Khem Raj - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Khem Raj

Research paper thumbnail of P016 Selected trans-Himalayan medicinal plants and their nano-particles express potent antifungal and antibiofilm activity against Candida auris and Candida glabarata

Medical Mycology

Poster session 1, September 21, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Normal microbiota turned opportunistic p... more Poster session 1, September 21, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Normal microbiota turned opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata and pathogenic Candida auris are becoming major health concerns globally. Antimicrobial resistance is growing gradually now, even the newer antibiotics alone are not able to completely irradicate the resistant microorganisms. This dire situation reflects the need to have an alternative regime, especially with a diverse range of applicability. Nanoparticles synthesized from medicinal plants are emerging as potent antifungal agents to battle against fungal pathogens with unique antimicrobial properties. Secondary metabolites obtained from the herbs like alkaloids, carbohydrates, esters, flavonoids, glycosides, lignin, phenol, steroids, tannin, etc are robust therapeutic and immune-modulator compounds. The selected herbs (Aconitum heterophyllum, Allium ursinum, Paris polyphylla, Podophyllum hexandrum, Rheum austral, and Selenium vaginatum) in this study have a diver...

Research paper thumbnail of P013 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Trillium govanianum and its antifungal potential against Candida auris

Medical Mycology

Poster session 1, September 21, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Objective This study aimed to evaluate... more Poster session 1, September 21, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Objective This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal and anti-biofilm activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Trillium govanianum, a trans-Himalayan medicinal plant extract, against multidrug-resistant Candida auris. Methods Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by adopting a green approach. Optimization and characterization of TG-AgNPs were carried out using UV-VIS spectroscopy, TEM, and FTIR. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), and antibiofilm activity of the crude extract, as well as TG-nanoparticles, were evaluated. Furthermore, their effect on cell morphology and cell permeability was also analyzed using FESEM. Results Crude extracts of roots of T. govanianum exerted remarkable antifungal activity against multiple strains of Candida auris. The incorporation of silver nanoparticles to plant extract significantly improved the antifungal and antibiofilm acti...

Research paper thumbnail of Possible Contribution of Alternative Transcript Isoforms in Mature Biofilm Growth Phase of Candida glabrata

Indian Journal of Microbiology

Research paper thumbnail of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: An Introduction

International Journal of Research in Commerce, Economics and Management, 2016

Alleviation of poverty remains a major challenge before the Government. In the Indian context, ru... more Alleviation of poverty remains a major challenge before the Government. In the Indian context, rural development assumes greater significance as 72.22 per cent (according to the 2001 census) of its population still live in rural areas. Most of the people living in rural areas draw their livelihood from agriculture and allied sectors (60.41% of total work force), and poverty mostly persists here (25.7 % in 2011-12). India's anti-poverty strategy comprises of a wide range of poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes, many of which have been in operation for several years and have been strengthened to generate more employment, create assets, impart technical and entrepreneurial skills and raise the income level of poor. The most significant rural development initiative of the Eleventh Plan period was the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Over the last seven years, MGNREGA has delivered the largest employment programme in human history, which is unlike any other in its scale, architecture and thrust. Its bottom up, people-centered, demand driven, self-selecting, right-based design is new and unprecedented. Since its inception MGNREGA has generated 15,575 crore person-days of employment upto December, 2013. From the financial year 2006-07 upto financial year 2013-14 (upto December 2013), over Rs.1, 55,000crore has been spent on wages. The scheme's notified wages have increased across all states since 2006. The average wage earned per beneficiary has risen from Rs.65 per person per day to Rs.124 by 2013.

Research paper thumbnail of Procede et systeme d'optimisation d'un code de temps de liaison sans analyse de code supplementaire

L'invention concerne un systeme d'optimisation de code, comprenant un analyseur d'opt... more L'invention concerne un systeme d'optimisation de code, comprenant un analyseur d'optimisation dans un compilateur servant a generer une premiere transformation d'optimisation et une seconde transformation d'optimisation, ainsi que leurs conditions de satisfaction d'un code compile. Un module de transformation d'optimisation est place dans un dispositif de liaison pour determiner laquelle de la premiere et de la seconde transformation d'optimisation doit etre selectionnee lorsque le code compile est lie a d'autres codes compiles, et pour executer la transformation d'optimisation selectionnee au moment de la liaison. L'invention concerne egalement un procede d'optimisation de code.

Research paper thumbnail of Potential of 1-(1-napthylmethyl)-piperazine, an efflux pump inhibitor against cadmium-induced multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi as an adjunct to antibiotics

Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2021

This study was focused on elucidating inhibition of antibiotic efflux mechanism of cadmium adapte... more This study was focused on elucidating inhibition of antibiotic efflux mechanism of cadmium adapted (CdA) Salmonella Typhi Ty2 cells. Herein, upregulated expression of efflux genes (acrB, tolC) and their regulators (soxS, marA) was observed in CdA Ty2 cells by qRT-PCR. The pathogen further elevated the expression of these genes even in the presence of three efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), i.e., Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide, 1-(1-naphthyl-methyl)piperazine, and 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4naphthoquinone, perhaps by sensing the pressure of the latter in addition to cadmium stress. Interaction of different EPIs with efflux pumps of CdA Ty2 cells was confirmed using ethidium bromide (EtBr) accumulation and efflux assay. All the EPIs could cause retention of EtBr which was indicated by increased fluorescence units. Considering this potential of EPIs, retention of antibiotics was evaluated in CdA Ty2 cells wherein EPIs were used in combination with selected antibiotics (instead of EtBr). A decrease in the effective concentration of antibiotics was observed. This was further validated using the clinical isolates. The data revealed the efficiency of EPIs as they could inhibit the efflux potential of even the overexpressed efflux pumps. Thus, combination of EPI(s)-antibiotics may be exploited in future as one of the strategies for combating metal induced antibiotic resistance.

Research paper thumbnail of Method and system for performing link-time code optimization without additional code analysis

Research paper thumbnail of Tick Fauna of Bovine, canine and caprine of kathmandu valley, Nepal

Research paper thumbnail of Metagenomic profile of the microbial populations associated with the spotted fever group rickettsia infected Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum)

Ticks harbor enormous microbial diversity but little is known about the microbial population dyna... more Ticks harbor enormous microbial diversity but little is known about the microbial population dynamics and their potential impact on pathogen transmission. In this study, the Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia infection was identified in partially blood-fed Amblyomma maculatum by PCR amplification of the outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene followed by DNA sequencing. The nucleotide sequence similarity of the PCR amplicons revealed homology with Rickettsia parkeri, R. amblyommii and Rickettsia endosymbiont of Amblyomma maculatum. The sole detection of R. parkeri in salivary glands suggests it can pass through the hemocoel, colonize salivary gland and be transmitted to host via salivary secretions. R. parkeri was quantified by probe based amplification of ompB gene with qPCR from SFGR-infected A. maculatum tissues and was found to vary widely in ompB copy number between tick midgut and salivary gland tissues. The presence of R. parkeri was further confirmed by immunoblotting with a polycl...

Research paper thumbnail of Panchayati Raj in Himachal Pradesh: An Introduction

international journal of research in computer application & management, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of P016 Selected trans-Himalayan medicinal plants and their nano-particles express potent antifungal and antibiofilm activity against Candida auris and Candida glabarata

Medical Mycology

Poster session 1, September 21, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Normal microbiota turned opportunistic p... more Poster session 1, September 21, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Normal microbiota turned opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata and pathogenic Candida auris are becoming major health concerns globally. Antimicrobial resistance is growing gradually now, even the newer antibiotics alone are not able to completely irradicate the resistant microorganisms. This dire situation reflects the need to have an alternative regime, especially with a diverse range of applicability. Nanoparticles synthesized from medicinal plants are emerging as potent antifungal agents to battle against fungal pathogens with unique antimicrobial properties. Secondary metabolites obtained from the herbs like alkaloids, carbohydrates, esters, flavonoids, glycosides, lignin, phenol, steroids, tannin, etc are robust therapeutic and immune-modulator compounds. The selected herbs (Aconitum heterophyllum, Allium ursinum, Paris polyphylla, Podophyllum hexandrum, Rheum austral, and Selenium vaginatum) in this study have a diver...

Research paper thumbnail of P013 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Trillium govanianum and its antifungal potential against Candida auris

Medical Mycology

Poster session 1, September 21, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Objective This study aimed to evaluate... more Poster session 1, September 21, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Objective This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal and anti-biofilm activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Trillium govanianum, a trans-Himalayan medicinal plant extract, against multidrug-resistant Candida auris. Methods Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by adopting a green approach. Optimization and characterization of TG-AgNPs were carried out using UV-VIS spectroscopy, TEM, and FTIR. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), and antibiofilm activity of the crude extract, as well as TG-nanoparticles, were evaluated. Furthermore, their effect on cell morphology and cell permeability was also analyzed using FESEM. Results Crude extracts of roots of T. govanianum exerted remarkable antifungal activity against multiple strains of Candida auris. The incorporation of silver nanoparticles to plant extract significantly improved the antifungal and antibiofilm acti...

Research paper thumbnail of Possible Contribution of Alternative Transcript Isoforms in Mature Biofilm Growth Phase of Candida glabrata

Indian Journal of Microbiology

Research paper thumbnail of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: An Introduction

International Journal of Research in Commerce, Economics and Management, 2016

Alleviation of poverty remains a major challenge before the Government. In the Indian context, ru... more Alleviation of poverty remains a major challenge before the Government. In the Indian context, rural development assumes greater significance as 72.22 per cent (according to the 2001 census) of its population still live in rural areas. Most of the people living in rural areas draw their livelihood from agriculture and allied sectors (60.41% of total work force), and poverty mostly persists here (25.7 % in 2011-12). India's anti-poverty strategy comprises of a wide range of poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes, many of which have been in operation for several years and have been strengthened to generate more employment, create assets, impart technical and entrepreneurial skills and raise the income level of poor. The most significant rural development initiative of the Eleventh Plan period was the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Over the last seven years, MGNREGA has delivered the largest employment programme in human history, which is unlike any other in its scale, architecture and thrust. Its bottom up, people-centered, demand driven, self-selecting, right-based design is new and unprecedented. Since its inception MGNREGA has generated 15,575 crore person-days of employment upto December, 2013. From the financial year 2006-07 upto financial year 2013-14 (upto December 2013), over Rs.1, 55,000crore has been spent on wages. The scheme's notified wages have increased across all states since 2006. The average wage earned per beneficiary has risen from Rs.65 per person per day to Rs.124 by 2013.

Research paper thumbnail of Procede et systeme d'optimisation d'un code de temps de liaison sans analyse de code supplementaire

L'invention concerne un systeme d'optimisation de code, comprenant un analyseur d'opt... more L'invention concerne un systeme d'optimisation de code, comprenant un analyseur d'optimisation dans un compilateur servant a generer une premiere transformation d'optimisation et une seconde transformation d'optimisation, ainsi que leurs conditions de satisfaction d'un code compile. Un module de transformation d'optimisation est place dans un dispositif de liaison pour determiner laquelle de la premiere et de la seconde transformation d'optimisation doit etre selectionnee lorsque le code compile est lie a d'autres codes compiles, et pour executer la transformation d'optimisation selectionnee au moment de la liaison. L'invention concerne egalement un procede d'optimisation de code.

Research paper thumbnail of Potential of 1-(1-napthylmethyl)-piperazine, an efflux pump inhibitor against cadmium-induced multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi as an adjunct to antibiotics

Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2021

This study was focused on elucidating inhibition of antibiotic efflux mechanism of cadmium adapte... more This study was focused on elucidating inhibition of antibiotic efflux mechanism of cadmium adapted (CdA) Salmonella Typhi Ty2 cells. Herein, upregulated expression of efflux genes (acrB, tolC) and their regulators (soxS, marA) was observed in CdA Ty2 cells by qRT-PCR. The pathogen further elevated the expression of these genes even in the presence of three efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), i.e., Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide, 1-(1-naphthyl-methyl)piperazine, and 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4naphthoquinone, perhaps by sensing the pressure of the latter in addition to cadmium stress. Interaction of different EPIs with efflux pumps of CdA Ty2 cells was confirmed using ethidium bromide (EtBr) accumulation and efflux assay. All the EPIs could cause retention of EtBr which was indicated by increased fluorescence units. Considering this potential of EPIs, retention of antibiotics was evaluated in CdA Ty2 cells wherein EPIs were used in combination with selected antibiotics (instead of EtBr). A decrease in the effective concentration of antibiotics was observed. This was further validated using the clinical isolates. The data revealed the efficiency of EPIs as they could inhibit the efflux potential of even the overexpressed efflux pumps. Thus, combination of EPI(s)-antibiotics may be exploited in future as one of the strategies for combating metal induced antibiotic resistance.

Research paper thumbnail of Method and system for performing link-time code optimization without additional code analysis

Research paper thumbnail of Tick Fauna of Bovine, canine and caprine of kathmandu valley, Nepal

Research paper thumbnail of Metagenomic profile of the microbial populations associated with the spotted fever group rickettsia infected Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum)

Ticks harbor enormous microbial diversity but little is known about the microbial population dyna... more Ticks harbor enormous microbial diversity but little is known about the microbial population dynamics and their potential impact on pathogen transmission. In this study, the Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia infection was identified in partially blood-fed Amblyomma maculatum by PCR amplification of the outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene followed by DNA sequencing. The nucleotide sequence similarity of the PCR amplicons revealed homology with Rickettsia parkeri, R. amblyommii and Rickettsia endosymbiont of Amblyomma maculatum. The sole detection of R. parkeri in salivary glands suggests it can pass through the hemocoel, colonize salivary gland and be transmitted to host via salivary secretions. R. parkeri was quantified by probe based amplification of ompB gene with qPCR from SFGR-infected A. maculatum tissues and was found to vary widely in ompB copy number between tick midgut and salivary gland tissues. The presence of R. parkeri was further confirmed by immunoblotting with a polycl...

Research paper thumbnail of Panchayati Raj in Himachal Pradesh: An Introduction

international journal of research in computer application & management, 2016