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Papers by Lyndal Johnson

The Northwest Fisheries Science Center of the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, uses the N... more The Northwest Fisheries Science Center of the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible due to time constraints. Documents published in this series may be referenced in the scientific and technical literature.

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Jun 1, 2003

In July 2000, 330 individuals of three flatfish species were collected from reference locations a... more In July 2000, 330 individuals of three flatfish species were collected from reference locations and nine sites surrounding the outfall of the Orange County (CA, USA) Sanitation District (OCSD) municipal wastewater discharge. Species included hornyhead turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis), English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus), and bigmouth sole (Hippoglossina stomata). Livers of sampled animals were examined for the expression of vitellogenin (in males), cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), and DNA damage (comet assay). Biliary fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) were also measured. Comparisons with tissue and sediment contaminant residues, liver histopathology, and population estimates were assessed to determine whether relationships exist between levels of biological organization. The CYP1A results indicated exposure to planar aromatic hydrocarbons at one nearshore site. Regression analysis of all English sole CYP1A to total sediment polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (r 2 ϭ 0.97; p Ͻ 0.05) indicated a significant correlation. Widespread exposure to estrogens was observed at all sites without correlation to the abundance of the three species examined. Fluorescent aromatic compounds demonstrated no correlation to CYP1A expression. Overall, histopathology and biochemical endpoints did not indicate significant adverse effects in fish at the OCSD outfall.

Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, 1998

The effect of exposure to xenobiotic compounds on ovarian development was investigated in prespaw... more The effect of exposure to xenobiotic compounds on ovarian development was investigated in prespawning female English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) from the Hylebos Waterway, an industrial site in Commencement Bay, WA, contaminated with aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other chlorinated compounds, including hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Reference sole were collected from Colvos Passage, a nearby site with minimal sediment contaminant concentrations. English sole from the Hylebos Waterway had significantly higher concentrations of fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) in bile, polycyclic aromatic compound-DNA adducts in liver, and dioxin-like and other selected PCB congeners in liver than sole from Colvos Passage. The Hylebos Waterway animals also showed significant alterations in their pattern of reproductive development when compared to Colvos Passage sole. Hylebos Waterway sole entered vitellogenesis at an earlier age than Colvos Passage sole, with about 50% of fish below 5 years of age maturing in the Hylebos Waterway as compared to 20% of Colvos Passage sole in this age range, with corresponding increases in plasma estradiol concentrations and GSI in Hylebos fish. However, while the proportion of maturing Colvos Passage females increased with age to over 70% for fish 5 years of age or greater, the proportion of maturing females in the Hylebos Waterway remained at about 50%. Moreover, plasma estradiol concentrations and gonadosomatic indices in these sole were depressed. Inhibited reproductive development and increased oocyte atresia in adult fish were correlated with elevated concentrations of FACs in bile. Enhanced growth, as well as exposure to both aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, were associated with precocious maturation in subadult Hylebos Waterway sole.

Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 713609853, Jun 18, 2010

For almost 25 years our laboratory has studied the impact of PAHs and related industrial contamin... more For almost 25 years our laboratory has studied the impact of PAHs and related industrial contaminants on benthic fish, following an interdisciplinary approach involving chemical exposure assessment linked to synoptic detection of various effects at several levels of biological organization. ...

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2004

Twenty-six salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) stocks from the Pacific Northwest are listed as either thre... more Twenty-six salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) stocks from the Pacific Northwest are listed as either threatened or endangered. A number of anthropogenic factors, likely including degradation of habitat by chemical contaminant exposure, have contributed to their decline. Techniques that can assess injury or judge the efficacy of regulatory actions on the recovery of this species are needed. We strive to understand why a population is changing by examining changes in their intrinsic birth rates, death rates, and (or) growth rates. However, salmon populations are influenced by other species in the community. To address this issue, we developed a parsimonious three-trophic-level community model consisting of prey, salmon, and parasites and examined the model's response to one anthropogenic factor (contaminant exposure) using qualitative analysis. This community model may not only provide valuable insight into salmon survival but also may broaden the approaches available to elucidate direct and indirect effects. We demonstrate analytically that some community members, possibly salmon themselves, might be ambiguous or unreliable variables to monitor. We also demonstrate that other species in the community, such as parasites, may be more sensitive than salmon in monitoring the influence of anthropogenic factors such as contaminants. Résumé : Vingt-six stocks de saumons (Oncorhynchus spp.) de la région du nord-ouest pacifique d'Amérique du Nord sont menacés ou en danger. Plusieurs facteurs anthropiques, incluant vraisemblablement la dégradation des habitats par exposition aux contaminants chimiques, ont contribué à leur déclin. Il y a un besoin de techniques qui permettent d'évaluer les dommages et de juger de l'efficacité des mesures réglementaires sur la récupération de ces espèces. Nous cherchons généralement à comprendre les raisons des changements dans une population en mesurant les variations dans les taux intrinsèques de natalité, de mortalité et (ou) de croissance. Cependant, les populations de saumons sont affectées par les autres espèces de la communauté. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons mis au point un modèle parcimonieux de communauté à trois niveaux trophiques, soit les proies, les saumons et les parasites, et avons étudié, par analyse qualitative, les réactions du modèle à un facteur anthropique, l'exposition aux contaminants. Ce modèle de communauté fournit non seulement des informations précieuses sur la survie des saumons, mais il peut en plus procurer des nouvelles avenues pour élucider les effets directs et indirects. Notre analyse démontre que certains membres de la communauté, éventuellement les saumons eux-mêmes, peuvent s'avérer être des variables ambiguës ou incertaines à suivre durant la surveillance écologique. Elle démontre aussi que d'autres espèces dans la communauté, telles que les parasites, peuvent être plus sensibles que le saumon pour indiquer l'influence des facteurs anthropiques, tels que les contaminants. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Arkoosh et al. 1175

ABSTRACT The lower portion of the Columbia River Gorge (Lower Gorge) extends from Bonneville Dam ... more ABSTRACT The lower portion of the Columbia River Gorge (Lower Gorge) extends from Bonneville Dam downstream to the mouth of the Sandy River (RM 146 to RM 122). This dramatic portion of the Columbia River, which was formed during ice-age floods, is protected by the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Act. Tourism, recreation, transportation, and hydropower activities and associated infrastructure in the Lower Gorge are a key component of the region’s identity and are vital to its economy. Historically, the majority of research and restoration efforts in the lower Columbia River focused on estuarine and urban portions of the river, neglecting the Lower Gorge. However, recent monitoring efforts that filled previous knowledge gaps indicate that floodplain and tributary habitats in the Lower Gorge likely are important not only to spawning populations of Lower Columbia River salmonids, but also to up-river stocks that rear in the estuary as they out-migrate towards the ocean. This presentation will summarize the findings from these studies and others that illustrate the potential importance of juvenile salmon habitat in the Lower Gorge and opportunities for its restoration. Additionally, it will use case studies of current restoration projects to address key uncertainties (e.g., the historic importance of Lower Gorge habitats), limitations (e.g., transportation infrastructure), and positive attributes (e.g., high levels of protection afforded by strict land use regulations) associated with restoration of juvenile salmon habitat in the Lower Gorge.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, May 1, 1997

Variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was examined among 707 red snapper Lutjanus campechanus re... more Variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was examined among 707 red snapper Lutjanus campechanus representing 16 samples taken during 3 years from localities in the northern and western Gulf of Mexico. Ninety-two composite mtDNA haplotypes were revealed by 13 restriction enzymes (representing 93 inferred restriction sites). Significant heterogeneity (P = 0.042) in mtDNA haplotype frequencies was detected among the 16 samples; however, homogeneity tests of mtDNA haplotype frequencies between or among samples taken in different years at the same locality and among samples at different localities within the same year, were not significant. No phylogeographic structure of haplotypes was evident, nor were rare haplotypes clustered geographically. Spatial autocorrelations did not differ significantly from those expected when no correlation exists. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a single breeding population of red snapper inhabits the northern Gulf of Mexico. Intrapopulational mtDNA diversities, however, differed significantly among samples, suggesting that red snapper in the Gulf may not be drawn from a single population. Red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico may possibly include recently derived populations for which there has been insufficient time for accumulation of significant differences in mtDNA haplotype frequencies.

Environ Sci Technol, 1993

Page 1. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 2759-2771 Chemical Contaminants and Hepatic Lesions in W... more Page 1. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 2759-2771 Chemical Contaminants and Hepatic Lesions in Winter Flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) from the Northeast Coast of the United States Lyndal L. Johnson,&#x27; Carla M. Stehr ...

Proceedings OCEANS, 1989

ABSTRACT

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to quantitate vitellogenin (VTG) in... more A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to quantitate vitellogenin (VTG) in plasma and serum of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon. The working range of the assay was 9 to 313 ng/ml (80-20% binding), with 50% binding at 54 ng/ml. The intra-assay and interassay variations at approximately 50% binding were 8.1% (n = 9) and 9.0% (n = 9), respectively. Dilution curves of plasma or serum from coho and chinook females and estrogen-treated males were parallel to the purified coho VTG standard curve. Male plasma samples could be assayed at a minimum dilution of 1:40 (chinook) or 1:75 (coho) without assay interference because of high sample concentration, whereas minimum acceptable dilutions of male serum samples were 1:200 (chinook) or 1:600 (coho). Identification of proper techniques for preserving VTG integrity in plasma and serum samples showed that VTG from both species was robust; both sample types required no protease inhibitor despit...

The lower portion of the Columbia River Gorge (Lower Gorge) extends from Bonneville Dam downstrea... more The lower portion of the Columbia River Gorge (Lower Gorge) extends from Bonneville Dam downstream to the mouth of the Sandy River (RM 146 to RM 122). This dramatic portion of the Columbia River, which was formed during ice-age floods, is protected by the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Act. Tourism, recreation, transportation, and hydropower activities and associated infrastructure in the Lower Gorge are a key component of the region’s identity and are vital to its economy. Historically, the majority of research and restoration efforts in the lower Columbia River focused on estuarine and urban portions of the river, neglecting the Lower Gorge. However, recent monitoring efforts that filled previous knowledge gaps indicate that floodplain and tributary habitats in the Lower Gorge likely are important not only to spawning populations of Lower Columbia River salmonids, but also to up-river stocks that rear in the estuary as they out-migrate towards the ocean. This presentati...

Bulletin of The Ecological Society of America, 1994

The Environmental Conservation Division of the National Marine Fisheries Service has been conduct... more The Environmental Conservation Division of the National Marine Fisheries Service has been conducting studies investigating the effects of marine pollution on the health of benthic fish since 1979. A large amount of data relating biological effects to exposure to sediments contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exists as a result of the many field and laboratory studies conducted since this

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 1997

Vitellogenin (VTG) was purified by double-step chromatography from plasma of male English sole tr... more Vitellogenin (VTG) was purified by double-step chromatography from plasma of male English sole treated with 17β-estradiol. The intact protein appeared to exist as a dimer in two forms of approximately 300 and 320 kDa and had an isoelectric point of 6.63. In SDS-PAGE, it was reduced to a single monomer of approximately 130 kDa. In immunoblotting, the protein showed cross-reactivity

The tidal freshwater portion of the lower Columbia River includes the steep banks of the Columbia... more The tidal freshwater portion of the lower Columbia River includes the steep banks of the Columbia River Gorge, urbanized areas near Portland and lower gradient areas bordering the estuary. Floodplain habitats in downstream river reaches are generally flatter with higher tidal ranges, while sites in the upper reaches are generally steeper with greater variability in water levels. Until the recent decade, much of the research for the lower Columbia River have focused on the estuarine section and neglected the tidal freshwater section. Currently, there are several monitoring programs filling previous knowledge gaps by assessing status and trends of ecosystem condition, critical uncertainties in juvenile salmon outmigration patterns for habitat use, and effectiveness of individual and cumulative habitat restoration actions. This presentation will describe findings from several studies to discuss juvenile salmon ecology in this region of the lower river. We will focus on aspects importan...

Proceedings of OCEANS 2005 MTS/IEEE, 2005

Infectious disease within outmigrant juvenile salmon in the Columbia River Basin is modulated, in... more Infectious disease within outmigrant juvenile salmon in the Columbia River Basin is modulated, in part, by stressors that influence host-susceptibility. Through the application of a dose(stressor)-structured population dynamic model, we show that chemical (both in the river and estuary) and in-river (dams and predation) stressors influence hostsusceptibility, increasing the mean force of infection (defined as the per capita acquisition rate of infection) by a factor of 2.2 (4.8fold upper 95%) and 1.6 (2.4-fold upper 95%), respectively. Using Listonella anguillarum as a model pathogen, non-chemical in-river and chemical stressors contribute equally to a cumulative incidence of delayed disease-induced mortalities in chinook salmon that range from 3 to 18% for estuary residence times of 30 to 120 days, respectively. Mitigation of environmental stressors that increase host-susceptibility could represent a significant component in future management strategies to recover listed stocks.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 1997

Ecological Indicators, 1992