Marianne Kjellén - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Marianne Kjellén

More specifically, it is an action-oriented follow-up to a major study of household environmental... more More specifically, it is an action-oriented follow-up to a major study of household environmental problems undertaken in 1991, and summarised in an earlier SEI report (see inside cover). The rapid assessment methodology described in this report has been designed to provide routine monitoring of the environmental health situation in the different neighbourhoods of GAMA, and thereby provide a better basis for environment and health planning and management. It is intended as a practical tool in an area where a strong scientific basis for quantifying risks is generally lacking, but some form of more systematic assessment is sorely needed. The details of the design are specific to Accra, but the approach and the lessons learned in applying it should be of relevance to others attempting to assess conditions in their own cities. While the selection and weighting of indicators are based primarily upon expert judgement (in Accra), a wide range of indicators are employed, many of which are estimated with the help of local residents. In contrast with traditional indicators, based for example on physical tests of water quality, the indicators employed are more difficult to defend individually, but together better reflect the wide range of health threats experienced in a city like Accra. The indicators are more compatible with a holistic approach to environmental health, involving direct engagement with and the participation of local residents, than with central planning. However, they do provide information relevant to strategic planning at the city-level. We are grateful for the continuing encouragement and support for the study by Prof. George Benneh, the outgoing Vice-Chancellor. We also gratefully acknowledge the valuable comments of members of our intersectoral network who participated in our consultations. They include the following experts-Dr.

Working Papers contain preliminary research, analysis, findings, and recommendations. They are ci... more Working Papers contain preliminary research, analysis, findings, and recommendations. They are circulated to stimulate timely discussion and critical feedback, and to influence ongoing debate on emerging issues.

Water distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, has for many years been poorly managed and underfi... more Water distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, has for many years been poorly managed and underfinanced. It also has a record of unbalanced investment, which has contributed to a situation of a relatively well developed infrastructure for water abstraction and conveyance, but which lacks the commensurate connection to consumers. Combined with low water pressure, this turns into a self-reinforcing tragedy of pipe breakages and leaks. The lack of collective solutions to urban water supply and infrastructure management excludes the majority from piped water services, and utilises available resources in a far from optimal way. The paper first provides background on Dar es Salaam's water system, with its agents of supply and sources of water. The subsequent section discusses the distribution system and introduces the phenomena of 'spaghettiisation' and 'structural leakage,' which have been observed and documented within a broader study of water vending and utility privatisation (Kjellén, 2000, 2006). The spaghettiisation and structural leakage phenomena are inserted into a discussion of (the lack of) collective action, in what amounts to consumers choosing to exit-or being excluded-from the system. The long-standing lack of investments into the distribution system contributes to a self-reinforcing tragic situation where consumers, in order to secure their daily water needs, damage the system and thereby reinforce the vicious cycle of stagnation.

Environment and Urbanization, Apr 1, 1999

This paper describes the "rodízio" programme in São Paulo which has sought to reduce air pollutio... more This paper describes the "rodízio" programme in São Paulo which has sought to reduce air pollution by banning the use of every car for one day a week. After summarizing the serious problems that São Paulo faces from air pollution and the extent to which these are generated by motor vehicles, it describes the difficulties the city authorities faced in getting approval for this programme, including opposition of the press. However, it has still been implemented-for a month in 1996 and for the period June-September in 1997 and 1998-and accompanied by a large information programme. Its implementation brought significant reductions in some air pollutants and reduced traffic congestion. It also received considerable public support. The paper ends by reflecting on this experience in the light of the need for city authorities to increase information about environmental risks and ensure democratic interaction between local government and citizenry about environmental priorities. Pedro Jacobi is an economist and a sociologist who is Associate Professor at the School of Education at the University of São Paulo. He is also President of the Programme of Environmental Sciences of the University of São Paulo,1998-2000, and researcher on issues linked to local governments and environmental policies, environmental education and citizenship, environmental policies and income generation.

Routledge eBooks, Sep 23, 2010

In the preamble to the Habitat Agenda ( UNCHS 1996), access to safe and healthy shelter was recog... more In the preamble to the Habitat Agenda ( UNCHS 1996), access to safe and healthy shelter was recognised as essential to a person's physical, psychological, social and economic well-being. And yet no investment in land or property is safe unless the rights to ownership of that land are stable and secure. Whilst this proposition is generally valid, this argument tends to oversimplify the dynamic relationships between tenure, housing and environmental management among families in the post-colonial African city. This essay argues that tenure alone, by itself, may be inadequate as an explanatory variable and may be subsumed under the degree of planning in the community and zoning regulations, the provision of in-house environmental services, and the relative wealth and power of its residents that enhance access to scarce resources. The urban poor live beyond the pale of the law while the urban elite make the laws and determine penalties for breaking them. In many countries of Africa, the dividing line between legal and illegal is one which has been inherited, largely unaltered from their colonial past. The paper provides a historical review of state policies and the housing and environmental crisis, examines the patterns of land and house tenure, and investigates the relationship between house tenure and housing and environmental services. It also examines the relationship betweeen tenure and house maintenance and environmental management with special emphasis on the low income informal housing market with shared facilities and explores the relationship betwen crowding at these shared facilities and health. The results from this case study tend to suggest that the wealth and power of households together with location are more important in determining environmental outcomes rather than tenure. The study shows that centrally directed and controlled housing programmes and state subsidies have tended to benefit those who could best compete in the free market to the exclusion of the urban poor, who are consigned to a deprived life in the informal housing sector with few environmental services. All tenure groups in the upper end of the housing market are united by their privileged acess to housing and environmental services, whilst those at the lower end are bound together by their poverty and the state policies of social exclusion.

Waterlines, Jul 1, 2014

The SEI working paper series aims to expand and accelerate the availability of our research, stim... more The SEI working paper series aims to expand and accelerate the availability of our research, stimulate discussion, and elicit feedback. SEI working papers are work in progress and typically contain preliminary research, analysis, findings, and recommendations. Many SEI working papers are drafts that will be subsequently revised for a refereed journal or book. Other papers share timely and innovative knowledge that we consider valuable and policy-relevant, but which may not be intended for later publication.

International Journal of Water Resources Development, Mar 1, 2000

ABSTRACT In many cities in developing countries, a piped water supply is the norm for richer hous... more ABSTRACT In many cities in developing countries, a piped water supply is the norm for richer households, while poorer households struggle with a number of alternative means for accessing water. In Dar es Salaam, as the public water supply is highly deficient, households of all income classes draw upon a variety of water sources. Distribution by container using pushcarts is common in large areas, in particular where piped water is rationed, low pressure or non-existent. Tankers complement the public supply in wealthier areas. This paper focuses on how public and private systems complement one another with regards to pushcart water distribution.

Routledge eBooks, Dec 13, 2021

This book chapter discusses the environmental problems of the poor in urban areas of developing c... more This book chapter discusses the environmental problems of the poor in urban areas of developing countries. The three case studies from Accra in Ghana Jakarta in Indonesia and Sao Paulo in Brazil suggest that the environmental problems of households are not the same as the problems of cities. The case studies also suggest that the worst environmental health problems are in smaller poorer settlements. In these megacities most of the severe urban environmental hazards are in peoples homes and workplaces. Water sanitation solid waste indoor air and pest indicators improved between Accra and Jakarta and between Jakarta and Sao Paulo or with an increase in wealth between each city. Within each city the affluent urban dwellers were more similar between cities and more different between affluent dwellers and poor dwellers who tend to live in high-density indigenous settlements and migrant residential areas with poor access to environmental services. Sao Paulo households had the best environmental conditions in part due to higher levels of affluence and better infrastructure facilities for a greater proportion of the urban population. Sao Paulo also had the highest level of per capita activities that created urban environmental problems albeit with some successful pollution control efforts. Jakarta had the worst city-wide environmental problems that affected fishing agriculture and watersheds but Accra households faced the most pervasive environmental health problems. The problems in urban neighborhoods are often not solved with technology transfer or more efficient markets. The communities require political mobilization and scientific and institutional innovation. Commercial and political pressures do not generally motivate the private sector to provide adequate public services to low-income areas which instead require multisectoral and local community participation responses.

In cities around the world, public water systems have increasingly come to be operated by private... more In cities around the world, public water systems have increasingly come to be operated by private companies. Along with an internationally funded investment program to refurbish the dilapidated water infrastructure, private operations were tested also in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Only about a third of the households, however, are reached by the piped water system; most households purchase water from those with pipe-connections or private boreholes. Thus, water distribution was informally privatized by way of water vending long before formal private sector participation began. This thesis explores individual and collective endeavors in water development, distribution, and access, along with the global and local influences that shaped the privatization exercise. With regard to the lease of Dar es Salaam's water system, the institutional setup has been found to mix the British and French models, having influenced the local situation through development assistance and conditionalities tied to loans. The institutional contradictions may have contributed to the conflictive cancellation of the lease arrangement. Due to the public utility company's lack of operating capital and investment planning, infrastructure development has responded mainly to immediate individual demands, resulting in a spaghetti-like network and structural leakage. The long-standing under-performance and low coverage of the piped water system have forced many people to devise their own ways to access water. This thesis argues that the individually devised artisan ways of water provisioning constitute the lifeline of Dar es Salaam's water system. Yet, they also undermine and divert resources away from the collectively devised industrial form of piped water provision.

Accepting Realities of Multiple Systems? : Water Resale and Vending throughout Dar es Salaam’s Wa... more Accepting Realities of Multiple Systems? : Water Resale and Vending throughout Dar es Salaam’s Water History

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jun 1, 2017

World Water Week in Stockholm is the largest annual global event on water. Under the theme of 'Wa... more World Water Week in Stockholm is the largest annual global event on water. Under the theme of 'Water for sustainable growth', the 2016 Week brought together over 3200 individuals and around 330 convening organisations from 130 countries. Aiming to bridge the gaps between policy, science and practice, the week gathers water experts, practitioners, decision-makers, academics, business representatives and young professionals from around the world to network, exchange ideas, and develop solutions to water-related challenges. This themed section features a selection of papers from the 2016 Water Week. They illustrate the width of the theme and the importance of holistically addressing social, economic and environmental concerns in order to assure 'water for sustainable growth'. Water security, the availability of water for health, livelihoods, production and ecosystems at an acceptable level of risk to people, environments and economies, is key for water's relation to sustainable growth. 'Water for sustainable growth' highlights how people's livelihoods around the globe depend on wellfunctioning and well-managed ecosystems. The water resources and related ecosystems are under considerable pressure resulting from increasing and changing demands from growing populations, urbanisation processes and economic development. But in the two-way relationship between society and the environment, continued economic development also depends on water security attained through sustainable water resources management. Sustainable growth implies that economic growth should be decoupled from ecosystem degradation, and vice-versa, that negative environmental threats and impacts on human development should be minimised. Sustained growth also has an important equity component, where water needs to drive economic growth together with social well-being in ways that narrow the gap between rich and poor, and contribute to human dignity. The vital role of water in this area is most clearly recognised by securing access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene. Water and sanitation has been recognised as human rights, and also has specific targets under the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. As

More specifically, it is an action-oriented follow-up to a major study of household environmental... more More specifically, it is an action-oriented follow-up to a major study of household environmental problems undertaken in 1991, and summarised in an earlier SEI report (see inside cover). The rapid assessment methodology described in this report has been designed to provide routine monitoring of the environmental health situation in the different neighbourhoods of GAMA, and thereby provide a better basis for environment and health planning and management. It is intended as a practical tool in an area where a strong scientific basis for quantifying risks is generally lacking, but some form of more systematic assessment is sorely needed. The details of the design are specific to Accra, but the approach and the lessons learned in applying it should be of relevance to others attempting to assess conditions in their own cities. While the selection and weighting of indicators are based primarily upon expert judgement (in Accra), a wide range of indicators are employed, many of which are estimated with the help of local residents. In contrast with traditional indicators, based for example on physical tests of water quality, the indicators employed are more difficult to defend individually, but together better reflect the wide range of health threats experienced in a city like Accra. The indicators are more compatible with a holistic approach to environmental health, involving direct engagement with and the participation of local residents, than with central planning. However, they do provide information relevant to strategic planning at the city-level. We are grateful for the continuing encouragement and support for the study by Prof. George Benneh, the outgoing Vice-Chancellor. We also gratefully acknowledge the valuable comments of members of our intersectoral network who participated in our consultations. They include the following experts-Dr.

Working Papers contain preliminary research, analysis, findings, and recommendations. They are ci... more Working Papers contain preliminary research, analysis, findings, and recommendations. They are circulated to stimulate timely discussion and critical feedback, and to influence ongoing debate on emerging issues.

Water distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, has for many years been poorly managed and underfi... more Water distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, has for many years been poorly managed and underfinanced. It also has a record of unbalanced investment, which has contributed to a situation of a relatively well developed infrastructure for water abstraction and conveyance, but which lacks the commensurate connection to consumers. Combined with low water pressure, this turns into a self-reinforcing tragedy of pipe breakages and leaks. The lack of collective solutions to urban water supply and infrastructure management excludes the majority from piped water services, and utilises available resources in a far from optimal way. The paper first provides background on Dar es Salaam's water system, with its agents of supply and sources of water. The subsequent section discusses the distribution system and introduces the phenomena of 'spaghettiisation' and 'structural leakage,' which have been observed and documented within a broader study of water vending and utility privatisation (Kjellén, 2000, 2006). The spaghettiisation and structural leakage phenomena are inserted into a discussion of (the lack of) collective action, in what amounts to consumers choosing to exit-or being excluded-from the system. The long-standing lack of investments into the distribution system contributes to a self-reinforcing tragic situation where consumers, in order to secure their daily water needs, damage the system and thereby reinforce the vicious cycle of stagnation.

Environment and Urbanization, Apr 1, 1999

This paper describes the "rodízio" programme in São Paulo which has sought to reduce air pollutio... more This paper describes the "rodízio" programme in São Paulo which has sought to reduce air pollution by banning the use of every car for one day a week. After summarizing the serious problems that São Paulo faces from air pollution and the extent to which these are generated by motor vehicles, it describes the difficulties the city authorities faced in getting approval for this programme, including opposition of the press. However, it has still been implemented-for a month in 1996 and for the period June-September in 1997 and 1998-and accompanied by a large information programme. Its implementation brought significant reductions in some air pollutants and reduced traffic congestion. It also received considerable public support. The paper ends by reflecting on this experience in the light of the need for city authorities to increase information about environmental risks and ensure democratic interaction between local government and citizenry about environmental priorities. Pedro Jacobi is an economist and a sociologist who is Associate Professor at the School of Education at the University of São Paulo. He is also President of the Programme of Environmental Sciences of the University of São Paulo,1998-2000, and researcher on issues linked to local governments and environmental policies, environmental education and citizenship, environmental policies and income generation.

Routledge eBooks, Sep 23, 2010

In the preamble to the Habitat Agenda ( UNCHS 1996), access to safe and healthy shelter was recog... more In the preamble to the Habitat Agenda ( UNCHS 1996), access to safe and healthy shelter was recognised as essential to a person's physical, psychological, social and economic well-being. And yet no investment in land or property is safe unless the rights to ownership of that land are stable and secure. Whilst this proposition is generally valid, this argument tends to oversimplify the dynamic relationships between tenure, housing and environmental management among families in the post-colonial African city. This essay argues that tenure alone, by itself, may be inadequate as an explanatory variable and may be subsumed under the degree of planning in the community and zoning regulations, the provision of in-house environmental services, and the relative wealth and power of its residents that enhance access to scarce resources. The urban poor live beyond the pale of the law while the urban elite make the laws and determine penalties for breaking them. In many countries of Africa, the dividing line between legal and illegal is one which has been inherited, largely unaltered from their colonial past. The paper provides a historical review of state policies and the housing and environmental crisis, examines the patterns of land and house tenure, and investigates the relationship between house tenure and housing and environmental services. It also examines the relationship betweeen tenure and house maintenance and environmental management with special emphasis on the low income informal housing market with shared facilities and explores the relationship betwen crowding at these shared facilities and health. The results from this case study tend to suggest that the wealth and power of households together with location are more important in determining environmental outcomes rather than tenure. The study shows that centrally directed and controlled housing programmes and state subsidies have tended to benefit those who could best compete in the free market to the exclusion of the urban poor, who are consigned to a deprived life in the informal housing sector with few environmental services. All tenure groups in the upper end of the housing market are united by their privileged acess to housing and environmental services, whilst those at the lower end are bound together by their poverty and the state policies of social exclusion.

Waterlines, Jul 1, 2014

The SEI working paper series aims to expand and accelerate the availability of our research, stim... more The SEI working paper series aims to expand and accelerate the availability of our research, stimulate discussion, and elicit feedback. SEI working papers are work in progress and typically contain preliminary research, analysis, findings, and recommendations. Many SEI working papers are drafts that will be subsequently revised for a refereed journal or book. Other papers share timely and innovative knowledge that we consider valuable and policy-relevant, but which may not be intended for later publication.

International Journal of Water Resources Development, Mar 1, 2000

ABSTRACT In many cities in developing countries, a piped water supply is the norm for richer hous... more ABSTRACT In many cities in developing countries, a piped water supply is the norm for richer households, while poorer households struggle with a number of alternative means for accessing water. In Dar es Salaam, as the public water supply is highly deficient, households of all income classes draw upon a variety of water sources. Distribution by container using pushcarts is common in large areas, in particular where piped water is rationed, low pressure or non-existent. Tankers complement the public supply in wealthier areas. This paper focuses on how public and private systems complement one another with regards to pushcart water distribution.

Routledge eBooks, Dec 13, 2021

This book chapter discusses the environmental problems of the poor in urban areas of developing c... more This book chapter discusses the environmental problems of the poor in urban areas of developing countries. The three case studies from Accra in Ghana Jakarta in Indonesia and Sao Paulo in Brazil suggest that the environmental problems of households are not the same as the problems of cities. The case studies also suggest that the worst environmental health problems are in smaller poorer settlements. In these megacities most of the severe urban environmental hazards are in peoples homes and workplaces. Water sanitation solid waste indoor air and pest indicators improved between Accra and Jakarta and between Jakarta and Sao Paulo or with an increase in wealth between each city. Within each city the affluent urban dwellers were more similar between cities and more different between affluent dwellers and poor dwellers who tend to live in high-density indigenous settlements and migrant residential areas with poor access to environmental services. Sao Paulo households had the best environmental conditions in part due to higher levels of affluence and better infrastructure facilities for a greater proportion of the urban population. Sao Paulo also had the highest level of per capita activities that created urban environmental problems albeit with some successful pollution control efforts. Jakarta had the worst city-wide environmental problems that affected fishing agriculture and watersheds but Accra households faced the most pervasive environmental health problems. The problems in urban neighborhoods are often not solved with technology transfer or more efficient markets. The communities require political mobilization and scientific and institutional innovation. Commercial and political pressures do not generally motivate the private sector to provide adequate public services to low-income areas which instead require multisectoral and local community participation responses.

In cities around the world, public water systems have increasingly come to be operated by private... more In cities around the world, public water systems have increasingly come to be operated by private companies. Along with an internationally funded investment program to refurbish the dilapidated water infrastructure, private operations were tested also in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Only about a third of the households, however, are reached by the piped water system; most households purchase water from those with pipe-connections or private boreholes. Thus, water distribution was informally privatized by way of water vending long before formal private sector participation began. This thesis explores individual and collective endeavors in water development, distribution, and access, along with the global and local influences that shaped the privatization exercise. With regard to the lease of Dar es Salaam's water system, the institutional setup has been found to mix the British and French models, having influenced the local situation through development assistance and conditionalities tied to loans. The institutional contradictions may have contributed to the conflictive cancellation of the lease arrangement. Due to the public utility company's lack of operating capital and investment planning, infrastructure development has responded mainly to immediate individual demands, resulting in a spaghetti-like network and structural leakage. The long-standing under-performance and low coverage of the piped water system have forced many people to devise their own ways to access water. This thesis argues that the individually devised artisan ways of water provisioning constitute the lifeline of Dar es Salaam's water system. Yet, they also undermine and divert resources away from the collectively devised industrial form of piped water provision.

Accepting Realities of Multiple Systems? : Water Resale and Vending throughout Dar es Salaam’s Wa... more Accepting Realities of Multiple Systems? : Water Resale and Vending throughout Dar es Salaam’s Water History

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jun 1, 2017

World Water Week in Stockholm is the largest annual global event on water. Under the theme of 'Wa... more World Water Week in Stockholm is the largest annual global event on water. Under the theme of 'Water for sustainable growth', the 2016 Week brought together over 3200 individuals and around 330 convening organisations from 130 countries. Aiming to bridge the gaps between policy, science and practice, the week gathers water experts, practitioners, decision-makers, academics, business representatives and young professionals from around the world to network, exchange ideas, and develop solutions to water-related challenges. This themed section features a selection of papers from the 2016 Water Week. They illustrate the width of the theme and the importance of holistically addressing social, economic and environmental concerns in order to assure 'water for sustainable growth'. Water security, the availability of water for health, livelihoods, production and ecosystems at an acceptable level of risk to people, environments and economies, is key for water's relation to sustainable growth. 'Water for sustainable growth' highlights how people's livelihoods around the globe depend on wellfunctioning and well-managed ecosystems. The water resources and related ecosystems are under considerable pressure resulting from increasing and changing demands from growing populations, urbanisation processes and economic development. But in the two-way relationship between society and the environment, continued economic development also depends on water security attained through sustainable water resources management. Sustainable growth implies that economic growth should be decoupled from ecosystem degradation, and vice-versa, that negative environmental threats and impacts on human development should be minimised. Sustained growth also has an important equity component, where water needs to drive economic growth together with social well-being in ways that narrow the gap between rich and poor, and contribute to human dignity. The vital role of water in this area is most clearly recognised by securing access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene. Water and sanitation has been recognised as human rights, and also has specific targets under the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. As