Martin Evison - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Journal articles by Martin Evison

Chemistry - A European Journal, 2019

The human KDM7 subfamily histone H3 Ne-methyl lysine demethylases PHF8 (KDM7B) and KIAA1718 (KDM7... more The human KDM7 subfamily histone H3 Ne-methyl lysine
demethylases PHF8 (KDM7B) and KIAA1718 (KDM7A) have different
substrate selectivities and are linked to genetic diseases and cancer.
We describe experimentally based computational studies revealing
that flexibility of the region linking the PHD finger and JmjC
domains in PHF8 and KIAA1718 regulates inter-domain interactions,
the nature of correlated motions, and ultimately H3 binding and
demethylation site selectivity. F279S an X-linked mental retardation
mutation in PHF8 is involved in correlated motions with the iron
ligands and second sphere residues. The calculations reveal key roles
of a flexible protein environment in productive formation of enzymesubstrate complexes and suggest targeting the flexible KDM7 linker region is of interest from a medicinal chemistry perspective.

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry , 2019

N-Methylation of DNA/RNA bases can be regulatory or damaging and is linked to diseases including ... more N-Methylation of DNA/RNA bases can be regulatory or damaging and is linked to diseases including cancer and genetic disorders. Bacterial AlkB and human FTO are DNA/RNA demethylases belonging to the Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase superfamily. Modelling studies reveal conformational dynamics influence structure-function relationships of AlkB and FTO, e.g. why 1-methyladenine is a better substrate for AlkB than 6-methyladenine. Simulations show that the flexibility of the double stranded DNA substrate in AlkB influences correlated motions, including between the core jelly-roll fold and an active site loop involved in substrate binding. The FTO N-and C-terminal domains move in respect to one another in a manner likely important for substrate binding. Substitutions, including clinically observed ones, influencing catalysis contribute to the network of correlated motions in AlkB and FTO. Overall, the calculations highlight the importance of the overall protein environment and its flexibility to the geometry of the reactant complexes.

Forensic Science International, 2018

Forensic science policy has been the subject of a series of judicial and parliamentary enquiries ... more Forensic science policy has been the subject of a series of judicial and parliamentary enquiries in the United Kingdom in recent decades. Forensic science research has been a recurrent theme in their reports, which have included recommendations for research into the economics of forensic service provision; for the development of expertise and centres of excellence; and for research to establish the validity of the forensic sciences. These recommendations reflect similar concerns expressed internationally—particularly in the United States. In the United Kingdom, however, the Forensic Science Service recently enjoyed a near monopoly in research, and limited research funding and activity in the Universities was exacerbated by the lack of visibility of forensic science in government audits of research quality. This study used established methods in evidence-based policy and research quality evaluation to analyse the range, quantity and quality of research submitted to the two most
recent audits – RAE 2008 and REF 2014. Strengths and weaknesses in the methods used are discussed, and the findings analysed in relation to wider research policy issues in forensic science. The study concludes that consolidating forensic science as a peer-science in the academy is essential in order to establish a virtuous circle that will sustain research in the discipline—and address wider policy and socio-economic questions that persistently trouble the field.

Forensic Science International, 2017

Validation of a standard forensic anthropology examination protocol by measurement of applicabili... more Validation of a standard forensic anthropology examination protocol by measurement of applicability and reliability on exhumed and archive samples of known biological attribution. Forensic Science International in press.. Validation of a standard forensic anthropology examination protocol by measurement of applicability and reliability on exhumed and archive samples of known biological attribution. Forensic Science International in press.

The study of facial growth is explored in many fields of science, including anatomy, genetics, an... more The study of facial growth is explored in many fields of science, including anatomy, genetics, and forensics. In the field of forensics, it acts as a valuable tool for combating child pornography. The present research proposes a new method, based on relative measurements and fixed references of the human face—specifically considering measurements of the diameter of the iris (iris ratio)—for the analysis of facial growth in association with age in children and sub-adults. The experimental sample consisted of digital photographs of 1000 Brazilian subjects , aged between 6 and 22 years, distributed equally by sex and divided into five specific age groups (6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 year olds ± one month). The software package SAFF-2D ® (Forensic Facial Analysis System, Brazilian Federal Police, Brazil) was used for positioning 11 landmarks on the images. Ten measurements were calculated and used as fixed references to evaluate the growth of the other measurements for each age group, as well the accumulated growth (6–22 years old). The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was applied for the evaluation of intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability within a specific set of images. Pearson's Correlation Coefficient was used to assess the association between each measurement taken and the respective age groups. ANOVA and Post-hoc Tukey tests were used to search for statistical differences between the age groups. The outcomes indicated that facial structures grow with different timing in children and adolescents. Moreover, the growth allometry expressed in this study may be used to understand what structures have more or less proportional variation in function for the age ranges studied. The diameter of the iris was found to be the most stable measurement compared to the others and represented the best cephalometric measurement as a fixed reference for facial growth ratios (or indices). The method described shows promising potential for forensic applications, especially as part of the armamentarium against crimes involving child pornography and child abuse.

Improvement of methods for evidential facial comparison for the Courts relies on the collection o... more Improvement of methods for evidential facial comparison for the Courts relies on the collection of large databases of facial images that permit the analysis of face shape variation and the development of statistical tools. In this paper, we present a short description and key findings of an anthropometric study of face shape variation in three-dimensions. We used Statistical Shape Analysis to investigate a large database sample (n = 1968), classified by age and gender. We found that size, shape of the bilateral features and midline contributed successively to overall variation. Face size is associated with age. Sexual dimorphism is evident in size and shape, and shows patterns that affect male and female subjects differently. We anticipate this approach will lend itself to the development of methods for analysis of variation within subject groups and the establishment of the relative uniqueness or abundance of facial measurements within them.

A recent issue of NG&S included an exchange between Hill (2011) and Turney (2011) discussing an e... more A recent issue of NG&S included an exchange between Hill (2011) and Turney (2011) discussing an earlier paper on the use of DNA identification in the Australian bush fires disaster of 2009 (Turney, 2010). An editor’s introduction to the exchange solicited further observations on the issues raised by the two participants (Glasner, 2011). What follows is a response to that solicitation. It has been written jointly by individuals from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds (including forensic genetics, forensic anthropology, sociology, bioethics, and science & technology studies) located within two research centres (the Northumbria University Centre for Forensic Science (NCUFS); the Policy, Ethics and Life Sciences Research Centre at Newcastle University (PEALS)). We currently collaborate on a range of research topics including the uses of the life sciences for Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) . Some of us have worked as scientists commissioned by the UK Government and other agencies in response to particular disasters; others of us have an interest in the formation of policy and in the uses of science and technology as they affect a range of social goods including health, justice and security.

Exhumation may be defined as the legally sanctioned excavation and recovery of the remains of law... more Exhumation may be defined as the legally sanctioned excavation and recovery of the remains of lawfully buried or – occasionally – cremated individuals, as distinct from forensic excavations of clandestinely buried remains conducted as part of a criminal investigation and from unlawful disinterment of human remains,commonly referred to as ‘bodysnatching’. The aim of this article is to review the role of exhumation – so defined – in the activities of CEMEL, the Medico-Legal
Centre of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School-University of São Paulo, in international, regional and local collaborations. Exhumations form part of routine forensic anthropology casework; scientific research in physical and forensic anthropology; and forensic casework conducted in collaboration with the Brazilian Federal Police; and are carried out as part of humanitarian investigations into deaths associated with the civil–military dictatorship of 1964 to 1985. This article aims to offer
a non-technical summary – with reference to international comparative information – of the role of exhumation in investigative and scientific work and to discuss developments in their historical and political context.

Human Remains and Violence, 2017

Truth commissions are widely recognised tools used in negotiation following political repression.... more Truth commissions are widely recognised tools used in negotiation following political repression. Their work may be underpinned by formal scientific investigation of human remains. This paper presents an analysis of the role of forensic investigations in the transition to democracy following the Brazilian military governments of 1964-1985. It considers practices during the dictatorship and in the period following, making reference to analyses of truth commission work in jurisdictions other than Brazil, including those in which the investigation of clandestine burials has taken place. Attempts to conceal the fate of victims during the dictatorship and of democratic governments to investigate them are described. Despite various initiatives since the end of the military government, many victims remain unidentified. In Brazil, as elsewhere, forensic investigations are susceptible to political and social influences, leading to a situation in which relatives struggle to obtain meaningful restitution and have little trust in the transitional justice process.

Forensic Science International, 2017

The aim of this brief critical qualitative analysis is to examine the development of forensic ant... more The aim of this brief critical qualitative analysis is to examine the development of forensic anthropology in Australia, at a time of significant change in the discipline. It will briefly summarise its historical establishment, making comparative reference to other regions—particularly the United Kingdom and United States, and the influence of the Bali Bombings of 2002, Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami of 2004 and Black Saturday Bushfires of 2009. The analysis goes on to consider key factors in research in forensic anthropology in the United States, and the development of standards and regulation in the US and UK. The significance of research in post-mortem diagenesis in Brazil—a country sharing aspects of climate, soil types and demography with Australia—is also considered, as well as the significance of patterns of casework encountered in Australia compared with those of other jurisdictions. While forensic anthropology as a discipline has grown remarkably in recent years, this analysis suggests that research and training tailored to the specific pattern of casework encountered in Australia is now essential to support the development of national standards in science, education, and professional regulation. The significance of the establishment of the first taphonomy research facility outside of the US—the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research—is briefly considered with reference to what this facility may offer to the development of forensic anthropology in Australia.

Taphonomic processes affecting bone post mortem are important in forensic, archaeological and pal... more Taphonomic processes affecting bone post mortem are important in forensic, archaeological and palaeontological investigations. In this study, the application of tissue microarray (TMA) analysis to a sample of femoral bone specimens from 20 exhumed individuals of known period of burial and age at death is described. TMA allows multiplexing of subsamples, permitting standardized comparative analysis of adjacent sections in 3-D and of representative cross-sections of a large number of specimens. Standard hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff and silver methenamine, and picrosirius red staining, and CD31 and CD34 immunohistochemistry were applied to TMA sections. Osteocyte and osteocyte lacuna counts, percent bone matrix loss, and fungal spheroid element counts could be measured and collagen fibre bundles observed in all specimens. Decalcification with 7% nitric acid proceeded more rapidly than with 0.5 M EDTA and may offer better preservation of histological and cellular structure. No endothelial cells could be detected using CD31 and CD34 immunohistochemistry. Correlation between osteocytes per lacuna and age at death may reflect reported age-related responses to microdamage. Methodological limitations and caveats, and results of the TMA analysis of post mortem diagenesis in bone are discussed, and implications for DNA survival and recovery considered. Bone undergoes a range of changes in the burial environment that are of forensic, archaeological and palaeonto-logical interest. Analysis of exhumed bone may allow the mechanism of interment or disposal, burial location, time since death and time since burial to be established, and possible secondary interments to be identified 1–5. Forensic, archaeological and palaeontological investigations of bone taphonomy have addressed macroscopic, microscopic, physico-chemical and molecular processes occurring post mortem 6–15. In forensic human identification, osteological analysis and DNA profiling are each of fundamental importance and understanding of post mortem changes or diagenesis can assist in ensuring investigative procedures can accommodate both 16–21. Bone diagenesis in soil is characterized by destruction of histological integrity, alteration in bone porosity and mineral crystallinity, and loss of collagen 6–9. Collagen loss can be the result of enzymatic hydrolysis promoted by collagenase activity, creating pathways that facilitate microbial invasion 10,11. Microbial attack in specific areas results focal microscopic destruction, during which collagen loss follows bone demineralization, leading to reduction in bone strength 12. The extent of these changes can vary dramatically depending on the time and conditions of burial. They are especially influenced by factors such as humidity, pH and temperature: while physico-chemical deterioration is accelerated by extreme pH or high temperatures 13–15 , microbial activity is optimized in conditions close to neutral pH. This study describes the application of tissue microarray (TMA) analysis to the investigation of post mortem diagenesis in exhumed human bone. TMA 22 analysis is a method in which small cores are precisely extracted from conventional paraffin-embedded specimens and inserted into a fresh block so that large numbers of sub-specimens can be analyzed together in a single multiplex. Cores from the donor block may be selected to give a representative cross-section of an original specimen. These cores, which may vary from 0.6 to 2.0 mm in diameter , are extracted with a hollow needle coupled to a precision support and then mounted in a recipient block. Up to a thousand specimens may be subsampled and multiplexed in this way. If, for example, slides are cut to a thickness of 5 μ m and each of 40 sections is subsampled at the same point, there will be 200 μ m between the first

There is a perception in forensic anthropology that anthropometric methods are less subjective, a... more There is a perception in forensic anthropology that anthropometric methods are less subjective, and have lower intra and inter observer error rates compared with more subjective classificatory or anthroposcopic approaches. Anthropometric methods have risks of execution errors, however, and may be laborious and time-consuming. Heterogeneous or less than homogeneous samples—such as in cases of intensive admixture—yield equally heterogeneous results. This study is an evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of an anthropometric method of sex estimation from the mastoid process triangle (porion, asterion and mastoidale), as described by Paiva & Segre and Kemkes & Göbel. Of 74 skulls selected from the CEMEL/FMRP-USP collection, 28 were excluded due to the impossibility of execution of the method. The remaining 46 skulls were measured three times and the results compared with each other, as well as with the assignments based on the classifications used in the LAF/CEMEL protocol. In addition to the high number of exclusions due to impossibility of execution of the method, and the need for technical refinements to avoid intra-observer errors, the results obtained contrasted with those obtained by Paiva & Segre in 60.9% of cases. Reduction of observer errors over time and with technical refinement led to the anthropometric method increasing in efficiency. It was not as effective in estimating the sex of the skulls in the heterogeneous admixed sample compared to the anthroposcopic methods, indicating that these are more useful on samples of this kind.

In the UK forensic animations are becoming an increasingly important visual aid in courtroom situ... more In the UK forensic animations are becoming an increasingly important visual aid in courtroom situations. where complex data relating to a sequence of events is being visualised before a general public who may, have little or no understanding of established forensic procedure or methodology. This paper will introduce and discuss a spectrum of new technologies that utilise new developments in Computer Graphics (CG) and Virtual Reality (VR) for a range of incident investigation and presentation scenarios.

Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 14(1), 297-315. ISSN 1108-9628 (Print), 2241-8121 (Online), 2014

This article explores historical and contemporary approaches to the use of genetic and archaeolog... more This article explores historical and contemporary approaches to the use of genetic and archaeological evidence in the interpretation of European Prehistory. It begins by reviewing the early work of anthropologists, which was ambitious in scientific scope and effort, but doomed in interpretation by the framework of colonial expansion and racial hierarchy within which it arose. It briefly considers the emergence of serology and genetic studies, and the gradual displacement of the racial paradigm following the Second World War. The Neolithic transition and the genetics of populations in Europe model of Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza is used to generate a fuller discussion of the dimensions involved in combining archaeological and genetic evidence, and alternative mechanisms are explored. The potential for ancient DNA to contribute to this and other debates is raised, and the prospects offered by more recent scientific developments in human genetics are considered. Genetic studies-modern and ancient-have become established as having the potential to support archaeological investigations with considerable breadth and time-depth. The paper aims to offer a nuanced consideration of a number of issues arising from this discussion and concludes that genes, environment, language and archaeology are individually and together legitimate and pressing subjects of enquiry for the scholar of the past.

Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy. Available Online. ISSN 1043-9463 (Print), 1477-2728 (Online) doi: 10.1080/10439463.2014.895347 , 2015

The London Riots of August 2011 were notable for the prominence of CCTV images of offenders in ne... more The London Riots of August 2011 were notable for the prominence of CCTV images of offenders in news and social media, as well as in investigation, prosecution and conviction. The Metropolitan Police Service relied on specialist units that had in fact been established in the five years prior to the riots, which had been tasked with acting systematically upon CCTV image evidence: a procedural approach deemed so effective it had been termed the ‘Third Forensics’. This article discusses the significance of this claim and its implications for the justice system. The use of images in the investigations of the riots was highly effective, suggesting claims for substantially improved impact in investigation and prosecution are valid, and earlier scepticism regarding both utility and surveillance society agendas in public area CCTV studies was justified. Systematic procedural use of CCTV footage is not new, however, as demonstrated following riots in Vancouver, Canada, and earlier in Bradford, UK. Furthermore, identification in the ‘Third Forensics’ is eyewitness recognition, not scientifically or technologically comparable to fingerprints or DNA. The article suggests this difference affects risks of prejudice and miscarriages of justice, and the ‘profiling’ of individuals and social categories images appear to represent. The article concludes that while forensic investigation of CCTV images may not meet scientific criteria of a third forensic discipline, it does define a nascent development in police investigation where improvements in procedure have combined with proliferating CCTV systems and social media. This has led to a novel set of circumstances, which raises a number of unexplored issues of such significance that ‘Third Forensics’ is a suitable term to use to define them.

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58(4), 859-65. ISSN 0022-1198 (Print), 1556-4029 (Online) doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12127, 2013

The London Riots of August 2011 were notable for the prominence of closed-circuit television (CCT... more The London Riots of August 2011 were notable for the prominence of closed-circuit television (CCTV) images of offenders in investigation and prosecution, and in social media and news publicity. The systematic use of CCTV footage in criminal investigations was not new, however. London's Metropolitan Police had pioneered specialist units tasked with acting upon image evidence in the five years prior to the riots, an approach deemed so effective it was termed the ‘Third Forensics’. This article discusses the significance of this claim and its implications for the justice system. The use of images in the investigation of the riots was highly effective, suggesting claims for substantially improved impact in investigation and prosecution are valid, and earlier scepticism regarding both utility and surveillance society agendas in public area CCTV studies was justified. Systematic procedural use of CCTV footage is not new, however, as demonstrated following riots in Vancouver, Canada, and earlier in Bradford, UK. Furthermore, identification in the Third Forensics is eyewitness recognition, and not scientifically or technologically similar to fingerprints or DNA. The article suggests this difference affects risks of prejudice and miscarriages of justice, and profiling of individuals and social categories images appear to represent. The article concludes that while forensic investigation of CCTV images may not meet scientific criteria of a third forensic discipline, it defines nascent development in police investigation, where improvements in procedure have combined with proliferating CCTV systems and social media, leading to a novel set of circumstances raising a number of unexplored issues of such significance that ‘Third Forensics’ is a suitable term to use to symbolise them.

Forensic Science Policy and Management: An International Journal, 3(2), 85-104. ISSN 1940-9044 (Print), 1940-9036 (Online) doi: 10.1080/19409044.2012.744121, 2012

Efficacy and cost-effectiveness have emerged as important topics in forensic science. So far, how... more Efficacy and cost-effectiveness have emerged as important topics in forensic science. So far, however, social research has tended to neglect infrequently used and highly specialised subdisciplines of forensic science. This paper begins to address this deficiency with regard to one such sub-discipline, namely forensic anthropology: the analysis of skeletal remains in the interests of criminal justice. A simple attrition model is derived from the quantitative analysis of caseloads encountered at two contrasting regional medico-legal institutes: Sheffield Medico-Legal Centre (SMLC) in the United Kingdom and the Centro de Medicina Legal (CEMEL) in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. The pattern of cases encountered in these samples (n=105) is assessed against 36 measures of case provenance and type, methods employed in casework, case demography and contribution to the investigation recorded in a matrix of 3780 data items. Representativeness in relation to forensic anthropology casework in general is established via comparison with four published surveys-Smithsonian (n=474), Tennessee (n=513), Montevideo (n=344), and Porto Alegre (n=276). The model is supported by case examples included in a supplementary file. The model may be improved via systematic case recording, including courtroom finalisations and verdicts. It suggests case conversions would be increased via scene attendance, improved communication and integration, end-to-end performance management, feedback on evidential reliability, and tailoring of research and education to reflect caseload.

Forensic Science Policy and Management: An International Journal, 3(3), 113-25. ISSN 1940-9044 (Print), 1940-9036 (Online) doi: 10.1080/19409044.2012.763638 , 2012

In Approaching Utility in Forensic Anthropology, Evison, Francisco, and Guimarães (2012) propose ... more In Approaching Utility in Forensic Anthropology, Evison, Francisco, and Guimarães (2012) propose an attrition model for the study of the impact of forensic anthropology in the justice system and consider wider implications for crime prevention and public health and safety. In this short supplementary article, brief illustrations of case findings are offered to demonstrate their significance in case progression—or conversions—in the investigative and prosecutorial process. The examples, it is suggested, support the specific arguments for improved communication and integration, feedback on evidential reliability, and tailoring of research and education to reflect caseload proposed via the attrition model, as well as policy advances that would improve efficacy in public health and safety.

New Genetics and Society, 31(4), 385-90. ISSN 1463-6778 (Print), 1469-9915 (Online) doi: 10.1080/14636778.2012.679395 , 2012

Chemistry - A European Journal, 2019

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry , 2019

Forensic Science International, 2018

Forensic Science International, 2017

Human Remains and Violence, 2017

Forensic Science International, 2017

Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 14(1), 297-315. ISSN 1108-9628 (Print), 2241-8121 (Online), 2014

Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy. Available Online. ISSN 1043-9463 (Print), 1477-2728 (Online) doi: 10.1080/10439463.2014.895347 , 2015

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58(4), 859-65. ISSN 0022-1198 (Print), 1556-4029 (Online) doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12127, 2013

Forensic Science Policy and Management: An International Journal, 3(2), 85-104. ISSN 1940-9044 (Print), 1940-9036 (Online) doi: 10.1080/19409044.2012.744121, 2012

Forensic Science Policy and Management: An International Journal, 3(3), 113-25. ISSN 1940-9044 (Print), 1940-9036 (Online) doi: 10.1080/19409044.2012.763638 , 2012

New Genetics and Society, 31(4), 385-90. ISSN 1463-6778 (Print), 1469-9915 (Online) doi: 10.1080/14636778.2012.679395 , 2012

Computer-Aided Forensic Facial Comparison, Mar 26, 2010

Various approaches for face reconstruction on a skeletonized skull of an unknown individual have ... more Various approaches for face reconstruction on a skeletonized skull of an unknown individual have been presented since the 19th century. Recently, tremendous advances in information technology lead to significant further developments and refinements of the reconstruction methods. In combination with modern imaging technology, 3D simulation methods have been applied that create facial expressions. An international conference series on reconstruction of soft facial parts (RSFP) has been initiated to inform police officers and international scientists about this complex scientific branch and to simultaneously encourage future international cooperative networks of the involved disciplines. This book includes contributions of the multi-faceted status quo of scientific developments in reconstruction of soft facial parts.

Computer-Aided Forensic Facial Comparison, Mar 26, 2010

Computer-Graphic Facial Reconstruction, Jan 2005

Contact: Steph Davy, SenatorDavy@GoRebels.net, +44 (0)793 942 9983/+ 44 Currently, there is no si... more Contact: Steph Davy, SenatorDavy@GoRebels.net, +44 (0)793 942 9983/+ 44 Currently, there is no single answer to the many challenges facing forensic facial reconstruction. The process of completing a three-dimensional clay reconstruction can take several days to complete. With the advent of user-friendly computer software and methods, the time taken to produce a facial reconstruction process could potentially be reduced to mere hours. As computer technology progresses and develops, computer generated facial reconstruction techniques will improve. These developments could save both time and money, as well as increasing the reliability of the technique.

Computer-Aided Forensic Facial Comparison, Mar 26, 2010

Handbook of Missing Persons, Dec 2016

Forensic facial reconstruction is a means for producing a facial surface from the skull. There ar... more Forensic facial reconstruction is a means for producing a facial surface from the skull. There are several technical approaches that can be applied, which include computerised and plastic sculptural methods. Whether the reconstruction is attempted in virtual or actual reality, the facial surface is projected by one of two principal means: by reconstruction of the craniofacial anatomy or by mathematical extrapolation of the face surface from that of the skull. More recently, it has been possible via a combination of the two. In this chapter, the history of facial reconstruction from the skull will be briefly introduced and the principal methods described. Both plastic and computational approaches will be summarised. The utility of forensic facial reconstruction will be discussed with reference to the investigation of cases of missing persons, and to current controversies in research and practice, relating to the precision and efficacy of the technique.

Ciências Forenses-Uma introdução às principais áreas da Criminalistica Moderna (3ª Edição), May 2017

Since its discovery in 1985 by Alec Jeffreys, forensic DNA profiling has emerged as an immensely ... more Since its discovery in 1985 by Alec Jeffreys, forensic DNA profiling has emerged as an immensely powerful technology. In this chapter, the development of genetic approaches to forensic human identification will be discussed in a variety of contexts, including the analysis of skeletal remains and other trace evidence. The use of autosomal, X and Y chromosome genetic loci and maternally-inherited mitochondrial DNA in relationship analysis will be briefly reviewed. More recent advances in the application of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to human identification, particularly in the development of ancestry informative markers (AIMS) and externally visible characteristics (EVCs) will also be introduced, with related socio-ethical issues. A range of case studies are used to illustrate application of these technologies. Forensic genetics has a range of roles in missing person cases, including homicides and human rights related investigations. It is also important in the investigation of living missing persons, including trafficked children and persons displaced due to conflict and migration.

Groen, M., Márquez-Grant, N. and Janaway, R. (eds.), Forensic Archaeology: A Global Perspective. Chichester, UK: Wiley, p. 215-22. ISBN 9781118745984 (Print), 9781118745977 (Online) doi: 10.1002/9781118745977.ch26, 2015

This chapter begins with a brief overview of Brazil's somewhat hectic past and some key developme... more This chapter begins with a brief overview of Brazil's somewhat hectic past and some key developments in legislation that have led to the rather incongruous state of forensic archaeology in a country whose economy is ranked the world's sixth largest and which has been chosen to host major sporting events such as the FIFA World Cup in 2014 and the Olympic Games in 2016. It discusses the contemporary situation in forensic archaeology in Brazil and follows with a reference to illustrative examples. The close interface between forensic archaeology and anthropology in Brazil makes both areas almost indistinguishable. Contemporary practice does recognise that forensic archaeology and anthropology represent more than excavation and osteology. The wider significance of forensic archaeology and anthropology to the rule of law and the safeguarding of human rights is of contemporary as well as historical importance, in Brazil as it is elsewhere.

Bruinsma, G. and Weisburd, D. (eds), Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, New York: Springer, p. 1713-29. ISBN 978-1-4614-5689-6 (Print), 978-1-4614-5690-2 (Online) doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_170, 2014

Divan, A. and Royds, J. (Eds), Tools and Techniques in the Biomolecular Sciences, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 23-43. ISBN 978-0-19-969556-0, 2013

van Tilorg, H.C.A, and Jajodia, S. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security (2nd ed.), New York: Springer, pp. 130-4. ISBN 978-1-4419-5905-8 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5906-5_731 , 2011

Evison, M.P. and Vorder Bruegge, R.W. (Eds.) Computer-aided forensic facial comparison. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 1-9. ISBN 978-1-4398-1133-7 (Print), 978-1-4398-1134-4 (Online) doi: 10.1201/9781439811344-c1, 2010

Evison, M.P. and Vorder Bruegge, R.W. (Eds.) Computer-aided forensic facial comparison. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 11-33. ISBN 978-1-4398-1133-7 (Print), 978-1-4398-1134-4 (Online) doi: 10.1201/9781439811344-c2 , 2010

Evison, M.P. and Vorder Bruegge, R.W. (Eds.) Computer-aided forensic facial comparison. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 35-52. ISBN 978-1-4398-1133-7 (Print), 978-1-4398-1134-4 (Online) doi: 10.1201/9781439811344-c3 , 2010

Evison, M.P. and Vorder Bruegge, R.W. (Eds.) Computer-aided forensic facial comparison. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 53-70. ISBN 978-1-4398-1133-7 (Print), 978-1-4398-1134-4 (Online) doi: 10.1201/9781439811344-c4, 2010

Tools for forensic facial comparison will inevitably rely on estimations of face shape frequency ... more Tools for forensic facial comparison will inevitably rely on estimations of face shape frequency in the general population. In order to provide sample from which estimates of shape frequency can be derived, a database of facial images and measurements is essential. A database additionally allows questions of representativeness-such as by age, sex and ancestry-to be addressed and, finally, it permits patterns of variation within the database itself to be understood with empirical confidence. This Chapter describes the collection of a large database of facial images and anthropometric landmark datasets in 3D. The investigation described in Chapter 3 served, effectively, as a pilot study in which an optimal selection of anthropometric landmarks was identified that could be used to collect measurements from a large quantity of facial images. The pilot investigation also allowed methods of training and quality assurance for operators to be developed.

Evison, M.P. and Vorder Bruegge, R.W. (Eds.) Computer-aided forensic facial comparison. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 71-87. ISBN 978-1-4398-1133-7 (Print), 978-1-4398-1134-4 (Online) doi: 10.1201/9781439811344-c5, 2010

Evison, M.P. and Vorder Bruegge, R.W. (Eds.) Computer-aided forensic facial comparison. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 89-100. ISBN 978-1-4398-1133-7 (Print), 978-1-4398-1134-4 (Online) doi: 10.1201/9781439811344-c6, 2010

Evison, M.P. and Vorder Bruegge, R.W. (Eds.) Computer-aided forensic facial comparison. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 101-17. ISBN 978-1-4398-1133-7 (Print), 978-1-4398-1134-4 (Online) doi: 10.1201/9781439811344-c7 , 2010

Journal of Archaeological Sciences, 36(9), 2057-8. ISSN: 0305-4403 doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.002 , Jan 1, 2009

Bulletin of the Royal College of Pathologists, 126, 59., 2004

British Museum Press , 2003 , £9.99 , 256 pp ISBN 0 714 127159 lvlaking Fac es -using forensi c a... more British Museum Press , 2003 , £9.99 , 256 pp ISBN 0 714 127159 lvlaking Fac es -using forensi c and a rchae o logical evidence is rh e res ult o f collabor;][ion berween John Prag, Keeper o f Archa eology a t The Manche srer Mu seum, and Richard Nea ve , recenrly rerired Anist in I\;! edicine dod Life Sciences 8r th e Univers][y o f Manchester. Whilst Pra g r·ovides the archJ eological ba ck ground , ir is Nea lie w hose work -Ii fe 's work, in fact -provides rhe theme [Q the bo o k. N eave ha s pi o n eered the crafr of

The Archaeologist, 40, 28-9. , 2001

Agenda for the Future En glish Heritage 1998 ISBN 1 85074 693 1 241 pages H e le n Fenwick vVetl ... more Agenda for the Future En glish Heritage 1998 ISBN 1 85074 693 1 241 pages H e le n Fenwick vVetl ands f\rcllaeology and Environment Research Cen tre

Science and Justice, 40(1), 62. ISSN 1355-0306 doi:10.1016/S1355-0306(00)71940-X , 2000

Forensic osteology is perhaps one of the most heterogeneous sub-disciplines of forensic science o... more Forensic osteology is perhaps one of the most heterogeneous sub-disciplines of forensic science or medicine. Considerable variability exists with regard to the demand for forensic osteological services in different countries, the educational background and experience of practitioners, accreditation and circumstances of employment, and local sociological, environmental and climatic conditions. This collection of twenty case studies presented by thirty-three authors offers a wide-ranging review of forensic osteology practice in a variety of contemporary and historical contexts largely originating from Canada and the United States. Forensic osteology offers a means of gathering evidence which can contribute to the identification of the individual from the skeleton, of methods of body concealment and disposal, of post-mortem diagenetic and taphonomic processes and, under certain circumstances, of cause of death and time since death. Estimation of age, height, sex, build and ethnic affiliation are the stock-in-trade of the forensic osteologist and it is important to recall that these are indeed estimates, with varying degrees of confidence attached, not unequivocal determinations. Natural variations or pathological conditions affecting the gross morphology of the skeleton may also assist in identification if records can be obtained for comparison. Life, as well as ill-health, leaves its mark on the skeleton. Musculo-skeletal development and wear can be influenced as a result of many occupations and pastimes. Although 'osteobiographies' derived from skeletal remains are partial, ambiguous and speculative to varying degrees, they may offer the only source of insight into the appearance, identity and habits of the individual during life.

. British Archaeology, 31, 16., 1998

ison IvL4KI G FACES J ohn P rag and Richard Neave British Museum, £ 18 .99 ISBN 0-7 141-17 43 -9 hb

Assemblage, 3. ISSN 1365-3881 , 1998

Assemblage, 2 ISSN 1365-3881 , 1997

New York: Addison-Wesley, 1995, 300 pp., ISBN 0-201-40755-8.

Journal of Human Evolution, 33(4), 526-8. ISSN 0047-2484 doi: 10.1006/jhev.1997.0143 , 1997

Assemblage, 2 ISSN 1365-3881 , 1997

This is going to be a very brief review. The reason is that the book does not have very much to d... more This is going to be a very brief review. The reason is that the book does not have very much to do with virtual reality as a research, analytical or modelling tool in archaeology.

Science and Justice, 2018

1. The Forensic Science Strategy makes pertinent observations regarding the changing nature of cr... more 1. The Forensic Science Strategy makes pertinent observations regarding the changing nature of crime, but does not consider risks associated with a range of underlying causes.

Science and Justice, 48(4), 196. ISSN 1355-0306 doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2008.10.008, 2008

Science and Justice, 43(4), 181-2. ISSN 1355-0306 doi: 10.1016/S1355-0306(03)71773-0 , 2003

Nature, 420(6914), 359. ISSN 0028 -0836 doi:10.1038/420359c, Jan 1, 2002

Current Anthropology, 41(3), 373-4. ISSN: 00113204 (Print), 15375382 (Online) doi: 10.1086/300144 , Jan 1, 2009

Anthropology News, 40(4), 5. ISSN: 1556-3502 (Online) doi: 10.1111/an.1999.40.4.5.3, 1999

New Scientist, 155(2094), 51 ISSN 0262-4079 , 1997

DNA extracted from skeletal specimens consists of an overwhelming mass of contaminating DNA of mi... more DNA extracted from skeletal specimens consists of an overwhelming mass of contaminating DNA of microbial origin. The quantity of native DNA recovered from a skeletal specimen commonly represents a few haploid genome equivalents or less. Monoclonal antibody technology may permit selective enhancement of the quantity of human-relative to microbial-DNA recovered from a typical skeletal specimen, and could be applied in the study of DNA diagenesis in the skeleton and the quantification of human DNA. Although histones are highly conserved in evolution, bacteria do not possess the nucleosomal structure of eukaryotes. Some inter-species variation in histones H2A and H2B is known, and histone H1 is apparently absent from yeast. The aim of this project was to elicit a polyclonal response in mice in order to establish a monoclonal antibody specific to higher eukaryote nucleosomal arrays and to investigate the viability of using a recombinant method of antibody generation.

Sheffield: University of Sheffield [Unpublished PhD Thesis], 1996

19th International Association of Forensic Science World Meeting 2011. , 2011

Voltaire wrote that 'Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is absurd'. Our Courts have... more Voltaire wrote that 'Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is absurd'. Our Courts have long had the good sense to realize this and require the jury to find fact only beyond reasonable doubt. As science is an engine designed to eliminate uncertainty, the Courts turn in their deliberations to scientists. This presentation will examine the contemporary paradox of forensic science, which is that exciting developments-particularly in the field of DNA profiling-have been accompanied by a realization that many of the assumptions upon which many forensic sciences are founded are uncertain. Few forensic science sub-disciplines can approach the 'gold standard' of DNA. Some sub-disciplines may not even be science at all. The respective roles of the Universities and the profession in promoting academic research and education in forensic science will be considered. Despite their media image, forensic science and forensic medicine are academia's 'forgotten sciences' upon which anyone's fate may suddenly depend. A free society is founded upon the liberty of the individual. The presentation will contend, in conclusion, that the perpetual crises in policy and in administration in forensic science are signs of complacency unfitting of democratic societies.

19th International Association of Forensic Science World Meeting 2011. , 2011

In 2003, an academic collaboration in forensic science and medicine led by the Centro de Medicina... more In 2003, an academic collaboration in forensic science and medicine led by the Centro de Medicina Legal, Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Ribeirao Preto (CEMEL / USP-FMRP) gained the support of the United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office Global Opportunities Fund (FCO GOF) to implement a programme of capacity building in forensic science and medicine. This presentation describes the practical organisation of the project, problems encountered and lessons learned, and mutual benefits to the participants, in both Brazil and the UK. The presentation will briefly describe the preceding track record of the collaborating researchers and outline plan. It will then describe the academic and training component of the programme, including establishment of facilities, training, education and implementation. Training focused on forensic human identification and autopsy. Training in forensic anthropology and plastic forensic facial reconstruction was delivered in situ at CEMEL in facilities established with FCO GOF support, using skeletal material held in the CEMEL archives. Training in forensic DNA profiling, computerised forensic facial reconstruction and autopsy were provided in the United Kingdom via novel and existing short courses. Knowledge, training and mentored professional practice was provided to academic forensic scientists, graduate students, technicians and professional forensic pathologists attached to CEMEL, who were able to apply this capacity to accumulated and newly encountered cases. The United Kingdom participants benefited substantially from the partnership. They encountered skeletal material and forensic case scenarios that are rarely encountered in the UK, gaining considerable knowledge and experience as a consequence. The project also facilitated further collaboration in education, via the Brazilian CAPES programme, and an international research partnership in the Projeto Genetica da Face.

Science and Justice, 50(1), 36 (abstr.). ISSN 1355-0306 doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2009.11.042 , 2010

The morphology and chemistry of bones can provide a record of their history and have been well st... more The morphology and chemistry of bones can provide a record of their history and have been well studied for archaeological samples. However, the structural properties of lesser-aged bones, such as those that may be Abstract 36

Barber, S., Baxter, P.D., Gusnanto, A. and Mardia, K.V. (eds), The Art and Science of Statistical Bioinformatics, Leeds, Leeds University Press, p. 64 (abstr.). ISBN 978 0 85316 273 5 , 2008

Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences XIII, p. 383, 2007

After attending this presentation, attendees will gain basic understanding of the nature of face ... more After attending this presentation, attendees will gain basic understanding of the nature of face shape variation in 3D as measured empirically in a large study sample and its implications for forensic facial comparison from videotape, photographic, and other facial images.

Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society 18th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences, 101-2. , 2006

Barber, S., Baxter, P.D., Mardia, K.V. and Walls, R.E. (Eds.), LASR 2005 - Quantitative Biology, Shape Analysis, and Wavelets, Leeds: Leeds University Press, p. 155-6 ISBN 0 85316 243 3 , 2005

Comparative Clinical Pathology, 13(1), S15 (abstr.). ISSN: 1618-5641 (Print) 1618-565X , 2004

Third UK National Conference on Craniofacial Identification Report on Proceedings. Department of Art in Medicine, University of Manchester, p. 7, 2000

Forensic Science Communications, 2(4) Part 1 (abstr.) ISSN 1528-8005, 2000

conducted for iden.@cation purposes according to the Desbo is-Mallet-Perrot Method , a technique ... more conducted for iden.@cation purposes according to the Desbo is-Mallet-Perrot Method , a technique founded on the WO F!.. of M . M. GleFassimov. Prior to the facial reconstructions , there were no clues to the identities of ihe deceased persons. Ten identiiications were made from the 30 faci al reconstructions .

Folia Primatologica, 69 (Sup. 1), 408-9 (abstr.). ISSN 0015-5713 doi: 10.1159/000052730, 1998

Journal of Pathology, 182, 14A (abstr.). ISSN 0022-3417 doi: 10.1002/path.1711820102 , 1997

The objective of this survey was CO measure: (he frequency and causes of sudden <xpecled aduli de... more The objective of this survey was CO measure: (he frequency and causes of sudden <xpecled aduli dealb . A Slra lined sample of 83 of ille 132 HM Coroners jurisdictions in Eogland was drawn. For a 4 momh period each coroner identified sudden death among caucasiaus , 16 to 64 years old, wilh no ruStory of cardiac disease, lase see n alive within 12 hours of death . and wbosr: pose mortem revealed eiLher a cardiac or no idemifiable cause of death. A transverse myocardial sliee was obtained from eacb, examiued hislOlogically by three parhologislS . If no cause of death wa.s ic.lelltified ac post mOrtem. lhe whole hean was examilled. 67 coroners (81%) panicipared Evison, M.P., Smillie, D.M. and Chamberlain, A.T. (1997). Single-copy nuclear DNA from forensic specimens. Journal of Pathology, 182 (Suppt.), 14A (abstr.).

Human Immunology, 47(1-2), O693 (abstr.). ISSN 0198-8859 doi: 10.1016/0198-8859(96)85388-2 , 1996

Transfusion Medicine, 5(S1), 34 (abstr.). ISSN 1365-3148 (Online) doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.1995.tb00282.x , 1995

American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 38(S1), 74 (abstr.). ISSN 0002-9483 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330380505 , 1995

TX 77225. From de mographi c ar.d so cial science view points, the present popUlation of US is ve... more TX 77225. From de mographi c ar.d so cial science view points, the present popUlation of US is very cosmopolitan . The US Caucasians have their ancestry from all Nations of Europe; th e Afro-Americans have a varied degree of Caucasian admixture in their gene pool that show a geographic cline; the Hi spanics have different ancestry in different regions; and there are segments of many American Indian tribes that retained their original gene pool with very little admixture.

Moore, J.M. (ed.), Institute of Field Archaeologists Yearbook 2001. Tisbury, UK: Cathedral Communications Limited, p. 35-6. ISBN 1900915162, 2001

The Archaeologist, 31, 18-9. , 1998

Assemblage, 4. ISSN 1365-3881 , 1998

Fingerprint Whorld: the International Journal of the Fingerprint Society, 24(93), 96-8. ISSN 0951-1288 , 1998

British Archaeology, 23, 8-9. , 1997

Assemblage, 1. ISSN 1365-3881, 1996

The Glyph, Archaeological Institute of America, San Diego Society, 1(9), 1-8., 1996

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, 4, 1896-1900. ISBN 9781424493517 doi: 10.1109/BMEI.2011.6098736 , 2011

Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA) is a relative and effective method for morphologic rese... more Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA) is a relative and effective method for morphologic research, which is used to analyze subject forms by special landmarks determined by the anatomical prominences. Many researches have forced on the facial shape analysis, but there are few reports on the difference in the facial shape of different age groups. In this paper, we studied normal facial shape of adults (male and female) with different age using EDMA. By comparing the facial shape data of different age groups, we found that the change of male facial shape is more significant than female. The conclusions and related data are important, which can be used in the future research.

International Conference on Reconstruction of Soft Facial Parts in Potsdam/Germany from 10 to 12 November 2003. Facial Reconstruction Conference Publication 1. Germany: Bundeskriminalamt, p. 29-34., 2004

Rapid developments in three-dimensional (3D) digitised image capture, computer visualisation mode... more Rapid developments in three-dimensional (3D) digitised image capture, computer visualisation modelling and animation have begun make inroads into many areas of the forensic sciences, including the rather conservative specialisation of forensic pathology. This has been the result of an interdisciplinary collaboration between forensic pathologists, biological anthropologists and computer scientists. For example ), we have modelled the track of the blade in a sharp force trauma or stabbing incident and been able to exclude certain body postures as having occurred at the time of the injury (March et al. 2003). Forensic facial reconstruction serves to illustrate one aspect of the results of these collaborations, but surveying and reconstruction and modelling and animation of accident (Figure 2) or crime scenes (Figure 3) are other fields in which 3D computerised methods are gradually being adopted (Noond et al. 2002). Again, visualisation can be used as an investigative tool-in comparing scenarios based on conflicting witness statements for example.

The site of Theopetra Cave is exceptional, having yielded human remains from the Palaeolithic, Me... more The site of Theopetra Cave is exceptional, having yielded human remains from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. It offers a unique opportunity to apply ancient DNA analysis to skeletal material from well controlled archaeological contexts. Following promising preliminary results from the Palaeolithic skeleton a detailed analysis of the highly variable HLA DR, DQ region was pursued, yielding the same DNA type in duplicate analyses derived from independent bone extracts. Limited contamination with intrusive DNA was experienced in the study, suggesting that the results from the Palaeolithic skeleton are genuine. The DNA types detected are typical of both the postulated "Mesolithic hunter-gatherers" and "Near Eastern farmers" in the wave of advance model of Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza. The implications of these findings from the Palaeolithic skeleton from Theopetra Cave are discussed.

Proceedings of the Forensic Science Service First International Conference on Human Identification in the Millennium , 1999

The title is in error-it should read Computerised 3-D facial reconstruction.

J.G. Clement and C.D.L. Thomas (eds.) Let’s Face It! Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the International Association for Craniofacial Identification. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, p. 43-6. ISBN 0734013620 , 1998

Charron, D. (ed.): HLA: Genetic Diversity of HLA - Functional and Medical Implications, Vol 2. Paris: EDK, p. 280-2. ISBN 2-84254-003-4, 1997

Demirci, S., Özer, A.M. and Summers, G.D. (ed.), Archaeometry 94: The Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Ankara, 9-14 May 1994, Ankara: TÜBÏTAK, p. 263-6. ISBN 9759491907, 1996

Allclent D , \:-I research methods have so for concentrated predominantly on the isolation and ch... more Allclent D , \:-I research methods have so for concentrated predominantly on the isolation and charac/entation of mitochondrial and repetitive chromosomal DNA sequences. Th is tralegv resuli.. from the usefulness or such seq uel1ce,~ In establishing the identity of indivldllals. and of f amilial alld phylogenetic relationships heTween indiViduals. and f rom the apparently greater likelihood o ( "uTV/val q[ the sequences post-mortem. A n understanding of the molecular ba ..is of adaptatJOn d unn?, human evolution: population expansion and migration: and in response /0 disease. 11'111 require the isolatIOn and characterisatIOn of j ime/ional. chrnmosmnal gene sequences 11Owever. In this paper a strategy j ar enhancing the I'ecove,y of such .,.equences is explored A strategy hosed on theoretical prediction infen'ed from the properties of DNA and on empirical ob<;arl'alions of archaeological DlvA is pmIJ{),md Application of computer resources available in molecular genetics IS ,~ggesl ed as a means of enhanCing such strategies and the mdependent wmjica{lOn o/results during methodological development is also proposed. J,£YWOROS. ANCIENT DNA. DNA STR UCTURE. DNA-PROTEIN INTERACTION. JIGMP

Goes, B.R. (ed.), C.J.C. Reuvenslezing—15. Amsterdam: Stichting voor de Nederlandse Archeologie, 36 pp. ISBN 9076289077, 2003

Thompson, T.J.U. and Evison, M.P. (2003). [Forensic Anthropology Special Edition], 2003

"The Cutting Edge” Conference, Jul 1, 2003

Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society 18th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences

The British Association of Forensic Medicine Annual Conference

Biomaterials, 2003

The effects of heating and burning on bone mineral have previously been studied using techniques ... more The effects of heating and burning on bone mineral have previously been studied using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) with the aim of discerning a characteristic signature of crystal change. This would enable a better understanding of alteration to bone mineral during heating, which would in turn impact on the preparation and use of natural bone hydroxyapatite as a biomaterial resource. In addition, this knowledge could prove invaluable in the investigation of burned human remains from forensic and archaeological contexts in cremation and funerary practice. Here we describe a complementary method, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), to determine more accurately the changes to bone crystallite size and shape during an experimental heating regimen. Samples were subjected to controlled heating at 500 C, 700 C, or 900 C for 15 or 45 min. Our results show bone crystallites begin to alter in the first 15 min of heating to 500 C or above. They then appear to stabilise to a temperature-specific thickness and shape with prolonged heating. While the samples heated to lower temperatures or for shorter periods produce XRD traces showing little alteration to the apatite, corresponding information obtained from SAXS shows an early, subtle change in crystal parameters.