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Papers by Marcin Ławniczak
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Dec 11, 2023
Barrows in the forest-steppe between the Dnister and Southern Bug, Ukraine. Initial results of co... more Barrows in the forest-steppe between the Dnister and Southern Bug, Ukraine. Initial results of comprehensive research. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 75/1, 299-333. The article presents the preliminary results of research by a Polish-Ukrainian team who in 2018-2023 worked on the project of comprehensive exploration of barrows situated in the forest-steppe between the Southern Bug and Dnister in modern Ukraine. There, two major stages of erecting and using barrows were distinguished for the 3 rd and 1 st millennia BC. Two barrows discussed herein, explored as part of the project, were erected in the second stage. Barrow 3 in Ivanivtsi-Antonivka can be dated to the second half of the 10 th-first half of the 8 th century BC, whereas Barrow 6 in Sloboda Noskovetska to the late 8 th-early 7 th century BC. The older one was erected and then used by communities related to the early period of the Chornolis culture. The younger one is at present one of the main pre-Scythian complexes of eastern Podillia. The multi-component set of artefacts deposited under its mound represents a mixture of the Chornolis culture, Basarabi-Şoldăneşti influences and the impact of early steppe nomads (Kimmerians?). This well illustrates the complex cultural mosaic found in the forest-steppe between the Southern Bug and Dnister rivers.
Baltic-Pontic Studies, 2016
The most challenging question regarding the defensive settlements of the Pontic forest-steppe is ... more The most challenging question regarding the defensive settlements of the Pontic forest-steppe is the reason behind their construction at all and size. The most frequent interpretations centre around two questions: were they to protect from external threats (i.e. the nomads) or were they the result of a carefully planned construction strategy related to the economic and social pressure from the Greek colonies in the Black Sea region? It is also possible that both explanations are true.
Baltic-Pontic Studies, 2016
There are two levels of detailed characteristic of the aforementioned sites. The first is the con... more There are two levels of detailed characteristic of the aforementioned sites. The first is the construction aspect, such as the area of the site (within the fortifications only) and the shape of the fortifications. The second level of detailed characteristics is description and presentation of the natural factors surrounding the sites, such as landforms and its location regarding to watercourses and watersheds.
Baltic-Pontic Studies, 2016
During the Polish-Ukrainian archaeological project “Fortresses of Ukraine” it was proposed to stu... more During the Polish-Ukrainian archaeological project “Fortresses of Ukraine” it was proposed to study two of the most significant sites with the newest possible technology. The final decision was made to apply the digital photogrammetry that was acquired with the use of drones.
Baltic-Pontic Studies
The macrospatial analysis of fortified settlements in the right-bank of Ukraine allows for observ... more The macrospatial analysis of fortified settlements in the right-bank of Ukraine allows for observations of a few regularities related to the location of sites along the rivers and watersheds. ‘Land’ settlements, e.g. Yakushyntsi or Mlynok, may have connected sites located along large watercourses, e.g. Trakhtemyriv, Rudkivtsi, which specialised in trade with the Greeks.
Baltic-Pontic Studies, Oct 1, 2016
Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle Band 20, 2019, 2019
Müller J., Czebreszuk J., Szmyt M., Ławniczak M., 2019, Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age settl... more Müller J., Czebreszuk J., Szmyt M., Ławniczak M., 2019, Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age settlement archaeology on the Oder and Vistula rivers in north-west Poland. In: Hrsg. H. Meller, S. Friederich, M. Küßner, H. Stäuble und R. Risch, Tagungen des Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale) Band 20: Siedlungsarchäologie des Endneolithikums und der frühen Bronzezeit
In northwestern Poland, settlement practices during the Late Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age underwent significant changes. In our paper, we focus on three main aspects: settlement aggregation, settlement stability, and social hierarchy. Over the period in question, settlement aggregation initially declined, but later rose again. The communities inhabiting the study area during the Late Neolithic (the Funnel Beaker Culture and Globular Amphora Culture) preferred a moderately agglomerated settlement model. In the Corded Ware Culture, settlement sites became increasingly dispersed across the entire study area. With the beginning of the Bronze Age, the trend returned to a model of more agglomerated settlement. A similar trend was seen in settlement stability. During the Late Neolithic, settlement was moderately stable. Later, in the Corded Ware Culture, settlement became highly unstable (in the form of sites which are very difficult to verify by archaeological methods). In the Early Bronze Age, very stable forms appeared (probably alongside the less stable forms recorded in the earlier stages). These settlements were continuously renewed by succeeding generations, as in the fortified settlement at Bruszczewo, Greater Poland voivodeship. There was no uniform trend in the degree of social differentiation (the degree of internal hierarchy of the group). Instead, there was a distinct fracture between the Globular Amphora Culture and the Corded Ware Culture; the two communities, which developed alongside each other in the same regions and in parallel over time, were significantly different in their social structure. In addition, the Corded Ware Culture began a new sequence of social changes that culminated in the Únětice Culture, representing a society with a large internal differentiation and stable elites. Zusammenfassung Spätneolithische und frühbronzezeitliche Siedlungen im Oder-und Weichselgebiet in Nordwest-Polen. Die wich-tigsten Veränderungen in den Siedlungsmustern und in der sozialen Gliederung Im späten Neolithikum und in der frühen Bronzezeit verän-derten sich die Siedlungsmuster in Nordwestpolen stark. In diesem Beitrag konzentrieren wir uns jedoch auf drei Haupt-aspekte: die Siedlungverdichtung, die Siedlungsbeständigkeit sowie die soziale Struktur. Im Verlauf des hier untersuchten Zeitraums nahm die Aggregation von Siedlungen ursprünglich ab, um dann später wieder zuzunehmen. Die im Untersuchungsgebiet lebenden spätneolithischen Gruppen (der Trichterbecher-und Kugel-amphorenkultur) bevorzugten ein mäßig verdichtetes Sied-lungsmodell. Während der nachfolgenden Schnurkeramikkul-tur waren die Siedlungsstellen immer stärker über das ganze Untersuchungsgebiet verstreut. Der Beginn der Frühbronzezeit brachte dann eine Rückkehr zu einem eher konzentrierten Siedlungsmuster. Ein ähnlicher Trend lässt sich in der Siedlungsbeständigkeit nachweisen. Während des späten Neolithikums waren die Siedlungen relativ dauerhaft gebaut. Im Verlauf der Schnur-keramikkultur löste sich dies auf und die Siedlungsplätze dieser Periode sind archäologisch nur sehr schwer zu fassen. In der frühen Bronzezeit waren gewisse Siedlungen wieder dauerhaft gebaut, während andere die weniger beständige, frühere Struktur beibehielten. Die dauerhaften Siedlungen wurden über Generationen hinweg immer wieder erneuert, wie dies zum Beispiel in der befestigten Siedlung von Bruszczewo, Woiwodschaft Großpolen, der Fall war. In der sozialen Differenzierung (innerhalb der Gruppe) lässt sich hingegen keine vergleichbare Tendenz ablesen. Im Gegen-teil: die Kugelamphorenkultur und die Schnurkeramikkultur zeichneten sich durch gänzlich unterschiedliche Sozialstruk-turen aus, obgleich sie sich zur gleichen Zeit und in denselben Regionen entwickelten. Insbesondere in der Schnurkeramikkul-tur lassen sich gewisse Veränderungen feststellen, die in der Aunjetitzer Kultur mündeten und dann zur vollen Entfaltung kamen-einer Kultur, deren Gesellschaftsstruktur sich durch eine starke interne Differenzierung mit einer stabilen Elite auszeichnete.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Dec 11, 2023
Barrows in the forest-steppe between the Dnister and Southern Bug, Ukraine. Initial results of co... more Barrows in the forest-steppe between the Dnister and Southern Bug, Ukraine. Initial results of comprehensive research. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 75/1, 299-333. The article presents the preliminary results of research by a Polish-Ukrainian team who in 2018-2023 worked on the project of comprehensive exploration of barrows situated in the forest-steppe between the Southern Bug and Dnister in modern Ukraine. There, two major stages of erecting and using barrows were distinguished for the 3 rd and 1 st millennia BC. Two barrows discussed herein, explored as part of the project, were erected in the second stage. Barrow 3 in Ivanivtsi-Antonivka can be dated to the second half of the 10 th-first half of the 8 th century BC, whereas Barrow 6 in Sloboda Noskovetska to the late 8 th-early 7 th century BC. The older one was erected and then used by communities related to the early period of the Chornolis culture. The younger one is at present one of the main pre-Scythian complexes of eastern Podillia. The multi-component set of artefacts deposited under its mound represents a mixture of the Chornolis culture, Basarabi-Şoldăneşti influences and the impact of early steppe nomads (Kimmerians?). This well illustrates the complex cultural mosaic found in the forest-steppe between the Southern Bug and Dnister rivers.
Baltic-Pontic Studies, 2016
The most challenging question regarding the defensive settlements of the Pontic forest-steppe is ... more The most challenging question regarding the defensive settlements of the Pontic forest-steppe is the reason behind their construction at all and size. The most frequent interpretations centre around two questions: were they to protect from external threats (i.e. the nomads) or were they the result of a carefully planned construction strategy related to the economic and social pressure from the Greek colonies in the Black Sea region? It is also possible that both explanations are true.
Baltic-Pontic Studies, 2016
There are two levels of detailed characteristic of the aforementioned sites. The first is the con... more There are two levels of detailed characteristic of the aforementioned sites. The first is the construction aspect, such as the area of the site (within the fortifications only) and the shape of the fortifications. The second level of detailed characteristics is description and presentation of the natural factors surrounding the sites, such as landforms and its location regarding to watercourses and watersheds.
Baltic-Pontic Studies, 2016
During the Polish-Ukrainian archaeological project “Fortresses of Ukraine” it was proposed to stu... more During the Polish-Ukrainian archaeological project “Fortresses of Ukraine” it was proposed to study two of the most significant sites with the newest possible technology. The final decision was made to apply the digital photogrammetry that was acquired with the use of drones.
Baltic-Pontic Studies
The macrospatial analysis of fortified settlements in the right-bank of Ukraine allows for observ... more The macrospatial analysis of fortified settlements in the right-bank of Ukraine allows for observations of a few regularities related to the location of sites along the rivers and watersheds. ‘Land’ settlements, e.g. Yakushyntsi or Mlynok, may have connected sites located along large watercourses, e.g. Trakhtemyriv, Rudkivtsi, which specialised in trade with the Greeks.
Baltic-Pontic Studies, Oct 1, 2016
Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle Band 20, 2019, 2019
Müller J., Czebreszuk J., Szmyt M., Ławniczak M., 2019, Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age settl... more Müller J., Czebreszuk J., Szmyt M., Ławniczak M., 2019, Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age settlement archaeology on the Oder and Vistula rivers in north-west Poland. In: Hrsg. H. Meller, S. Friederich, M. Küßner, H. Stäuble und R. Risch, Tagungen des Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale) Band 20: Siedlungsarchäologie des Endneolithikums und der frühen Bronzezeit
In northwestern Poland, settlement practices during the Late Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age underwent significant changes. In our paper, we focus on three main aspects: settlement aggregation, settlement stability, and social hierarchy. Over the period in question, settlement aggregation initially declined, but later rose again. The communities inhabiting the study area during the Late Neolithic (the Funnel Beaker Culture and Globular Amphora Culture) preferred a moderately agglomerated settlement model. In the Corded Ware Culture, settlement sites became increasingly dispersed across the entire study area. With the beginning of the Bronze Age, the trend returned to a model of more agglomerated settlement. A similar trend was seen in settlement stability. During the Late Neolithic, settlement was moderately stable. Later, in the Corded Ware Culture, settlement became highly unstable (in the form of sites which are very difficult to verify by archaeological methods). In the Early Bronze Age, very stable forms appeared (probably alongside the less stable forms recorded in the earlier stages). These settlements were continuously renewed by succeeding generations, as in the fortified settlement at Bruszczewo, Greater Poland voivodeship. There was no uniform trend in the degree of social differentiation (the degree of internal hierarchy of the group). Instead, there was a distinct fracture between the Globular Amphora Culture and the Corded Ware Culture; the two communities, which developed alongside each other in the same regions and in parallel over time, were significantly different in their social structure. In addition, the Corded Ware Culture began a new sequence of social changes that culminated in the Únětice Culture, representing a society with a large internal differentiation and stable elites. Zusammenfassung Spätneolithische und frühbronzezeitliche Siedlungen im Oder-und Weichselgebiet in Nordwest-Polen. Die wich-tigsten Veränderungen in den Siedlungsmustern und in der sozialen Gliederung Im späten Neolithikum und in der frühen Bronzezeit verän-derten sich die Siedlungsmuster in Nordwestpolen stark. In diesem Beitrag konzentrieren wir uns jedoch auf drei Haupt-aspekte: die Siedlungverdichtung, die Siedlungsbeständigkeit sowie die soziale Struktur. Im Verlauf des hier untersuchten Zeitraums nahm die Aggregation von Siedlungen ursprünglich ab, um dann später wieder zuzunehmen. Die im Untersuchungsgebiet lebenden spätneolithischen Gruppen (der Trichterbecher-und Kugel-amphorenkultur) bevorzugten ein mäßig verdichtetes Sied-lungsmodell. Während der nachfolgenden Schnurkeramikkul-tur waren die Siedlungsstellen immer stärker über das ganze Untersuchungsgebiet verstreut. Der Beginn der Frühbronzezeit brachte dann eine Rückkehr zu einem eher konzentrierten Siedlungsmuster. Ein ähnlicher Trend lässt sich in der Siedlungsbeständigkeit nachweisen. Während des späten Neolithikums waren die Siedlungen relativ dauerhaft gebaut. Im Verlauf der Schnur-keramikkultur löste sich dies auf und die Siedlungsplätze dieser Periode sind archäologisch nur sehr schwer zu fassen. In der frühen Bronzezeit waren gewisse Siedlungen wieder dauerhaft gebaut, während andere die weniger beständige, frühere Struktur beibehielten. Die dauerhaften Siedlungen wurden über Generationen hinweg immer wieder erneuert, wie dies zum Beispiel in der befestigten Siedlung von Bruszczewo, Woiwodschaft Großpolen, der Fall war. In der sozialen Differenzierung (innerhalb der Gruppe) lässt sich hingegen keine vergleichbare Tendenz ablesen. Im Gegen-teil: die Kugelamphorenkultur und die Schnurkeramikkultur zeichneten sich durch gänzlich unterschiedliche Sozialstruk-turen aus, obgleich sie sich zur gleichen Zeit und in denselben Regionen entwickelten. Insbesondere in der Schnurkeramikkul-tur lassen sich gewisse Veränderungen feststellen, die in der Aunjetitzer Kultur mündeten und dann zur vollen Entfaltung kamen-einer Kultur, deren Gesellschaftsstruktur sich durch eine starke interne Differenzierung mit einer stabilen Elite auszeichnete.