cough, is a highly c... more Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), commonly referred to as kennel cough, is a highly contagious respiratory infection in dogs that is frequently seen in shelters and which is prevalent worldwide. This chapter covers: pathogenesis, history taking, presentation and clinical signs, treatment, prevention and approach to an outbreak. Quick reference guide: Rehoming a coughing dog.

Biosensors and Bioelectronics, May 1, 2001

Field methods of assessing the immune status of animals are required to optimise vaccination prog... more Field methods of assessing the immune status of animals are required to optimise vaccination programmes to control bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus. An optoelectronic immunosensor was evaluated for the detection of viral antigens in a crude cell lysate in a pilot study. Binding of (BVD) virus antigen by two monoclonal antibodies immobilised on two different media (ELISA plate wells, and glass coverslips) was detected and quantified using the laser induced surface second harmonic generation (SSHG) technique. The results for both assays were correlated with an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) used for the diagnosis of BVD virus infection in cattle (ELISA plate; R 2 =0.86, coverslips; Exp. 1; R 2 = 0.75, Exp. 2; R 2 = 0.67). The method will allow rapid detection of antigens in the body fluids of farm animals.

Veterinary Pathology, Jul 1, 2008

In 2005, a prion disease identified in a goat from France was reported to be consistent with dise... more In 2005, a prion disease identified in a goat from France was reported to be consistent with disease from the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent. Subsequent retrospective examination of UK goat scrapie cases led to the identification of one potentially similar, but as yet unconfirmed, case from Scotland. These findings strengthened concerns that small ruminant populations exposed to the BSE agent have become infected. The lack of data relating specifically to scrapie in goats has been contributory to past assumptions that, in general, sheep and goats respond similarly to prion infections. In this study, brain material from 22 archived caprine scrapie cases from the UK was reviewed by histopathology and by immunohistochemical examination for accumulations of disease-specific prion protein (PrP Sc) to provide additional data on the lesions of caprine scrapie and to identify any BSE-like features. The vacuolar change observed in the goats was characteristic of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in general. PrP Sc immunohistochemical morphologic forms described in scrapie and experimental BSE infections of sheep were demonstrable in the goats, but these were generally more extensive and variable in PrP Sc accumulation. None of the cases examined showed a PrP Sc immunohistochemical pattern indicative of BSE.

Research in Veterinary Science, May 1, 1976

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, May 1, 2003

The identity of the cells that form the periosteum during development is controversial with curre... more The identity of the cells that form the periosteum during development is controversial with current dogma suggesting these are derived from a Sox9-positive progenitor. Herein, we characterize a newly created Prrx1eGFP reporter transgenic mouse line during limb formation and postnatally. Interestingly, in the embryo Prrx1eGFP-labeled cells become restricted around the Sox9-positive cartilage anlage without themselves becoming Sox9-positive. In the adult, the Prrx1eGFP transgene live labels a subpopulation of cells within the periosteum that are enriched at specific sites, and this population is diminished in aged mice. The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled subpopulation can be isolated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and represents approximately 8% of all isolated periosteal cells. The GFP-labeled subpopulation is significantly more osteogenic than unlabeled, GFP-negative periosteal cells. In addition, the osteogenic and chondrogenic capacity of periosteal cells in vitro can be extended with the addition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to the expansion media. We provide evidence to suggest that osteoblasts contributing to cortical bone formation in the embryo originate from Prrx1eGFP-positive cells within the perichondrium, which possibly piggyback on invading vascular cells and secrete new bone matrix. In summary, the Prrx1eGFP mouse is a powerful tool to visualize and isolate periosteal cells and to quantify their properties in the embryo and adult.

Virus Research, Apr 1, 2009

Forty faecal samples were tested by RT-PCR using coronavirus consensus primers to determine faeca... more Forty faecal samples were tested by RT-PCR using coronavirus consensus primers to determine faecal shedding of canine coronavirus (CCoV) and canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) in a dog population housed at a rescue centre. Seven samples were positive for CCoV while all samples were negative for CRCoV. Sequence analysis of five CCoV strains showed a high similarity with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) at the Nterminus of the spike protein. All strains contained an open reading frame for the nonstructural protein 7b, which is not present in TGEV, indicating that the strains were related to the previously described CCoV strain UCD-1. Two samples contained CCoV strains with 5 spike sequences most similar to type II CCoV while one sample was found to contain type I CCoV. Primers directed to the N gene allowed specific detection of all CCoV strains analysed in this study. This investigation shows that CCoV strains containing spike proteins similar to TGEV are present in the UK dog population. PCR primers directed to conserved regions of the CCoV genome are recommended for detection of CCoV in clinical samples due to high genetic variability.

Veterinary Record, Sep 1, 1997

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 1987

Annales De Medecine Veterinaire, 1990