Kiran Kiran - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Kiran Kiran
Herein, we demonstrate the superior performance of novel bismuth subcarbonate ((BiO)2CO3) film ca... more Herein, we demonstrate the superior performance of novel bismuth subcarbonate ((BiO)2CO3) film catalysts for formate production using a fluidic CO2-fed electrolyzer device. The subcarbonate catalyst readily forms in situ from a CO2-absorbing Bi2O3 precursor material during the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). In 1 mol dm–3 KOH electrolyte solution, a maximum Faradaic efficiency of FEformate = 97.4% (corresponding partial current density of formate formation: PCDformate = –111.6 mA cm–2) was achieved at a comparably low applied electrolysis potential of –0.8 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Even higher values of PCDformate = –441.2 mA cm–2 (FEformate = 62%) were observed at more cathodic potential, –2.5 V vs. RHE. As the alkalinity of the liquid electrolyte is further increased (e.g., by using 5 mol dm–3 KOH solution), the performance of formate production is boosted beyond PCDformate values of –1 A cm–2. Combined X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic investigatio...
Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences
Investigation on verification of offline signature has explored a huge sort of techniques on more... more Investigation on verification of offline signature has explored a huge sort of techniques on more than one signature datasets, which can be amassed beneath managed conditions. However, these records will not necessarily reflect the characteristics of the signatures in some useful use cases. In this work, introduced a novel feature representation technique called edge histogram and 4 directional histograms for offline signature verification system. For classification of signature support vector machine (SVM) technique employed. Edge is a curve or point where the intensity of an image changes rapidly. Edges represent the boundary of object of an image. Edge detection is a process of detecting edges of an image. Several algorithms are available to detect edges effectively from an image. Canny, Roberts, Prewitt and Sobel are several popular available edge detectors.
Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences
Identification of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters refer to finding out the coefficients als... more Identification of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters refer to finding out the coefficients also known as the weights of its transfer function. Adaptive filtering using Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm is used to find the estimated weights of the transfer function, using ATMEGA16 processor. This method can be used to find the coefficients of complex resistive circuits. This is done by constantly comparing the FIR system with Adaptive filter until the difference signal is zero, both the systems are fed with same input signals.
2021 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Networks and Wireless Communications (ICMNWC), 2021
We present a new method for encrypting images using the piecewise linear chaotic map in this stud... more We present a new method for encrypting images using the piecewise linear chaotic map in this study (2D Hyper chaotic Map). We abstracted and mathematically turned the plaintext image into a cylinder to create a series of overlaid circles. This creativity allows us to process and encrypt the image in a novel way, employing trigonometric processes. To disrupt the angles created by our transformation, as a pseudo-random generator, we employed a 2D Hyper chaotic Map. In both the plaintext picture and the secret key, our approach has a high sensitivity. Furthermore, the results suggest that the qualities of our approach operate exceptionally well, as seen by high scores.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021
Direct electrosynthesis of formate through CO2 electroreduction (denoted CO2RR) is currently attr... more Direct electrosynthesis of formate through CO2 electroreduction (denoted CO2RR) is currently attracting great attention because formate is a highly valuable commodity chemical that is already used in a wide range of applications (e.g., formic acid fuel cells, tanning, rubber production, preservatives, and antibacterial agents). Herein, we demonstrate highly selective production of formate through CO2RR from a CO2-saturated aqueous bicarbonate solution using a porous In55Cu45 alloy as the electrocatalyst. This novel high-surface-area material was produced by means of an electrodeposition process utilizing the dynamic hydrogen bubble template approach. Faradaic efficiencies (FEs) of formate production (FEformate) never fell below 90% within a relatively broad potential window of approximately 400 mV, ranging from -0.8 to -1.2 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). A maximum FEformate of 96.8%, corresponding to a partial current density of jformate = -8.9 mA cm-2, was yielded at -1.0 V vs RHE. The experimental findings suggested a CO2RR mechanism involving stabilization of the HCOO* intermediate on the In55Cu45 alloy surface in combination with effective suppression of the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction. What makes this CO2RR alloy catalyst particularly valuable is its stability against degradation and chemical poisoning. An almost constant formate efficiency of ∼94% was maintained in an extended 30 h electrolysis experiment, whereas pure In film catalysts (the reference benchmark system) showed a pronounced decrease in formate efficiency from 82% to 50% under similar experimental conditions. The identical location scanning electron microscopy approach was applied to demonstrate the structural stability of the applied In55Cu45 alloy foam catalysts at various length scales. We demonstrate that the proposed catalyst concept could be transferred to technically relevant support materials (e.g., carbon cloth gas diffusion electrode) without altering its excellent figures of merit.
ChemCatChem, 2020
The creation of open porous structures with an extremely high surface area is of great technologi... more The creation of open porous structures with an extremely high surface area is of great technological relevance. The electrochemical deposition of metal foams around co-generated hydrogen bubbles that act as templates for the deposition is a promising, cheap and simple approach to the fabrication of new electrocatalyst materials. Metal foams obtained by dynamic hydrogen bubble templating (DHBT) offer an intrinsically high electrical conductance with an open porous structure that enables the fast transport of gases and liquids. As an additional benefit, the confined space within the pores of DHBT metal foams may act as small reactors that can harbour reactions not possible at an open electrode interface. The number, distribution, and size of the pores can be fine-tuned by an appropriate choice of the electrolysis parameters so that metal foam catalysts prepared by the DHBT technique meet certain requirements. In this paper, we review the preparation of certain metal foams, and their applications as catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO2.
Green Chemistry, 2020
Selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to n-propanol over an activated, phase-separated PdCu ... more Selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to n-propanol over an activated, phase-separated PdCu alloy foam catalyst at relatively low overpotentials.
Journal of Polymer Research, 2020
This work focuses on facile synthesis of pH responsive diblock copolymers based on acrylamide (AM... more This work focuses on facile synthesis of pH responsive diblock copolymers based on acrylamide (AM) and 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) grafted on β-Cyclodextrin and have application in solid/liquid separation. β-CD based chain transfer agent (CTA) has been synthesized by one pot synthesis method. Three different grades of β-Cyclodextrin based Macro CTA were synthesized through RAFT polymerization technique. Macro CTA have been used further in synthesis of five different grades of β-CD grafted pH-responsive diblock copolymers i.e. (β-CD-PRP’s) by varying the amount of AMPS. The polymeric materials were characterized by Fluorescence Spectroscopy, FT-IR, GPC, 1 H-NMR, SEM, TEM, TGA, and XRD. β-CD-PRP’s shows their micellization properties at acidic pH < 6.57 with polymer conc. > 0.336 mg/mL and has also been studied for removal of model contaminant (kaolin). Among all grades of diblock copolymers, grade 3 shows best performance in the removal of kaolin from aqueous solution at 7 and 5 pH values. Graphical abstract
ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2020
Additive-assisted electrochemical deposition of cobalt for state-of-the-art interconnects is a re... more Additive-assisted electrochemical deposition of cobalt for state-of-the-art interconnects is a relevant topic widely investigated by rotating disc electrode (RDE) methods. However, the conclusions drawn from most of the investigations are often incomplete as they fail to quantify the hydrogen evolution component (HER) that inevitably plagues the Co deposition process when the experiments are conducted in aqueous electrolyte. This comprehensive quantitative gas analysis is complicated as it requires hermetic coupling across rotating elements, the hosting cell body and gas analysis techniques, e.g., gas chromatography (GC). Moreover, a fraction of the electrochemically generated gas bubbles typically adheres to the surface of both the RDE working electrode and its embedding shaft preventing it from reaching the solution-gas interface. This partial shielding of electrode’s active sites by bubble retention at the RDE tip undermines the accuracy of the electrochemical measurements and hi...
Journal La Edusci, 2020
This study is to investigate the significant relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Acad... more This study is to investigate the significant relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance. This investigate was done employing a quantitative strategy additionally an essential information was collected from understudies. In other to be in line with the quantitative approach chosen for this proposition, the medium through which information will be collected from respondent. only empathy and self-motivation has stronger influence (as in seen in the mean figures, correlation and regression analysis) on the academic performance of the students of economic department. It is found that while self-awareness, emotional management and interpersonal skill has a weak influence (as seen only in the mean and correlation figures) on the academic performance of students. Thus, this study recommends that students who want to succeed in their academic pursuit should take notes of their emotions intelligence (empathy and self-motivation skills). It is important for the Univer...
ChemElectroChem, 2020
Supporting information for this article is given via a link at the end of the document.
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2020
The development of Co interconnects by electrochemical means is more challenging than that of Cu ... more The development of Co interconnects by electrochemical means is more challenging than that of Cu interconnects not only due to the ever decreasing critical feature dimensions but also to intrinsic complications of the water/Co system, as Co electrodeposition processes are inevitably plagued by the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We present herein a novel custom-made inverted RDE instrument, particularly suitable for studying additive-assisted metal deposition processes that are accompanied by HER or any other gas evolving side reactions. We investigate the influence of a model redox-active suppressor additive on the electrochemical deposition of cobalt by means of linear sweep voltammetry and galvanostatic electrolysis coupled to online gas chromatography analysis. We find that under specific experimental conditions, addition of minor amounts of the additive to the standard Co-based virgin make-up solution significantly decreases the rate and efficiency of Co deposition, and favours instead the competing HER. Moreover, we identify and quantify the reductive conversion of the additive that accompanies the primary metal deposition process. Importantly, our approach complements standard screening Co plating studies as it succeeds to directly deconvolve the overall process into its three individual components, namely the metal ion reduction, the HER and the additive activation process.
Electrochimica Acta, 2019
We employ a novel type of nanostructured silver foam electrocatalyst to the electrochemical CO 2 ... more We employ a novel type of nanostructured silver foam electrocatalyst to the electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF 4 ]) ionic liquid. The Ag catalyst is prepared from an aqueous electroplating bath by means of an additive-assisted electrodeposition approach, yielding macro-porous Ag foams. The pore sidewalls are composed of Ag nanoneedles having diameters of ~50-100 nm and lengths that can exceed 1 µm. We demonstrate that, when combined with the [Bmim][BF 4 ] electrolyte, this Ag electrocatalyst significantly shifts the onset of CO 2 electroreduction by ~220 mV to less negative potentials as compared to a polished Ag foil electrode. The addition of moderate amounts of water (optimum water mole fraction of 20%) to the pure [Bmim][BF 4 ] electrolyte leads to a further ~120 mV decrease in the CO 2 RR overpotential. The combination of the Ag foam catalyst with the [Bmim][BF 4 ]/water mixture results in a ~300 mV wide potential window where CO is selectively produced with Faraday efficiencies >94%. The structural stability of the catalyst is supported by identical location scanning electron microscopy.
JMS SKIMS, 2012
BACKGROUND: Self-medication is the treatment of common health problems with medicines that are ta... more BACKGROUND: Self-medication is the treatment of common health problems with medicines that are taken an patient's own initiative or on advice of a pharmacist, without professional supervision. It is now becoming a common practice in many countries mainly due to lack of access to health care, easy availability of OTC drugs in market and poor drug regulatory practices. OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge and practices of self-medication among medical students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out among the students of GMC Jammu in August 2011, after faking approval from IEC. A 16-item, open-ended, pretested questionnaire was administered to students. Data was then analysed using SPSS version 12 and results expressed as counts and percentages. RESULTS: A total of 282 students participated in the study, among which 96 were from 1st semester, 88 from 3rd and 98 from 6th semester. Knowledge of self-medication was adequate in 68% of 1st semester, 81 % of 3rd and 87% of 6th s...
ChemInform, 1988
Current patent application edit user candidates for superposition coding, then locate the user ca... more Current patent application edit user candidates for superposition coding, then locate the user candidates based on the results of the evaluation function, and select the appropriate user candidates from the user candidates, and other user data packet includes a method and apparatus for editing a superposition coded packet by editing the superposition coded packet by adding to the appropriate user data packet, wherein the data packet formats and different for a user candidate It conforms to the wireless communication standard. .FIELD 7
Herein, we demonstrate the superior performance of novel bismuth subcarbonate ((BiO)2CO3) film ca... more Herein, we demonstrate the superior performance of novel bismuth subcarbonate ((BiO)2CO3) film catalysts for formate production using a fluidic CO2-fed electrolyzer device. The subcarbonate catalyst readily forms in situ from a CO2-absorbing Bi2O3 precursor material during the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). In 1 mol dm–3 KOH electrolyte solution, a maximum Faradaic efficiency of FEformate = 97.4% (corresponding partial current density of formate formation: PCDformate = –111.6 mA cm–2) was achieved at a comparably low applied electrolysis potential of –0.8 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Even higher values of PCDformate = –441.2 mA cm–2 (FEformate = 62%) were observed at more cathodic potential, –2.5 V vs. RHE. As the alkalinity of the liquid electrolyte is further increased (e.g., by using 5 mol dm–3 KOH solution), the performance of formate production is boosted beyond PCDformate values of –1 A cm–2. Combined X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic investigatio...
Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences
Investigation on verification of offline signature has explored a huge sort of techniques on more... more Investigation on verification of offline signature has explored a huge sort of techniques on more than one signature datasets, which can be amassed beneath managed conditions. However, these records will not necessarily reflect the characteristics of the signatures in some useful use cases. In this work, introduced a novel feature representation technique called edge histogram and 4 directional histograms for offline signature verification system. For classification of signature support vector machine (SVM) technique employed. Edge is a curve or point where the intensity of an image changes rapidly. Edges represent the boundary of object of an image. Edge detection is a process of detecting edges of an image. Several algorithms are available to detect edges effectively from an image. Canny, Roberts, Prewitt and Sobel are several popular available edge detectors.
Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences
Identification of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters refer to finding out the coefficients als... more Identification of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters refer to finding out the coefficients also known as the weights of its transfer function. Adaptive filtering using Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm is used to find the estimated weights of the transfer function, using ATMEGA16 processor. This method can be used to find the coefficients of complex resistive circuits. This is done by constantly comparing the FIR system with Adaptive filter until the difference signal is zero, both the systems are fed with same input signals.
2021 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Networks and Wireless Communications (ICMNWC), 2021
We present a new method for encrypting images using the piecewise linear chaotic map in this stud... more We present a new method for encrypting images using the piecewise linear chaotic map in this study (2D Hyper chaotic Map). We abstracted and mathematically turned the plaintext image into a cylinder to create a series of overlaid circles. This creativity allows us to process and encrypt the image in a novel way, employing trigonometric processes. To disrupt the angles created by our transformation, as a pseudo-random generator, we employed a 2D Hyper chaotic Map. In both the plaintext picture and the secret key, our approach has a high sensitivity. Furthermore, the results suggest that the qualities of our approach operate exceptionally well, as seen by high scores.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021
Direct electrosynthesis of formate through CO2 electroreduction (denoted CO2RR) is currently attr... more Direct electrosynthesis of formate through CO2 electroreduction (denoted CO2RR) is currently attracting great attention because formate is a highly valuable commodity chemical that is already used in a wide range of applications (e.g., formic acid fuel cells, tanning, rubber production, preservatives, and antibacterial agents). Herein, we demonstrate highly selective production of formate through CO2RR from a CO2-saturated aqueous bicarbonate solution using a porous In55Cu45 alloy as the electrocatalyst. This novel high-surface-area material was produced by means of an electrodeposition process utilizing the dynamic hydrogen bubble template approach. Faradaic efficiencies (FEs) of formate production (FEformate) never fell below 90% within a relatively broad potential window of approximately 400 mV, ranging from -0.8 to -1.2 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). A maximum FEformate of 96.8%, corresponding to a partial current density of jformate = -8.9 mA cm-2, was yielded at -1.0 V vs RHE. The experimental findings suggested a CO2RR mechanism involving stabilization of the HCOO* intermediate on the In55Cu45 alloy surface in combination with effective suppression of the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction. What makes this CO2RR alloy catalyst particularly valuable is its stability against degradation and chemical poisoning. An almost constant formate efficiency of ∼94% was maintained in an extended 30 h electrolysis experiment, whereas pure In film catalysts (the reference benchmark system) showed a pronounced decrease in formate efficiency from 82% to 50% under similar experimental conditions. The identical location scanning electron microscopy approach was applied to demonstrate the structural stability of the applied In55Cu45 alloy foam catalysts at various length scales. We demonstrate that the proposed catalyst concept could be transferred to technically relevant support materials (e.g., carbon cloth gas diffusion electrode) without altering its excellent figures of merit.
ChemCatChem, 2020
The creation of open porous structures with an extremely high surface area is of great technologi... more The creation of open porous structures with an extremely high surface area is of great technological relevance. The electrochemical deposition of metal foams around co-generated hydrogen bubbles that act as templates for the deposition is a promising, cheap and simple approach to the fabrication of new electrocatalyst materials. Metal foams obtained by dynamic hydrogen bubble templating (DHBT) offer an intrinsically high electrical conductance with an open porous structure that enables the fast transport of gases and liquids. As an additional benefit, the confined space within the pores of DHBT metal foams may act as small reactors that can harbour reactions not possible at an open electrode interface. The number, distribution, and size of the pores can be fine-tuned by an appropriate choice of the electrolysis parameters so that metal foam catalysts prepared by the DHBT technique meet certain requirements. In this paper, we review the preparation of certain metal foams, and their applications as catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO2.
Green Chemistry, 2020
Selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to n-propanol over an activated, phase-separated PdCu ... more Selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to n-propanol over an activated, phase-separated PdCu alloy foam catalyst at relatively low overpotentials.
Journal of Polymer Research, 2020
This work focuses on facile synthesis of pH responsive diblock copolymers based on acrylamide (AM... more This work focuses on facile synthesis of pH responsive diblock copolymers based on acrylamide (AM) and 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) grafted on β-Cyclodextrin and have application in solid/liquid separation. β-CD based chain transfer agent (CTA) has been synthesized by one pot synthesis method. Three different grades of β-Cyclodextrin based Macro CTA were synthesized through RAFT polymerization technique. Macro CTA have been used further in synthesis of five different grades of β-CD grafted pH-responsive diblock copolymers i.e. (β-CD-PRP’s) by varying the amount of AMPS. The polymeric materials were characterized by Fluorescence Spectroscopy, FT-IR, GPC, 1 H-NMR, SEM, TEM, TGA, and XRD. β-CD-PRP’s shows their micellization properties at acidic pH < 6.57 with polymer conc. > 0.336 mg/mL and has also been studied for removal of model contaminant (kaolin). Among all grades of diblock copolymers, grade 3 shows best performance in the removal of kaolin from aqueous solution at 7 and 5 pH values. Graphical abstract
ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2020
Additive-assisted electrochemical deposition of cobalt for state-of-the-art interconnects is a re... more Additive-assisted electrochemical deposition of cobalt for state-of-the-art interconnects is a relevant topic widely investigated by rotating disc electrode (RDE) methods. However, the conclusions drawn from most of the investigations are often incomplete as they fail to quantify the hydrogen evolution component (HER) that inevitably plagues the Co deposition process when the experiments are conducted in aqueous electrolyte. This comprehensive quantitative gas analysis is complicated as it requires hermetic coupling across rotating elements, the hosting cell body and gas analysis techniques, e.g., gas chromatography (GC). Moreover, a fraction of the electrochemically generated gas bubbles typically adheres to the surface of both the RDE working electrode and its embedding shaft preventing it from reaching the solution-gas interface. This partial shielding of electrode’s active sites by bubble retention at the RDE tip undermines the accuracy of the electrochemical measurements and hi...
Journal La Edusci, 2020
This study is to investigate the significant relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Acad... more This study is to investigate the significant relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance. This investigate was done employing a quantitative strategy additionally an essential information was collected from understudies. In other to be in line with the quantitative approach chosen for this proposition, the medium through which information will be collected from respondent. only empathy and self-motivation has stronger influence (as in seen in the mean figures, correlation and regression analysis) on the academic performance of the students of economic department. It is found that while self-awareness, emotional management and interpersonal skill has a weak influence (as seen only in the mean and correlation figures) on the academic performance of students. Thus, this study recommends that students who want to succeed in their academic pursuit should take notes of their emotions intelligence (empathy and self-motivation skills). It is important for the Univer...
ChemElectroChem, 2020
Supporting information for this article is given via a link at the end of the document.
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2020
The development of Co interconnects by electrochemical means is more challenging than that of Cu ... more The development of Co interconnects by electrochemical means is more challenging than that of Cu interconnects not only due to the ever decreasing critical feature dimensions but also to intrinsic complications of the water/Co system, as Co electrodeposition processes are inevitably plagued by the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We present herein a novel custom-made inverted RDE instrument, particularly suitable for studying additive-assisted metal deposition processes that are accompanied by HER or any other gas evolving side reactions. We investigate the influence of a model redox-active suppressor additive on the electrochemical deposition of cobalt by means of linear sweep voltammetry and galvanostatic electrolysis coupled to online gas chromatography analysis. We find that under specific experimental conditions, addition of minor amounts of the additive to the standard Co-based virgin make-up solution significantly decreases the rate and efficiency of Co deposition, and favours instead the competing HER. Moreover, we identify and quantify the reductive conversion of the additive that accompanies the primary metal deposition process. Importantly, our approach complements standard screening Co plating studies as it succeeds to directly deconvolve the overall process into its three individual components, namely the metal ion reduction, the HER and the additive activation process.
Electrochimica Acta, 2019
We employ a novel type of nanostructured silver foam electrocatalyst to the electrochemical CO 2 ... more We employ a novel type of nanostructured silver foam electrocatalyst to the electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF 4 ]) ionic liquid. The Ag catalyst is prepared from an aqueous electroplating bath by means of an additive-assisted electrodeposition approach, yielding macro-porous Ag foams. The pore sidewalls are composed of Ag nanoneedles having diameters of ~50-100 nm and lengths that can exceed 1 µm. We demonstrate that, when combined with the [Bmim][BF 4 ] electrolyte, this Ag electrocatalyst significantly shifts the onset of CO 2 electroreduction by ~220 mV to less negative potentials as compared to a polished Ag foil electrode. The addition of moderate amounts of water (optimum water mole fraction of 20%) to the pure [Bmim][BF 4 ] electrolyte leads to a further ~120 mV decrease in the CO 2 RR overpotential. The combination of the Ag foam catalyst with the [Bmim][BF 4 ]/water mixture results in a ~300 mV wide potential window where CO is selectively produced with Faraday efficiencies >94%. The structural stability of the catalyst is supported by identical location scanning electron microscopy.
JMS SKIMS, 2012
BACKGROUND: Self-medication is the treatment of common health problems with medicines that are ta... more BACKGROUND: Self-medication is the treatment of common health problems with medicines that are taken an patient's own initiative or on advice of a pharmacist, without professional supervision. It is now becoming a common practice in many countries mainly due to lack of access to health care, easy availability of OTC drugs in market and poor drug regulatory practices. OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge and practices of self-medication among medical students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out among the students of GMC Jammu in August 2011, after faking approval from IEC. A 16-item, open-ended, pretested questionnaire was administered to students. Data was then analysed using SPSS version 12 and results expressed as counts and percentages. RESULTS: A total of 282 students participated in the study, among which 96 were from 1st semester, 88 from 3rd and 98 from 6th semester. Knowledge of self-medication was adequate in 68% of 1st semester, 81 % of 3rd and 87% of 6th s...
ChemInform, 1988
Current patent application edit user candidates for superposition coding, then locate the user ca... more Current patent application edit user candidates for superposition coding, then locate the user candidates based on the results of the evaluation function, and select the appropriate user candidates from the user candidates, and other user data packet includes a method and apparatus for editing a superposition coded packet by editing the superposition coded packet by adding to the appropriate user data packet, wherein the data packet formats and different for a user candidate It conforms to the wireless communication standard. .FIELD 7