Katalin Kopecskó - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Katalin Kopecskó

Research paper thumbnail of Applicability of waste foundry sand stabilization by fly ash geopolymer under ambient curing conditions

Research paper thumbnail of Portlandcementek kötési idejének meghatározása féldiabatikus kalorimetriás módszerrel

Vasbetonépítés/Concrete structures, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Modelling of Modulus of Elasticity of Low-Calcium-Based Geopolymer Concrete Using Regression Analysis

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, May 19, 2022

Despite the unremitting e orts to model the modulus of elasticity of low-calcium-based geopolymer... more Despite the unremitting e orts to model the modulus of elasticity of low-calcium-based geopolymer concrete, the state-of-the-art models need much improvement to reduce the error signals and increase the reliability. is study represents a comprehensive regression analysis to model the modulus of elasticity of low-calcium-based geopolymer concrete in terms of its compressive strength. e proposed model's assumptions are based on taking into account the chemical composition and compressive strength class and considering the normal density of concrete. e modelling is based on 67 di erent mix-design samples collected from peer-reviewed literature, which are divided into two groups. e rst group consists of 59 samples that are used to construct the proposed model, while the second group consists of 8 samples that are used to test the validity of the proposed model. e analysis showed that the proposed model gives the root mean squared error value (RMSE) of 3.122 GPa and the mean absolute percentage error value (MAPE) of 15.0%. erefore, the proposed model gives 41% and 52.2% reductions in RMSE and MAPE, respectively, from the state-of-the-art model in the literature. Furthermore, other statistical parameters to evaluate the goodness of tness of the proposed model have been considered, such as the relative root mean squared error (RRMSE) (15.5%), the coe cient of determination (R-squared) (0.773), and the coe cient of correlation (R) (0.88); all of which indicated that the goodness of tness is good and the proposed model has a high correlation to the actual values. Applying the proposed model in future applications will help reduce the time and cost of geopolymer production, as the proposed model has signi cantly reduced the error signals.

Research paper thumbnail of Geopolimer kutatások a BME-n: Geopolymer research at the BME

Research paper thumbnail of The effect of supplementary cementitious materials on transport properties of cementitious materials - state-of-the-art

Vasbetonépítés, 2021

The supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) have recognized many of the beneficial influences... more The supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) have recognized many of the beneficial influences on concrete ability to resist the penetration of chloride ions, such as fly ash, slag, silica fume, metakaolin, and other natural pozzolans; this benefit has primarily been ascribed to the refined pore structure that results from the appropriate use of SCMs, which, in turn, results in reduced permeability and ionic diffusivity. The paper illustrates the state-of-the-art research findings on; (1) the classification of the SCMs and physicochemical properties; (2) the influences of SCMs on cement binder and the pore structure under chloride ion permeability; (3) the influences of the SCMs on the carbonation process of the cement binder that aims to determine the optimum relationship between SCMs and concrete transport properties. The interesting experimental investigations of the combined influence of chloride and carbonate permeation in cement binder that implement the latest methods in different curing conditions, types, and level contents of the SCMs will yield new scientific results and proposals for the industrial applications auxiliary materials.

Research paper thumbnail of A CEM I 42,5 N portland cement EN 196-3 szabvány szerinti kötési idejének és hidratációs hőfejlődésének összehasonlító vizsgálata

Research paper thumbnail of Használati élettartam becslési lehetősége kloridionok behatolása esetén

Research paper thumbnail of Utilizing residual red mud by geopolymerization process – From an expansive soil to a rock-like material

Cleaner engineering and technology, Jun 1, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of GGBS additive on chloride ion binding of cements

CRC Press eBooks, May 7, 2008

This paper deals with our test results on hardened and afterwards salt-treated cements modelling ... more This paper deals with our test results on hardened and afterwards salt-treated cements modelling the influence of de-icing salt. Hydration both of naturally hardened and steam-cured cements were investigated as well as their chloride ion binding mechanisms by thermal tests and X-ray diffraction. The series of samples were cements with different amount of ground granulated slag (CEM I 42.5 N, CEM II/A 32.5 R, CEM III/A 32.5 N and CEM III/B 32.5 N-S). The chloride ion binding mechanism of ground granulated blast-furnace slag without cement clinker content was also studied. The formation of Friedel's salt and delayed ettringite increased between the ages 90 to 180 days. Test results indicated that steam cured cements can bind higher amount of chloride ions than naturally hardened ones. Chloride ion binding ability of tested cements in decreasing sequence was the following: (1) CEM III/B 32.5 N-S; (2) CEM III/A 32.5 N, (3) CEM II/B-S 32.5 R; (4) CEM I 42.5 N. It was also experimentally shown that ground granulated blast furnace slag itself is able to bind chloride ions.

Research paper thumbnail of Applicability of Waste Foundry Sand Stabilization with Fly Ash Geopolymer Under Ambient Curing Conditions

Research paper thumbnail of Condition assessment of a highly porous limestone fortress: damage categories and structural integrity

EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Apr 1, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Self-compacting concrete produced with limestone waste

IOP conference series, Nov 27, 2018

The aim of the research was to design powder type self-compacting concrete containing high amount... more The aim of the research was to design powder type self-compacting concrete containing high amount of limestone quarry waste as aggregate and fines. The light colour aggregate mixed with white cement resulted in esthetical surfaces of exposed concrete for architectural purposes. Large amount waste originated from the limestone mining process requires deposition with further treatment. In our study we tried to replace also the limestone powder fines by the slurry produced during the cut of limestone blocks. Seven recipes were examined during the research: three mixtures of quartz aggregate with different particle size distributions were used as reference mixtures, three mixtures composed of crushed limestone aggregate and one with mixed quartz-limestone composition, respectively. In the recipe of mixed limestone-quartz aggregate dried quarry waste slurry was successfully applied instead of direct ground limestone powder. In the research different test methods were used to determine the fresh properties as well as the hardened properties of concretes.

Research paper thumbnail of The Obstacles to a Broader Application of Alkali-Activated Binders as a Sustainable Alternative—A Review

Materials, Apr 15, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of different types of SCMs on microstructure and macroscopic properties of cementitious materials

Journal of physics, Jul 1, 2022

In our study, the influence of different supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as meta... more In our study, the influence of different supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as metakaolins, silica fume (microsilica) or filtered coal fly ash on the performance of concrete is discussed. The effects of different types and dosages of the SCMs have been investigated. Centrilit NC (MK1) and Metaver N (mk2) type metakaolins, Microsit® 20 (MS) type filtered coal fly ash or Centrilit Fume SX (SF) silica fume suspension was chosen as the replacement for the CEM I 42.5 N-SR0 sulphate resistant Portland cement. In addition to the two-component mixtures, we also examined the behaviour of the ternary blends, i.e. the combinations of SCMs. For the experiments, mortar prisms and cylindrical mortar specimens were prepared with water to binder ratio of 0.4. The paper presents the test results performed up to two years. The compressive strengths of the mixtures were examined. The most critical property of the cement-bound materials, the chloride migration coefficient of each mixture, was determined. The microstructure of the mixtures was determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry at the age of one year. Our results indicated (i) the best compressive strength was achieved for MK2 and for MK1 with combination of SF; (ii) the pore structure is much finer in the case of MK1 mixtures compared with those of MK2 or MS mixtures; (iii) the whole most frequent pore diameter interval falls into the range of medium capillaries only in case of MK1 (10 w%), for other mixtures the large capillaries are present in different extent. The SCMs greatly influence the extent of the enhancement in chloride migration coefficients with age: the less reduction was found for the mixtures of MK1, and the highest reduction was found for mixtures of MS. There is no direct function between the compressive strength, total porosity, specific surface of porosity or chloride migration coefficients.

Research paper thumbnail of The Obstacles to a Broader Application of Alkali-Activated Binders as a Sustainable Alternative—A Review

Materials

This paper aims to raise awareness regarding the obstacles limiting alkali-activated binders’ (AA... more This paper aims to raise awareness regarding the obstacles limiting alkali-activated binders’ (AABs) application as a sustainable solution in the construction industry. Such an evaluation is essential in this industry, which has been introducing a wide range of alternatives to cement binders yet achieved limited utilisation. It has been recognised that technical, environmental, and economic performance should be investigated for the broader adoption of alternative construction materials. Based on this approach, a state-of-the-art review was conducted to identify the key factors to consider when developing AABs. It was identified that AABs’ adverse performance compared to conventional cement-based materials mainly depends on the choice of which precursors and alkali activators to employ and the regionalised practices adopted (i.e., transportation, energy sources, and data on raw materials). In light of the available literature, increasing attention to incorporating alternative alkali...

Research paper thumbnail of 10 év távlatában: vörösiszap katasztrófa Kolontáron: In the perspective of 10 years: red mud disaster in Kolontár

On October 4, 2010, the red mud storage barrier X. of the Ajkai Alumina Factory of MAL Hungarian ... more On October 4, 2010, the red mud storage barrier X. of the Ajkai Alumina Factory of MAL Hungarian Aluminium Production and Trade Company. Hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of alkaline red mud flooded the closest village, Kolontár, then, moving on in the valley of the Torna stream, flooded the villages that got in its way. In order to solve the engineering issues that arose after the disaster, we received several tasks from the National Directorate General for Disaster Management. In this article, we would like to give a review of the results and lessons learned from our tasks 10 years ago. KIVONAT 2010. október 4-én a Magyar Alumínium Termelő és Kereskedelmi Zrt. Ajkai Timföldgyára X. jelű vörösiszap-tározójának gátja átszakadt. Több százezer köbméter lúgos vörösiszap öntötte el Kolontárt, majd tovább haladva a Torna patak völgyében, elárasztotta az útjába kerülő településeket. A katasztrófát követő felmerülő mérnöki kérdések megoldásához az Országos Katasztrófavédelmi Főigazgatóságtól több feladatot is kaptunk. Tíz év távlatában ezen feladataink eredményeiről és, tanulságairól számolunk be ebben a cikkben.

Research paper thumbnail of Properties of red-mud-based geopolymers in the light of their chemical composition

Journal of Physics: Conference Series

Utilizing industrial waste materials such as red mud as alternatives to high emissions of CO2 mat... more Utilizing industrial waste materials such as red mud as alternatives to high emissions of CO2 materials such as Portland cement will help to produce integrated sustainable construction materials. Statistical analysis has been performed on the major oxides of red mud to understand the relationship between chemical composition and properties (e.g., workability, setting time, compressive strength, etc.) of red mud-based geopolymer composite. Therefore, red mud can be a suitable binder by blending with other geopolymer source materials to achieve the desired fresh and mechanical properties. Moreover, a proposed equation has been derived on the basis of the outcomes from the literature to determine the required extra water that can compensate for the workability loss due to red mud addition.

Research paper thumbnail of Microstructural characterization of cement-bound materials influenced by the inclusion of Graphene Oxide (GO) – state of the art

Journal of physics, Jul 1, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Preliminarily Experiments of Liquid Scintillation Cocktail Waste Solidification

Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering

Liquid scintillation spectroscopy (LSC) is a widely used laboratory method for measuring radioact... more Liquid scintillation spectroscopy (LSC) is a widely used laboratory method for measuring radioactive especially low-energy alpha and beta emitter isotopes in solutions. Since the scintillation cocktails (SCs) contain large amounts of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds after the LSC measurement, the sample usually becomes organic radioactive waste, which is challenging to manage and dispose of. The most common and effective waste treatment method is incineration, a costly and cumbersome solution. Another simpler and less expensive way is the immobilization the organic liquids by embedding in cement or geopolymer matrix.The aim of our experiments is to find a universal mix design to solidify and immobilize scintillation cocktail wastes (SCWs) of unknown composition. During the measurement, we assumed that the SCWs could contain Ultima Gold, Ultima Gold LLT, InstaGel Plus and ProSafe FC type scintillation cocktails in pure form or mixed with unknown quantities of water. Therefore, we perfo...

Research paper thumbnail of Prediction of the Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete by an Optimised Neural Network Model

Polymers, Mar 31, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Applicability of waste foundry sand stabilization by fly ash geopolymer under ambient curing conditions

Research paper thumbnail of Portlandcementek kötési idejének meghatározása féldiabatikus kalorimetriás módszerrel

Vasbetonépítés/Concrete structures, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Modelling of Modulus of Elasticity of Low-Calcium-Based Geopolymer Concrete Using Regression Analysis

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, May 19, 2022

Despite the unremitting e orts to model the modulus of elasticity of low-calcium-based geopolymer... more Despite the unremitting e orts to model the modulus of elasticity of low-calcium-based geopolymer concrete, the state-of-the-art models need much improvement to reduce the error signals and increase the reliability. is study represents a comprehensive regression analysis to model the modulus of elasticity of low-calcium-based geopolymer concrete in terms of its compressive strength. e proposed model's assumptions are based on taking into account the chemical composition and compressive strength class and considering the normal density of concrete. e modelling is based on 67 di erent mix-design samples collected from peer-reviewed literature, which are divided into two groups. e rst group consists of 59 samples that are used to construct the proposed model, while the second group consists of 8 samples that are used to test the validity of the proposed model. e analysis showed that the proposed model gives the root mean squared error value (RMSE) of 3.122 GPa and the mean absolute percentage error value (MAPE) of 15.0%. erefore, the proposed model gives 41% and 52.2% reductions in RMSE and MAPE, respectively, from the state-of-the-art model in the literature. Furthermore, other statistical parameters to evaluate the goodness of tness of the proposed model have been considered, such as the relative root mean squared error (RRMSE) (15.5%), the coe cient of determination (R-squared) (0.773), and the coe cient of correlation (R) (0.88); all of which indicated that the goodness of tness is good and the proposed model has a high correlation to the actual values. Applying the proposed model in future applications will help reduce the time and cost of geopolymer production, as the proposed model has signi cantly reduced the error signals.

Research paper thumbnail of Geopolimer kutatások a BME-n: Geopolymer research at the BME

Research paper thumbnail of The effect of supplementary cementitious materials on transport properties of cementitious materials - state-of-the-art

Vasbetonépítés, 2021

The supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) have recognized many of the beneficial influences... more The supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) have recognized many of the beneficial influences on concrete ability to resist the penetration of chloride ions, such as fly ash, slag, silica fume, metakaolin, and other natural pozzolans; this benefit has primarily been ascribed to the refined pore structure that results from the appropriate use of SCMs, which, in turn, results in reduced permeability and ionic diffusivity. The paper illustrates the state-of-the-art research findings on; (1) the classification of the SCMs and physicochemical properties; (2) the influences of SCMs on cement binder and the pore structure under chloride ion permeability; (3) the influences of the SCMs on the carbonation process of the cement binder that aims to determine the optimum relationship between SCMs and concrete transport properties. The interesting experimental investigations of the combined influence of chloride and carbonate permeation in cement binder that implement the latest methods in different curing conditions, types, and level contents of the SCMs will yield new scientific results and proposals for the industrial applications auxiliary materials.

Research paper thumbnail of A CEM I 42,5 N portland cement EN 196-3 szabvány szerinti kötési idejének és hidratációs hőfejlődésének összehasonlító vizsgálata

Research paper thumbnail of Használati élettartam becslési lehetősége kloridionok behatolása esetén

Research paper thumbnail of Utilizing residual red mud by geopolymerization process – From an expansive soil to a rock-like material

Cleaner engineering and technology, Jun 1, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of GGBS additive on chloride ion binding of cements

CRC Press eBooks, May 7, 2008

This paper deals with our test results on hardened and afterwards salt-treated cements modelling ... more This paper deals with our test results on hardened and afterwards salt-treated cements modelling the influence of de-icing salt. Hydration both of naturally hardened and steam-cured cements were investigated as well as their chloride ion binding mechanisms by thermal tests and X-ray diffraction. The series of samples were cements with different amount of ground granulated slag (CEM I 42.5 N, CEM II/A 32.5 R, CEM III/A 32.5 N and CEM III/B 32.5 N-S). The chloride ion binding mechanism of ground granulated blast-furnace slag without cement clinker content was also studied. The formation of Friedel's salt and delayed ettringite increased between the ages 90 to 180 days. Test results indicated that steam cured cements can bind higher amount of chloride ions than naturally hardened ones. Chloride ion binding ability of tested cements in decreasing sequence was the following: (1) CEM III/B 32.5 N-S; (2) CEM III/A 32.5 N, (3) CEM II/B-S 32.5 R; (4) CEM I 42.5 N. It was also experimentally shown that ground granulated blast furnace slag itself is able to bind chloride ions.

Research paper thumbnail of Applicability of Waste Foundry Sand Stabilization with Fly Ash Geopolymer Under Ambient Curing Conditions

Research paper thumbnail of Condition assessment of a highly porous limestone fortress: damage categories and structural integrity

EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Apr 1, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Self-compacting concrete produced with limestone waste

IOP conference series, Nov 27, 2018

The aim of the research was to design powder type self-compacting concrete containing high amount... more The aim of the research was to design powder type self-compacting concrete containing high amount of limestone quarry waste as aggregate and fines. The light colour aggregate mixed with white cement resulted in esthetical surfaces of exposed concrete for architectural purposes. Large amount waste originated from the limestone mining process requires deposition with further treatment. In our study we tried to replace also the limestone powder fines by the slurry produced during the cut of limestone blocks. Seven recipes were examined during the research: three mixtures of quartz aggregate with different particle size distributions were used as reference mixtures, three mixtures composed of crushed limestone aggregate and one with mixed quartz-limestone composition, respectively. In the recipe of mixed limestone-quartz aggregate dried quarry waste slurry was successfully applied instead of direct ground limestone powder. In the research different test methods were used to determine the fresh properties as well as the hardened properties of concretes.

Research paper thumbnail of The Obstacles to a Broader Application of Alkali-Activated Binders as a Sustainable Alternative—A Review

Materials, Apr 15, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of different types of SCMs on microstructure and macroscopic properties of cementitious materials

Journal of physics, Jul 1, 2022

In our study, the influence of different supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as meta... more In our study, the influence of different supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as metakaolins, silica fume (microsilica) or filtered coal fly ash on the performance of concrete is discussed. The effects of different types and dosages of the SCMs have been investigated. Centrilit NC (MK1) and Metaver N (mk2) type metakaolins, Microsit® 20 (MS) type filtered coal fly ash or Centrilit Fume SX (SF) silica fume suspension was chosen as the replacement for the CEM I 42.5 N-SR0 sulphate resistant Portland cement. In addition to the two-component mixtures, we also examined the behaviour of the ternary blends, i.e. the combinations of SCMs. For the experiments, mortar prisms and cylindrical mortar specimens were prepared with water to binder ratio of 0.4. The paper presents the test results performed up to two years. The compressive strengths of the mixtures were examined. The most critical property of the cement-bound materials, the chloride migration coefficient of each mixture, was determined. The microstructure of the mixtures was determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry at the age of one year. Our results indicated (i) the best compressive strength was achieved for MK2 and for MK1 with combination of SF; (ii) the pore structure is much finer in the case of MK1 mixtures compared with those of MK2 or MS mixtures; (iii) the whole most frequent pore diameter interval falls into the range of medium capillaries only in case of MK1 (10 w%), for other mixtures the large capillaries are present in different extent. The SCMs greatly influence the extent of the enhancement in chloride migration coefficients with age: the less reduction was found for the mixtures of MK1, and the highest reduction was found for mixtures of MS. There is no direct function between the compressive strength, total porosity, specific surface of porosity or chloride migration coefficients.

Research paper thumbnail of The Obstacles to a Broader Application of Alkali-Activated Binders as a Sustainable Alternative—A Review

Materials

This paper aims to raise awareness regarding the obstacles limiting alkali-activated binders’ (AA... more This paper aims to raise awareness regarding the obstacles limiting alkali-activated binders’ (AABs) application as a sustainable solution in the construction industry. Such an evaluation is essential in this industry, which has been introducing a wide range of alternatives to cement binders yet achieved limited utilisation. It has been recognised that technical, environmental, and economic performance should be investigated for the broader adoption of alternative construction materials. Based on this approach, a state-of-the-art review was conducted to identify the key factors to consider when developing AABs. It was identified that AABs’ adverse performance compared to conventional cement-based materials mainly depends on the choice of which precursors and alkali activators to employ and the regionalised practices adopted (i.e., transportation, energy sources, and data on raw materials). In light of the available literature, increasing attention to incorporating alternative alkali...

Research paper thumbnail of 10 év távlatában: vörösiszap katasztrófa Kolontáron: In the perspective of 10 years: red mud disaster in Kolontár

On October 4, 2010, the red mud storage barrier X. of the Ajkai Alumina Factory of MAL Hungarian ... more On October 4, 2010, the red mud storage barrier X. of the Ajkai Alumina Factory of MAL Hungarian Aluminium Production and Trade Company. Hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of alkaline red mud flooded the closest village, Kolontár, then, moving on in the valley of the Torna stream, flooded the villages that got in its way. In order to solve the engineering issues that arose after the disaster, we received several tasks from the National Directorate General for Disaster Management. In this article, we would like to give a review of the results and lessons learned from our tasks 10 years ago. KIVONAT 2010. október 4-én a Magyar Alumínium Termelő és Kereskedelmi Zrt. Ajkai Timföldgyára X. jelű vörösiszap-tározójának gátja átszakadt. Több százezer köbméter lúgos vörösiszap öntötte el Kolontárt, majd tovább haladva a Torna patak völgyében, elárasztotta az útjába kerülő településeket. A katasztrófát követő felmerülő mérnöki kérdések megoldásához az Országos Katasztrófavédelmi Főigazgatóságtól több feladatot is kaptunk. Tíz év távlatában ezen feladataink eredményeiről és, tanulságairól számolunk be ebben a cikkben.

Research paper thumbnail of Properties of red-mud-based geopolymers in the light of their chemical composition

Journal of Physics: Conference Series

Utilizing industrial waste materials such as red mud as alternatives to high emissions of CO2 mat... more Utilizing industrial waste materials such as red mud as alternatives to high emissions of CO2 materials such as Portland cement will help to produce integrated sustainable construction materials. Statistical analysis has been performed on the major oxides of red mud to understand the relationship between chemical composition and properties (e.g., workability, setting time, compressive strength, etc.) of red mud-based geopolymer composite. Therefore, red mud can be a suitable binder by blending with other geopolymer source materials to achieve the desired fresh and mechanical properties. Moreover, a proposed equation has been derived on the basis of the outcomes from the literature to determine the required extra water that can compensate for the workability loss due to red mud addition.

Research paper thumbnail of Microstructural characterization of cement-bound materials influenced by the inclusion of Graphene Oxide (GO) – state of the art

Journal of physics, Jul 1, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Preliminarily Experiments of Liquid Scintillation Cocktail Waste Solidification

Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering

Liquid scintillation spectroscopy (LSC) is a widely used laboratory method for measuring radioact... more Liquid scintillation spectroscopy (LSC) is a widely used laboratory method for measuring radioactive especially low-energy alpha and beta emitter isotopes in solutions. Since the scintillation cocktails (SCs) contain large amounts of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds after the LSC measurement, the sample usually becomes organic radioactive waste, which is challenging to manage and dispose of. The most common and effective waste treatment method is incineration, a costly and cumbersome solution. Another simpler and less expensive way is the immobilization the organic liquids by embedding in cement or geopolymer matrix.The aim of our experiments is to find a universal mix design to solidify and immobilize scintillation cocktail wastes (SCWs) of unknown composition. During the measurement, we assumed that the SCWs could contain Ultima Gold, Ultima Gold LLT, InstaGel Plus and ProSafe FC type scintillation cocktails in pure form or mixed with unknown quantities of water. Therefore, we perfo...

Research paper thumbnail of Prediction of the Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete by an Optimised Neural Network Model

Polymers, Mar 31, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY