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Papers by Khushbu Yadav

International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences

Background: Oral health habits are measures people learn and practice regularly in order to maint... more Background: Oral health habits are measures people learn and practice regularly in order to maintain good oral health or prevent oral diseases. The mouth is an integral part of the body, and there are oral manifestations of many systemic diseases that must be managed in both healthy and medically compromised people. Oral health knowledge is considered to be an essential requirement for health-related practices. A good quality of life is possible if students maintain their oral health and become free of oral disease. Dental caries are increasing in developing countries day by day where preventive programs have not been implemented properly. The level of information on oral health knowledge and practices among medical students is unidentified and worthy of investigation in Nepal, and this study aimed at assessing the level of knowledge, attitude and practices on dental caries and oral hygiene among medical students studying at Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Janakpurdham. Me...

Tuberculosis is an infectious airborne disease which has subsisted for millennia and remains a fo... more Tuberculosis is an infectious airborne disease which has subsisted for millennia and remains a foremost worldwide health problem due to persistence in aging populations. It causes ill-health in millions of people each year and one of the top 10 causes of death globally. It is the solitary chief killer of all the infectious disease agents and killing 4,900 people each day, more than HIV. M. tuberculosis is the major cause of TB and is transmitted through inhalation of aerosolized droplets and chiefly attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. The disease excessively affects the poorest persons in both high-income and developing countries. The Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 with one of the targets is to end the global TB epidemic. But, the relapse and spread of the disease contributes to the emergence of drug resistant and multidrug resistant TB which is increasing throughout the world, is of great concern. The ris...

MedS Alliance Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences

INTRODUCTION: Quality and balanced diet becomes very crucial to the health of woman during and af... more INTRODUCTION: Quality and balanced diet becomes very crucial to the health of woman during and after pregnancy. Therefore, the study was focused on the nutritional behaviour and dietary pattern of women during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cluster random sampling was adopted. Total 336 pregnant women were selected, out of which 224 were pregnant women (cases) and 112 were non-pregnant healthy women (controls). Maternal demographics information was collected by a structured questionnaire. Data was entered into MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Chi-square test was used. The p-value (p< 0.05) was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Among pregnant women, 27.23%, 32.58%, 30.95% and 9.82% women consumed meat daily, twice per week, once per week and none respectively while among non-pregnant women the consumption of meat was 25.89%, 50.89%, 17.85% and 5.35% respectively. The association of consuming meat twice per week and fish among pregnant and non-pregnant w...

The main objective of study was to investigate different biochemical properties of the germinated... more The main objective of study was to investigate different biochemical properties of the germinated Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) seeds regarding amylases and starch metabolism in seeds which could be used as a promising functional food for health promotion, prevention and treatment of various human diseases, and could also be helpful in improving the development of active components for functional food products and pharmaceuticals for the drug discovery. Biochemical analysis for total amylase, alpha and beta amylase activities was measured by the standard method designed by Bernfeld (1955). Quantification of total proteins was done by performing Lowry's Method (1950). PAGE was performed as described by Laemmli (1970). The seeds of buckwheat showed the high level of amylolytic activity during different stages of germination. The total amylase, alpha and beta amylase activity were expressed as units per ml. The amylase activity starts increasing and becomes a maximum of 96 hours...

Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology

Objectives: The objective of this study was designed to focus the prevalence, detection and ident... more Objectives: The objective of this study was designed to focus the prevalence, detection and identification of intestinal parasites and its associated factors among pregnant women. Methods: Total 264 stool samples were collected in a labeled dry, clean disinfectant free wide mouthed plastic container during antenatal visits at Ram Janaki Hospital, Janakpurdham and were examined by macroscopically and microscopically. The detection and identification of protozoal cysts, oocysts, trophozoites and helminthic eggs or larva was done by wet preparation and formalether sedimentation concentration technique. The data was analysed using SPSS 20 version and Microsoft Excel 2007. A Chi-square test was performed to predict the parasite detection using predictor variables. The p-values <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among pregnant women was 42%. There was positive association of symptoms of intestinal parasitosis among pregnant women (p &...

Due to the high nutritive and medicinal value, common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) has engros... more Due to the high nutritive and medicinal value, common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) has engrossed increasing attention from food scientists, medical scientists and pharmaceutical industries for its therapeutic effects over chronic diseases. Common Buckwheat popularly known as mithe fapar is one of the staple food crops of the mountain region. The germinated seeds or sprouts are nutritionally superior to their original seeds with higher levels of nutrients, lower amounts of compounds that interfere with the absorption of nutrients and increased protein and starch digestibility. Starch metabolism in developing as well as geminating seeds and experiments with animal models have demonstrated that buckwheat and its nutrients inside may alleviate diabetes, obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, constipation, bowel upsets, obesity and several other diseases. In recent years, buckwheat has regained interest as an alternative crop for organic cultivation a...

Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016

Dental caries, a chronic disease is unique among human and is one of the most common important gl... more Dental caries, a chronic disease is unique among human and is one of the most common important global oral health problems in the world today. It is the destruction of dental hard acellular tissue by acidic by-products from the bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates especially sucrose. It progresses slowly in most of the people which results from an ecological imbalance in the equilibrium between tooth minerals and oral biofilms which is characterised by microbial activity, resulting in fluctuations in plaque pH due to bacterial acid production, buffering action from saliva and the surrounding tooth structure. The microbial community of caries is diverse and contains many facultatively and obligately-anaerobic bacteria. S. mutans is the most primary associated with it. Dental caries can affect the human in various ways i.e. presence of tooth pain, infection or dysfunction of the stomatognathic system can limit the necessary ingestion of energetic foods, affecting the growth...

International journal of biomedical research, 2016

Background and Objectives: Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy which is a life thr... more Background and Objectives: Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy which is a life threatening disease among young premenopausal women affecting their sexuality, femininity, body image, and maternal issues following mastectomy may lead the women to face psychiatric co-morbidity.Methods: The data was collected from hospital records, patients documents and annual reports which were verified with respective authorities. Collected data was analyzed by using SPSS 17.0 and was considered statistically significant at p-value ? 0.05. The adjusted Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence Interval (CI) was also estimated.Results: The risk of developing breast cancer differed significantly by ABO blood type in each of the two cohorts (p = 0.97) and this association between blood group and breast cancer risk was highly similar between the two independent populations. The adjusted risks of breast cancer associated with blood groups A, B, and AB were insignificant with risk factors for the ...

Background and objectives: Accurate measurement of Blood Pressure (BP) is crucial to the diagnosi... more Background and objectives: Accurate measurement of Blood Pressure (BP) is crucial to the diagnosis and management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Weight gain and higher Body Mass Index (BMI) is believed to increase maternal risk during pregnancy. Therefore, the present study was designed to measure the Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) among pregnant women and its association with BMI and age in Southern Nepal.

The diversity of the microbial world and the specific activities of antimicrobial agents virtuall... more The diversity of the microbial world and the specific activities of antimicrobial agents virtually ensures widespread resistance among bacteria. The current global threat of antimicrobial resistance has encouraged taking action in integrating research and public health in maintaining and promoting the national and international antimicrobial resistance research community. Infectious diseases still account for 45% of deaths in low-income countries and for almost one in two premature deaths worldwide. Most of these deaths (about 90%) are due to no more than six diseases: acute respiratory infections (mainly pneumonia), diarrhoeal disease, HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria and measles. Relaunching antimicrobial drug discovery and development should be a global priority. So, this review article spectaculates the advances in current situation of antimicrobial resistance based on the basis of theoretical and experimental researches done in medical sciences and pharmaceutical sciences. Promoting research and development of novel antimicrobial drugs needs to address the issue of the challenging commercial model and approaches with therapeutic strategies to resolve public health needs with an attractive economic model for the pharmaceutical industry to embark on global threat of antimicrobial resistance.

Background: Blumeae balsamifera (Sambong) is an ancient medicinal herb with a rich constituents o... more Background: Blumeae balsamifera (Sambong) is an ancient medicinal herb with a rich constituents of essential oils and widely used in the Philippines for a long period of time before the introduction of modern medicine for the treatment of septic wounds and other infections. The dominance of commercially manufactured products is increasing day by day due to the rapid development and progress. Drugs are first and foremost need to cure ailments and different diseases for human beings. Almost all the country has always been dependent on highly priced commercial drugs giving little chance for the utilization of locally grown medicinal herbs and plants. Therefore, the present study was focussed to determine the effect of Blumea balsamifera on wound healing as an alternative to expensive medicine such as betadine. Methods: The descriptive method was used to find out the active constituents of the Sambong leaves through phytochemical screening whereas experimental method was used to determi...

Journal of the Medical Sciences, 2021

Background and Objectives The direct effects of altered maternal glucose metabolism and renal imp... more Background and Objectives The direct effects of altered maternal glucose metabolism and renal impairment from early pregnancy onwards with complications on mother as well as fetal growth and the risks of adverse birth outcomes. It is crucial to understand the biochemical changes to appropriately interpret common laboratory tests for evaluating renal disease and hyperglycemia in women during pregnancy. Thus, the study was focused to estimate the variability in blood glucose and renal functions as well as its association with BMI during pregnancy in Southern Terai of Province No. 2, Nepal. Materials and Methods Fasting blood glucose was determined by enzymatic (GOD/POD) method, Serum Urea by Urease-Bertholet’s Method, Serum creatinine by Jaffe’s Reaction Method, and Uric acid by Uricase method. All the biochemical parameters were analyzed using semi-automatic biochemical analyzer (Humalyzer 3500). Statistical analysis of the collected data was carried out using SPSS version 20. The p-...

period of 55% and those who had symptoms of VVC. Most of the respondents had illiterate and unemp... more period of 55% and those who had symptoms of VVC. Most of the respondents had illiterate and unemployed of high positive cases with 35.95% and 44.94% which was found to be statistically significant (p= 0.001) and insignificant (p= 0.328) respectively. The prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis in the pregnant women was in increasing trend. Therefore, routine medical examination, adequate ante-natal services and appropriate treatment of the infected women should be recommended which can prevent the complications associated with VVC.

Background and Objectives: Epilepsy is a serious and common chronic neurological disorder caused ... more Background and Objectives: Epilepsy is a serious and common chronic neurological disorder caused by abnormal synchronized neuronal discharges. Divalproex is suggested to increase GABA concentration in brain. Both Divalproex and Glimepiride used for long duration indicate for CNS disorder and Diabetes mellitus. The study was conducted to find the influence of Glimepiride on pharmacokinetic and anticonvulsant activity of Divalproex.Methods: Four healthy rabbits of either sex were used to study the effect of Glimepiride on pharmacokinetic parameters of Divalproex. The concentration of Valproic acid (VPA) in serum was estimated by HPLC coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Anticonvulsant activity was studied using Maximal Electroshock (MES) method and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test in healthy albino rats.Results: The serum concentration of VPA was significantly increased after Glimepiride treatment for 7 days. Pharmacokinetic parameters like AUC, AUMC, T1/2 and Cmax of VPA showed si...

Objectives: The microbial community of dental caries with many of the facultatively and obligatel... more Objectives: The microbial community of dental caries with many of the facultatively and obligatelyanaerobic bacteria is diverse and frequencies, pattern, and distributions of resistant bacteria vary significantly with geographic regions and often reflect the usage patterns of antibiotics. Therefore, the present study aims to determine polymicrobial pathogens causing dental caries and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried by following Standard protocols of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology to isolate and identify the organism and further followed by antibiotic susceptibility test of bacterial isolates by disc diffusion method. Results: The incidence rate of dental caries was found to be 62.5% among study population. Streptococcus mutans was most predominant to cause dental caries. All bacteria isolates were found to be most sensitive towards ciprofloxacin followed by other tested a...

Lack of regular surveillance within hospital premises, ineffective monitoring of antimicrobial su... more Lack of regular surveillance within hospital premises, ineffective monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA), lack of formulation of definite antimicrobial policy, ineffective hospital decontamination procedures and unhygienic practices have led to spread of antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains within wards and to the community. The morbidity and the mortality have increased proportionately with the acquisition of antibiotic resistant by MRSA. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of MRSA from upper respiratory tract infection and to find out its antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Nasal swab were collected from OPD and ward patients in a clean, sterile and dry test tube and processed by standard microbiological techniques and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was done by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. MRSA strains were screened by testing with cefoxitin dics having zone of inhibi...

Nursing & Care Open Access Journal

Although nursing is well thought-out as valued and a public service leaning profession but the qu... more Although nursing is well thought-out as valued and a public service leaning profession but the quality of nursing education and future of nurses remains a growing concern with International standards in Nepal. The perspective of nursing educationists reveals the scholastic, academic and practiced loom to understanding advancement in this sector. Nepal has been escalating its branches of nursing education in the Government as well as in private sectors throughout the country since 1990s. But, the development seems not to be so fruitful. The regulatory bodies and legal provisions are not so passionate towards the quality education and commercialization of nursing sector has increased drastically with numerous private nursing colleges which generate increased quantity of nursing professionals with a reduction of prospects for career and employment. The monopolies of private investors in nursing education are everincreasing day by day. The majority competent nurses desire to service in developed countries, such as the UK, North America, Australia and New Zealand due to the ineffective management strategy to hold nursing personnel in Nepal with worldwide standards. The nurse-population ratio low down in similarity to worldwide standards which definitely influences the quality of care in Nepal. There is lack in monitoring and government regulation of international nursing standards in quality education, production of effective nurses and frequently observed social and professional exploitation of nurses in Nepal. Also, nursing guidelines and policy making are not sufficient to flourish this profession. Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore the developing nursing education and examines diverse factors affecting the quality nursing education highlighting different challenges towards nursing profession and nurses in Nepal.

Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriur... more Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women, identify the causative agent responsible for urinary tract infection (UTI) and its antibiotic susceptibility. Methods: The mid-stream urine sample was streaked on the MacConkey agar (MA) and Blood agar (BA) medium by the semi-quantitative culture technique. Identification of significant isolates was done by standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility test of the isolated organisms was done by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: The prevalence rate of asymptomatic urinary tract infection (AUTI) among pregnant women was found to be 42%. The highest number of UTI cases found during pregnancy was in between age 21-25 years (52.22%), in second gravida (51.59%), during 3rd trimester of pregnancy (49.68%) and in winter with 52.22%. E. coli was principal organism to cause AUTI (35.48%) during pregnancy. Amikacin, imipenem and nalidixic ac...

Journal of Infectious Diseases and Diagnosis

Background and objectives: Multidrug-resistant E. coli expressing extended-spectrum β-lactamase p... more Background and objectives: Multidrug-resistant E. coli expressing extended-spectrum β-lactamase pose serious challenges to clinicians for the therapeutic management of clinical cases in urinary tract infection. The ability of beta-lactamase to cause resistance varies with its activity, quantity, cellular location of gram-negative organisms and its permeability of the producer strain. Therefore, this study was focused to determine the dominance of MDR E. coli and evaluation of status of β-lactamase enzyme produced by MDR E. coli. Materials and methods: A total of 321 successive midstream urine samples were processed among suspected cases of urinary tract infection. Standard microbiological techniques were used for isolation and identification of uropathogens. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion technique. The MDR E. coli isolates were screened for ESBL by double disc synergy test and confirmed with combined disc diffusion test. The p-value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The maximum numbers of MDR E. coli isolates were isolated as of female patients with 55.75% than male of 44.24%. Most of the MDR E. coli isolates were isolated from less than 20 years with 30.97% and was dropped in between 40-60 years with 20.35%. The MDR E. coli isolates in association with gender and age group was found to be statistically insignificant (p=0.310). Among 69 suspected ESBL E. coli isolates, 62.31% were confirmed as ESBL producer. Conclusion: E. coli isolates showed shocking rate of drug resistance to the frequently prescribed drugs. The high rate of ESBL-producing MDR E. coli was also observed. There is an increasing need for periodic monitoring of drug susceptibility pattern to prevent the spread and development of antimicrobial resistant strains and ESBL producers.

International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences

Background: Oral health habits are measures people learn and practice regularly in order to maint... more Background: Oral health habits are measures people learn and practice regularly in order to maintain good oral health or prevent oral diseases. The mouth is an integral part of the body, and there are oral manifestations of many systemic diseases that must be managed in both healthy and medically compromised people. Oral health knowledge is considered to be an essential requirement for health-related practices. A good quality of life is possible if students maintain their oral health and become free of oral disease. Dental caries are increasing in developing countries day by day where preventive programs have not been implemented properly. The level of information on oral health knowledge and practices among medical students is unidentified and worthy of investigation in Nepal, and this study aimed at assessing the level of knowledge, attitude and practices on dental caries and oral hygiene among medical students studying at Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Janakpurdham. Me...

Tuberculosis is an infectious airborne disease which has subsisted for millennia and remains a fo... more Tuberculosis is an infectious airborne disease which has subsisted for millennia and remains a foremost worldwide health problem due to persistence in aging populations. It causes ill-health in millions of people each year and one of the top 10 causes of death globally. It is the solitary chief killer of all the infectious disease agents and killing 4,900 people each day, more than HIV. M. tuberculosis is the major cause of TB and is transmitted through inhalation of aerosolized droplets and chiefly attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. The disease excessively affects the poorest persons in both high-income and developing countries. The Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 with one of the targets is to end the global TB epidemic. But, the relapse and spread of the disease contributes to the emergence of drug resistant and multidrug resistant TB which is increasing throughout the world, is of great concern. The ris...

MedS Alliance Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences

INTRODUCTION: Quality and balanced diet becomes very crucial to the health of woman during and af... more INTRODUCTION: Quality and balanced diet becomes very crucial to the health of woman during and after pregnancy. Therefore, the study was focused on the nutritional behaviour and dietary pattern of women during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cluster random sampling was adopted. Total 336 pregnant women were selected, out of which 224 were pregnant women (cases) and 112 were non-pregnant healthy women (controls). Maternal demographics information was collected by a structured questionnaire. Data was entered into MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Chi-square test was used. The p-value (p< 0.05) was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Among pregnant women, 27.23%, 32.58%, 30.95% and 9.82% women consumed meat daily, twice per week, once per week and none respectively while among non-pregnant women the consumption of meat was 25.89%, 50.89%, 17.85% and 5.35% respectively. The association of consuming meat twice per week and fish among pregnant and non-pregnant w...

The main objective of study was to investigate different biochemical properties of the germinated... more The main objective of study was to investigate different biochemical properties of the germinated Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) seeds regarding amylases and starch metabolism in seeds which could be used as a promising functional food for health promotion, prevention and treatment of various human diseases, and could also be helpful in improving the development of active components for functional food products and pharmaceuticals for the drug discovery. Biochemical analysis for total amylase, alpha and beta amylase activities was measured by the standard method designed by Bernfeld (1955). Quantification of total proteins was done by performing Lowry's Method (1950). PAGE was performed as described by Laemmli (1970). The seeds of buckwheat showed the high level of amylolytic activity during different stages of germination. The total amylase, alpha and beta amylase activity were expressed as units per ml. The amylase activity starts increasing and becomes a maximum of 96 hours...

Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology

Objectives: The objective of this study was designed to focus the prevalence, detection and ident... more Objectives: The objective of this study was designed to focus the prevalence, detection and identification of intestinal parasites and its associated factors among pregnant women. Methods: Total 264 stool samples were collected in a labeled dry, clean disinfectant free wide mouthed plastic container during antenatal visits at Ram Janaki Hospital, Janakpurdham and were examined by macroscopically and microscopically. The detection and identification of protozoal cysts, oocysts, trophozoites and helminthic eggs or larva was done by wet preparation and formalether sedimentation concentration technique. The data was analysed using SPSS 20 version and Microsoft Excel 2007. A Chi-square test was performed to predict the parasite detection using predictor variables. The p-values <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among pregnant women was 42%. There was positive association of symptoms of intestinal parasitosis among pregnant women (p &...

Due to the high nutritive and medicinal value, common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) has engros... more Due to the high nutritive and medicinal value, common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) has engrossed increasing attention from food scientists, medical scientists and pharmaceutical industries for its therapeutic effects over chronic diseases. Common Buckwheat popularly known as mithe fapar is one of the staple food crops of the mountain region. The germinated seeds or sprouts are nutritionally superior to their original seeds with higher levels of nutrients, lower amounts of compounds that interfere with the absorption of nutrients and increased protein and starch digestibility. Starch metabolism in developing as well as geminating seeds and experiments with animal models have demonstrated that buckwheat and its nutrients inside may alleviate diabetes, obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, constipation, bowel upsets, obesity and several other diseases. In recent years, buckwheat has regained interest as an alternative crop for organic cultivation a...

Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016

Dental caries, a chronic disease is unique among human and is one of the most common important gl... more Dental caries, a chronic disease is unique among human and is one of the most common important global oral health problems in the world today. It is the destruction of dental hard acellular tissue by acidic by-products from the bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates especially sucrose. It progresses slowly in most of the people which results from an ecological imbalance in the equilibrium between tooth minerals and oral biofilms which is characterised by microbial activity, resulting in fluctuations in plaque pH due to bacterial acid production, buffering action from saliva and the surrounding tooth structure. The microbial community of caries is diverse and contains many facultatively and obligately-anaerobic bacteria. S. mutans is the most primary associated with it. Dental caries can affect the human in various ways i.e. presence of tooth pain, infection or dysfunction of the stomatognathic system can limit the necessary ingestion of energetic foods, affecting the growth...

International journal of biomedical research, 2016

Background and Objectives: Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy which is a life thr... more Background and Objectives: Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy which is a life threatening disease among young premenopausal women affecting their sexuality, femininity, body image, and maternal issues following mastectomy may lead the women to face psychiatric co-morbidity.Methods: The data was collected from hospital records, patients documents and annual reports which were verified with respective authorities. Collected data was analyzed by using SPSS 17.0 and was considered statistically significant at p-value ? 0.05. The adjusted Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence Interval (CI) was also estimated.Results: The risk of developing breast cancer differed significantly by ABO blood type in each of the two cohorts (p = 0.97) and this association between blood group and breast cancer risk was highly similar between the two independent populations. The adjusted risks of breast cancer associated with blood groups A, B, and AB were insignificant with risk factors for the ...

Background and objectives: Accurate measurement of Blood Pressure (BP) is crucial to the diagnosi... more Background and objectives: Accurate measurement of Blood Pressure (BP) is crucial to the diagnosis and management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Weight gain and higher Body Mass Index (BMI) is believed to increase maternal risk during pregnancy. Therefore, the present study was designed to measure the Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) among pregnant women and its association with BMI and age in Southern Nepal.

The diversity of the microbial world and the specific activities of antimicrobial agents virtuall... more The diversity of the microbial world and the specific activities of antimicrobial agents virtually ensures widespread resistance among bacteria. The current global threat of antimicrobial resistance has encouraged taking action in integrating research and public health in maintaining and promoting the national and international antimicrobial resistance research community. Infectious diseases still account for 45% of deaths in low-income countries and for almost one in two premature deaths worldwide. Most of these deaths (about 90%) are due to no more than six diseases: acute respiratory infections (mainly pneumonia), diarrhoeal disease, HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria and measles. Relaunching antimicrobial drug discovery and development should be a global priority. So, this review article spectaculates the advances in current situation of antimicrobial resistance based on the basis of theoretical and experimental researches done in medical sciences and pharmaceutical sciences. Promoting research and development of novel antimicrobial drugs needs to address the issue of the challenging commercial model and approaches with therapeutic strategies to resolve public health needs with an attractive economic model for the pharmaceutical industry to embark on global threat of antimicrobial resistance.

Background: Blumeae balsamifera (Sambong) is an ancient medicinal herb with a rich constituents o... more Background: Blumeae balsamifera (Sambong) is an ancient medicinal herb with a rich constituents of essential oils and widely used in the Philippines for a long period of time before the introduction of modern medicine for the treatment of septic wounds and other infections. The dominance of commercially manufactured products is increasing day by day due to the rapid development and progress. Drugs are first and foremost need to cure ailments and different diseases for human beings. Almost all the country has always been dependent on highly priced commercial drugs giving little chance for the utilization of locally grown medicinal herbs and plants. Therefore, the present study was focussed to determine the effect of Blumea balsamifera on wound healing as an alternative to expensive medicine such as betadine. Methods: The descriptive method was used to find out the active constituents of the Sambong leaves through phytochemical screening whereas experimental method was used to determi...

Journal of the Medical Sciences, 2021

Background and Objectives The direct effects of altered maternal glucose metabolism and renal imp... more Background and Objectives The direct effects of altered maternal glucose metabolism and renal impairment from early pregnancy onwards with complications on mother as well as fetal growth and the risks of adverse birth outcomes. It is crucial to understand the biochemical changes to appropriately interpret common laboratory tests for evaluating renal disease and hyperglycemia in women during pregnancy. Thus, the study was focused to estimate the variability in blood glucose and renal functions as well as its association with BMI during pregnancy in Southern Terai of Province No. 2, Nepal. Materials and Methods Fasting blood glucose was determined by enzymatic (GOD/POD) method, Serum Urea by Urease-Bertholet’s Method, Serum creatinine by Jaffe’s Reaction Method, and Uric acid by Uricase method. All the biochemical parameters were analyzed using semi-automatic biochemical analyzer (Humalyzer 3500). Statistical analysis of the collected data was carried out using SPSS version 20. The p-...

period of 55% and those who had symptoms of VVC. Most of the respondents had illiterate and unemp... more period of 55% and those who had symptoms of VVC. Most of the respondents had illiterate and unemployed of high positive cases with 35.95% and 44.94% which was found to be statistically significant (p= 0.001) and insignificant (p= 0.328) respectively. The prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis in the pregnant women was in increasing trend. Therefore, routine medical examination, adequate ante-natal services and appropriate treatment of the infected women should be recommended which can prevent the complications associated with VVC.

Background and Objectives: Epilepsy is a serious and common chronic neurological disorder caused ... more Background and Objectives: Epilepsy is a serious and common chronic neurological disorder caused by abnormal synchronized neuronal discharges. Divalproex is suggested to increase GABA concentration in brain. Both Divalproex and Glimepiride used for long duration indicate for CNS disorder and Diabetes mellitus. The study was conducted to find the influence of Glimepiride on pharmacokinetic and anticonvulsant activity of Divalproex.Methods: Four healthy rabbits of either sex were used to study the effect of Glimepiride on pharmacokinetic parameters of Divalproex. The concentration of Valproic acid (VPA) in serum was estimated by HPLC coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Anticonvulsant activity was studied using Maximal Electroshock (MES) method and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test in healthy albino rats.Results: The serum concentration of VPA was significantly increased after Glimepiride treatment for 7 days. Pharmacokinetic parameters like AUC, AUMC, T1/2 and Cmax of VPA showed si...

Objectives: The microbial community of dental caries with many of the facultatively and obligatel... more Objectives: The microbial community of dental caries with many of the facultatively and obligatelyanaerobic bacteria is diverse and frequencies, pattern, and distributions of resistant bacteria vary significantly with geographic regions and often reflect the usage patterns of antibiotics. Therefore, the present study aims to determine polymicrobial pathogens causing dental caries and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried by following Standard protocols of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology to isolate and identify the organism and further followed by antibiotic susceptibility test of bacterial isolates by disc diffusion method. Results: The incidence rate of dental caries was found to be 62.5% among study population. Streptococcus mutans was most predominant to cause dental caries. All bacteria isolates were found to be most sensitive towards ciprofloxacin followed by other tested a...

Lack of regular surveillance within hospital premises, ineffective monitoring of antimicrobial su... more Lack of regular surveillance within hospital premises, ineffective monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA), lack of formulation of definite antimicrobial policy, ineffective hospital decontamination procedures and unhygienic practices have led to spread of antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains within wards and to the community. The morbidity and the mortality have increased proportionately with the acquisition of antibiotic resistant by MRSA. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of MRSA from upper respiratory tract infection and to find out its antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Nasal swab were collected from OPD and ward patients in a clean, sterile and dry test tube and processed by standard microbiological techniques and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was done by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. MRSA strains were screened by testing with cefoxitin dics having zone of inhibi...

Nursing & Care Open Access Journal

Although nursing is well thought-out as valued and a public service leaning profession but the qu... more Although nursing is well thought-out as valued and a public service leaning profession but the quality of nursing education and future of nurses remains a growing concern with International standards in Nepal. The perspective of nursing educationists reveals the scholastic, academic and practiced loom to understanding advancement in this sector. Nepal has been escalating its branches of nursing education in the Government as well as in private sectors throughout the country since 1990s. But, the development seems not to be so fruitful. The regulatory bodies and legal provisions are not so passionate towards the quality education and commercialization of nursing sector has increased drastically with numerous private nursing colleges which generate increased quantity of nursing professionals with a reduction of prospects for career and employment. The monopolies of private investors in nursing education are everincreasing day by day. The majority competent nurses desire to service in developed countries, such as the UK, North America, Australia and New Zealand due to the ineffective management strategy to hold nursing personnel in Nepal with worldwide standards. The nurse-population ratio low down in similarity to worldwide standards which definitely influences the quality of care in Nepal. There is lack in monitoring and government regulation of international nursing standards in quality education, production of effective nurses and frequently observed social and professional exploitation of nurses in Nepal. Also, nursing guidelines and policy making are not sufficient to flourish this profession. Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore the developing nursing education and examines diverse factors affecting the quality nursing education highlighting different challenges towards nursing profession and nurses in Nepal.

Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriur... more Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women, identify the causative agent responsible for urinary tract infection (UTI) and its antibiotic susceptibility. Methods: The mid-stream urine sample was streaked on the MacConkey agar (MA) and Blood agar (BA) medium by the semi-quantitative culture technique. Identification of significant isolates was done by standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility test of the isolated organisms was done by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: The prevalence rate of asymptomatic urinary tract infection (AUTI) among pregnant women was found to be 42%. The highest number of UTI cases found during pregnancy was in between age 21-25 years (52.22%), in second gravida (51.59%), during 3rd trimester of pregnancy (49.68%) and in winter with 52.22%. E. coli was principal organism to cause AUTI (35.48%) during pregnancy. Amikacin, imipenem and nalidixic ac...

Journal of Infectious Diseases and Diagnosis

Background and objectives: Multidrug-resistant E. coli expressing extended-spectrum β-lactamase p... more Background and objectives: Multidrug-resistant E. coli expressing extended-spectrum β-lactamase pose serious challenges to clinicians for the therapeutic management of clinical cases in urinary tract infection. The ability of beta-lactamase to cause resistance varies with its activity, quantity, cellular location of gram-negative organisms and its permeability of the producer strain. Therefore, this study was focused to determine the dominance of MDR E. coli and evaluation of status of β-lactamase enzyme produced by MDR E. coli. Materials and methods: A total of 321 successive midstream urine samples were processed among suspected cases of urinary tract infection. Standard microbiological techniques were used for isolation and identification of uropathogens. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion technique. The MDR E. coli isolates were screened for ESBL by double disc synergy test and confirmed with combined disc diffusion test. The p-value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The maximum numbers of MDR E. coli isolates were isolated as of female patients with 55.75% than male of 44.24%. Most of the MDR E. coli isolates were isolated from less than 20 years with 30.97% and was dropped in between 40-60 years with 20.35%. The MDR E. coli isolates in association with gender and age group was found to be statistically insignificant (p=0.310). Among 69 suspected ESBL E. coli isolates, 62.31% were confirmed as ESBL producer. Conclusion: E. coli isolates showed shocking rate of drug resistance to the frequently prescribed drugs. The high rate of ESBL-producing MDR E. coli was also observed. There is an increasing need for periodic monitoring of drug susceptibility pattern to prevent the spread and development of antimicrobial resistant strains and ESBL producers.