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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: In the recent decade, ulcerative colitis (UC) as a chronic inflammatory bowel disease... more Background: In the recent decade, ulcerative colitis (UC) as a chronic inflammatory bowel disease has a growing incidence and prevalence in the world. Probiotics might be a promising approach to improve ulcerative colitis by favorably modifying the gut microbiota. Methods: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial was conducted on sixty patients with mild/moderate ulcerative colitis. Participants were administered either placebo (n = 30) or a multi-strain probiotic (n= 30) for 16 weeks. Clinical disease status, via Lichtiger and Mayo questionnaires, was assessed at baseline and after 8 and 16 weeks of intervention. Fecal calprotectin was measured before and after the study period. Within and between groups, comparisons were made using per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) approaches, and a P-value≤0.05 was considered a statistically significant level.

Results: Of the sixty patients who agreed to participate in the study, 18 dropped out during the study due to low compliance and gastrointestinal complications. The two groups were comparable in baseline variables (P>0.05). During the study, the within and between groups’ differences of calprotectin and Mayo scores were not statistically significant. Although the mean score of Lichtiger was significantly decreased in the probiotic group during the study period (P = 0.001), no statistically significant differences compared with the placebo group were seen.

Conclusion: Our study elucidated that probiotic supplementation does not significantly improve UC patients, which may be due to the strain and dose administered. Future research should focus on the best effective strains and doses for ulcerative colitis.

Keywords: probiotic, ulcerative colitis, IBD, clinical trial

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Quercus salicina Blume is an evergreen plant growing southern parts of Korea and Japa... more Background: Quercus salicina Blume is an evergreen plant growing southern parts of Korea and Japan, and has been used for the treatment of dysentery, dermatitis, and hemorrhage from possible effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-endemic and litholytic activities. We investigated the underlying mechanisms of Quercus salicina Blume leaf extracts (QS) protection against cadmium treatment utilizing human kidney origin HK-2 cells.

Methods: To ascertain the functional constituents of the hot water-extracted QS, we conducted analyses to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) methods. After treating HK-2 cells with QS and Cd, we confirmed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of related proteins through western blotting. This investigation aimed to assess the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of QS against
cadmium-induced oxidative stress.

Results: QS exhibited strong antioxidative potential, since the samples exhibited significantly high DPPH and FRAP values. Upon exposure of HK-2 cells to cadmium, inducing oxidative stress, the application of QS effectively reinstated cellular antioxidative functions, leading to an augmentation in cell viability. Notably, the presence of QS attenuated the heightened expression of oxidative marker enzymes induced by cadmium treatment, including SOD (superoxide dismutase) 1, catalase, Nrf-2, and Heme-oxygenase. The apparent disappearance of the apoptotic bodies indicates a potential apoptosis controlling effect of QS. Furthermore, the considerable increase in sub-G1 phase with the addition of cadmium was diminished under QS treatment indicating the ability of QS to reduce the
degree of apoptosis related cell cycle phase. The apoptotic quenching effects of QS were accompanied by the downregulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2. The examination of cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-3 has provided evidence that the pronounced anti-apoptotic activities observed in cadmiumchallenged HK-2 cells significantly diminished in the presence of QS.

Conclusions: QS is a highly effective antioxidant and reduces cell cytotoxicity caused by cadmium through antioxidant functions and anti apoptotic capabilities.

Keywords: Quercus salicina Blume leave, cadmium, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Anthocyanins (AAs) are natural pigments and bioactive compounds that are of broad int... more Background: Anthocyanins (AAs) are natural pigments and bioactive compounds that are of broad interest due to their potential beneficial effects on health. In the market, while some foods, such as berries, provide important amino acid (AA) intakes, there is a growing trend to explore new sources. In Mexico, there is the Mexican Purple Corn, a variant capable to produce AAs in all the organs of the corn ear. We overlook that the preparation of foods and beverages from these raw materials may represent the development of potential functional foods and a means to increase the dietary intake of AAs.

Methods: We used spectrophotometry to quantify the total anthocyanins content (TAC) of three foods made from purple kernels, and six beverages prepared from corn husks+corncobs or corn silks. Foods consisted of elote (Mexican street corn or corn on a cob), a snack, and tortillas, while beverages involved what we named functional beverages, infusions, and hot teas. We compared their TAC values and estimated the AAs intake.

Results: Foods and beverages exhibited total antioxidant capacities (TACs) ranging from 3.0 mg to 119.5 mg per 100 g of biomass (p ≤ 0.05). Notably, most beverages demonstrated higher TACs than foods. The corn husks+corncobs infusion recorded the highest TAC, succeeded by functional beverages derived from amino acid (AA) extracts of corn husks+corncobs (67.04 and 93.12 mg of TAC per 100 g of biomass, p ≤ 0.05). Among hot teas and infusions, maceration in the latter resulted in a higher AA extraction. For foods, TACs varied from 4.3 to 38.4 mg of TAC per 100 g of biomass, and, similar to beverages, the preparation process influenced TAC. The roasted snack exhibited a higher AA content.

Conclusion: Mexican Purple Corn shows promise as a source for foods and beverages rich in amino acids (AAs). This crop represents an option to increase the daily intake of this flavonoid, and to acquire its potential bioactive effects. On a regular day, we can obtain 95 mg of TA from 300 g of purple corn-based foods, and 750 mL of different beverages made from corn husks, corncobs, and corn silks.

Keywords: Mexican Purple Corn, anthocyanins, corn husks, corncobs, corn silks, dietary source of anthocyanins.

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Backgrounds: Food enzymes play a crucial role in enhancing specific food attributes, such as impr... more Backgrounds: Food enzymes play a crucial role in enhancing specific food attributes, such as improving texture, eliminating toxins and allergens, producing carbohydrates, and enhancing flavor and appearance characteristics. Glucose oxidase (GOX) catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to produce gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide, making it applicable in various practical scenarios. This enzyme could be utilized to eliminate glucose, thereby facilitating the creation of functional food suitable for individuals with diabetes and glucose intolerance. Our main goal was to characterize GOX from a Penicillium chrysogenum strain isolated from Armenian ecosystems.

Methods: GOX of P. chrysogenum MDC 8358 was obtained by surface fermentation using glucose as a carbon source. The enzyme was purified 230-fold to homogeneity using a three-step purification scheme consisting of ion exchange, adsorption, and gel filtration chromatography.

Results: The specific activity of the purified enzyme reached 271.2 U/mg. GOX from P. chrysogenum MDC 8358 has shown to be dimeric with a molecular weight of 135.5 kDa, consisting of two equal subunits with a molecular weight of 70 kDa. Isoelectric focusing has revealed a pH of 4.6. The enzyme has displayed a temperature optimum of 40 °C, and a pH optimum of 6.8, being more thermostable at acidic pH. Characterized GOX was highly specific for β-D-glucose and has shown only minor activities to mannose, xylose, and galactose.

Keywords: Penicillium chrysogenum MDC 8358, surface fermentation, glucose oxidase, purification, characterization, functional food preservation

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Rice crackers are composed of carbohydrates refined from rice and enjoyed as a snack ... more Background: Rice crackers are composed of carbohydrates refined from rice and enjoyed as a snack in Japan. Most rice crackers are crafted from white rice, and the potential postprandial blood glucose rise following their consumption may pose a clinical concern. Brown rice contains more dietary fiber than white rice and has been reported to suppress elevations of blood glucose. Dietary fiber-enhanced brown rice crackers have a significantly higher dietary fiber content than regular brown rice crackers and can be expected to suppress blood glucose elevations more reliably.

Methods: We conducted a crossover trial in humans using white rice crackers and dietary fiber-enhanced brown rice crackers to investigate the effect of dietary fiber-enhanced brown rice crackers on postprandial blood glucose elevations. Participants ingested the 100 g rice crackers with 200 mL water for 10 min, and blood was collected from the fingertip at 7 time points: baseline, and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after ingestion of the rice cracker. The primary outcome measure was the blood glucose levels, and the secondary outcome measure was the incremental area under curve of blood glucose.

Results: Glucose levels and incremental areas under curve at 60 min and 120 min after intake were significantly lower with dietary fiber-enhanced brown rice crackers than with white rice crackers. Incremental area under curves at 60 min and 120 min after intake of rice crackers were also significantly lower in dietary fiber-enhanced brown rice crackers than white rice crackers.

Conclusions: Ingesting dietary fiber-enhanced brown rice crackers instead of white rice crackers could be useful for achieving better glycemic control.

Keywords: Brown rice crackers, Dietary fiber, Postprandial blood glucose

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Cauliflower heads are recognized as a rich source of proteins, unsaturated fatty acid... more Background: Cauliflower heads are recognized as a rich source of proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, numerous mineral elements, vitamins, and a high content of bioactive substances. Some studies report that the dynamics of
accumulation of bioactive substances in cauliflower can be influenced by various factors.

Objective: To determine the dependence of the content of bioactive components (ascorbic acid, B vitamins, macronutrients) on the stage of maturity of cauliflower heads and on the growing period.

Methods: The study investigated the variation in vitamin C, B group vitamins(thiamine, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, inositol), and seven macronutrients (silicon, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, potassium) during different stages of head ripening and cultivation periods in medium-ripening hybrids of cauliflower, specifically ‘Rocky F1’ and ‘Unibotra F1’. Ascorbic acid content in cauliflower heads was determined by the titration method. Quantitative analysis of the water-soluble B group vitamins was performed spectrophotometrically. The content of macronutrients was determined by the chemical-spectral method.

Results: The maximum content of ascorbic acid in cauliflower Rocky F1 hybrid was observed at the stage of the heads technical ripening in spring cultivation conditions, and in Unibotra F1 hybrid - in the phase of new head formation in summer growing conditions. The content of group B vitamins, with the exception of pantothenic acid, was high in newly formed heads in both studied hybrids. In the conditions of spring cultivation, most of the studied macronutrients were high for Rocky F1 hybrid in the stage of technical ripening of heads, and for Unibotra F1 hybrid in the phase of new head formation (Si, Al, Na, P) and in middle ripening stage (Ca, Mg). Under the conditions of summer cultivation, most of the macronutrients were high for Rocky F1 hybrid in the phase of new head formation, and in Unibotra F1 hybrid - Si, Al, P were high in the phase of new head formation, and Ca, Mg, K - in middle ripening stage.

Conclusion: The content of bioactive components (ascorbic acid, B vitamins, macronutrients) in cauliflower heads is influenced by the stage of cauliflower maturity and the cultivation period (spring, summer). This should be taken into account when developing targeting diets and growing cauliflower in semi-desert zones of the Republic of Armenia.

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: In the medical field Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim) (E. senticosus) or Si... more Background: In the medical field Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim) (E. senticosus) or Siberian ginseng is known as a natural adaptogen and immunomodulator. All parts of E. senticosus: roots, stems, leaves, and berries, have medicinal properties. In medicine, E. senticosus is used to treat depression, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cerebral ischemia, and diabetes. The adaptogenic properties of the plant are related to its rich composition of biologically active compounds (phenylpropanoids, eleuterosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, vitamins, etc.). E. senticosus activates the body's protection mechanisms, directly affecting tissue metabolism. It increases mental and physical performance, immunity, and protects from stress, making its use important in sports medicine and the military. The use of E. senticosus in food and dietary supplements has become popular in recent years, whereas some studies suggest that its potential benefits are the reduction of stress and enhancement of immune system function.

Objective: To study the content of the main biologically active compounds of medicinal raw material (leaves) of E. senticosus, cultivated in outdoor hydroponics and soil conditions during different stages of growth and development.

Methods: The spectrophotometric method was used to determine the content of total phenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids and eleutherosides in a 70 % water-alcohol extract from E. senticosus dry leaves at different phases of vegetation period. The spectra were recorded using an Agilent Cary 60 UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Moreover, the content of extractive substances was determined, and the content of vitamin C, and β-carotene in fresh leaves (State Pharmacopoeia 2015).

Results: The results of our study showed that levels of phenolic compounds in the leaves of E. senticosus obtained in hydroponics and soil culture are the highest during the flowering phase (August-September). It was observed that during the flowering period, the content of total phenols, phenolic acids, and eleutherosides was 1.3 times higher, and
flavonoids - 1.2 times higher compared to the vegetative phase. It is worth noting that the content of vitamin “C”, β-carotene and extractives was also higher during the flowering period. Hydroponic plants had higher content of vitamin “C”, β-carotene, and extractives, respectively by 1.4, 1.2 and 1.2 times compared to soil plants. This could be due to several factors such as the optimal content of nutrients (N=200 mg/L, P=65 mg/L, K=350 mg/L), and the high content of oxygen in the hydroponic system.

Conclusion: According to the results of a phytochemical study of E. senticosus leaves grown in outdoor hydroponics and soil culture in the Ararat Valley, the highest content of biologically active compounds (eleutherosides, phenols, phenolic acids, vitamins) is recorded in hydroponic plants in the flowering period. In general, the research has practical importance, since the E. senticosus plants grown in hydroponic conditions can be a rich source for the production of natural food and dietary supplements.

Keywords: biologically active compounds, adaptogen, eleutherosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, medicinal raw material

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Pectin exhibits different properties based on its degree of esterification, forming g... more Background: Pectin exhibits different properties based on its degree of esterification, forming gels and serving as a structure-forming agent in food products, or forming complexes with heavy metal ions, finding applications in the development of therapeutic products for the elimination of heavy metal ions from the human body.

Context and purpose of this study: The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of enzymatic treatment on the yield and quality of apple and carrot juices, as well as the quality parameters of pectin in pomace. Our objectives were to select an enzymatic preparation for processing apple and carrot pomace and to study changes in the properties of pectins present in the pomace depending on the dosage of the enzyme preparation.

Results: The results of our experiments revealed that for apple pomace processing, it is more beneficial to use the enzyme preparation Vegazym M with a dosage of 0.09% of the pomace mass, while for carrot pomace processing, the enzyme preparation Fructozym MA with a dosage of 0.07% of the pomace mass proved to be the most suitable. These enzyme preparations in the specified amounts ensure maximum juice yield. It has been established that changing the dose of enzymes changes the complexing properties of pectin, which allows its use in food products with therapeutic and prophylactic properties.

Conclusions: The enzyme preparations allow for specific modifications, such as pectin modification in this case, enabling the versatile use of pectin as either a structure-forming agent or for the development of therapeutic and preventive food products.

Keywords: Apple and carrot juices, enzyme preparations, apple and carrot pomace, pectin, soluble and insoluble pectin, degree of esterification and pectin complexation, functional products.

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Moringa oleifera is well recognized for its rich nutritional content and diverse bioa... more Background: Moringa oleifera is well recognized for its rich nutritional content and diverse bioactive compounds. Moringa, abundant in various bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and alkaloids present across all plant parts including leaves, stems, and roots, is especially rich in glucomoringin within its seeds. The antioxidant activity of moringin has already been verified in numerous cellular and animal experiments.

Objective: The study investigates the effects of Moringa seed extract (MSE), abundant in glucomoringin, on fatiguerelated physical discomfort and sleep quality, as indicators of quality of life (QOL) in healthy individuals.

Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted, administering MSE containing 12 mg of glucomoringin or placebo to healthy adult males and females daily for four consecutive weeks. Quality of life (QOL) questionnaire on fatigue, physical discomfort, sleep, and motivation was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS) at the start of the study and the end of each subsequent week until week 4. The impact on QOL was assessed through subjective evaluations and oxidative stress markers.

Results: As a result, the efficacy of MSE intake in reducing stiff shoulder/neck pain, joint pain, and muscle pain was confirmed. Based on the oxidative stress markers, significant effects were observed among the participants with relatively high oxidative stress. A greater improvement in physical discomfort, reduced fatigue, and enhanced sleep quality were also noticed among female participants with MSE consumption.

Conclusion: MSE consumption has showed potential in lowering physical discomfort brought on by exhaustion, promoting overall QOL, and improving sleep quality. (UMIN000049070)

Keywords: moringa; moringin; glucomoringin; physical discomfort; sleep quality; fatigue; pain

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Fish protein supplementation may maintain muscle strength and prevent sarcopenia as i... more Background: Fish protein supplementation may maintain muscle strength and prevent sarcopenia as it contains a complex array of macro-and micronutrients essential for building the skeletal muscle.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of perch essence (PE) supplementation on muscle mass and muscle function of through human and cell model.

Methods: The open label clinical trial was conducted to assess the therapeutic effect of PE on muscle mass improvement. The mouse skeletal muscle cell (C2C12) model of muscle atrophy was analyzed for cell viability.

Results: Our results showed PE contained abundant branched chain amino acid, taurine, hydroxyproline and collagen. After one month of supplementation with PE in our human model, there was a significant increase in muscle mass in the whole body and all parts of the body, with an increase of 1.55 % in the whole body, 1.79% in the trunk, 1.64% in the arms and 1.38% in the legs. The percentage of subcutaneous fat in the trunk, arms and legs also decreased significantly by 2.49%, 3.21% and 3.40% respectively. PE supplementation also improves muscle grip strength, especially with the dominant hand. The cell model results demonstrated that PE could effectively prevent skeletal muscle cell from death induced by dexamethasone.

Conclusion: This study suggests that the branched chain amino acids, taurine, hydroxyproline and collagen in PE have the potential to serve as a good source of dietary supplements for the improvement of skeletal muscle mass and strength through cell protection.

Keywords: branched chain amino acid, collagen, perch, skeletal muscle, sarcopenia

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Population growth increases the demand for food all over the world. According to the ... more Background: Population growth increases the demand for food all over the world. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, by 2050 the world population will reach 9.1 billion people, for whom food production is expected to increase by 25-70 %. That will lead to an increase in the demand for alternative farming technologies allowing us to ensure higher yields in less time. One such alternative and highly profitable plant growing technology is soilless culture or hydroponics. Climate change, improved technological capabilities, and need to increase self-sufficiency are good reasons for the introduction of soybean in Armenia. Soy, as one of the richest and cheapest sources of protein, plays an important role in the diet of people in many countries. The seed of soybeans contains 17 % oil and about 50 % protein. Because soybeans contain no starch, they are a good source of protein for diabetics.

Objective: To establish the possibility and efficiency of soybean cultivation in Ararat Valley by traditional agricultural method and by the regulated hydroponic system and to investigate the nutritional value of soybean seeds.

Results: The cultivation method had some influence on soybean yield and on the biosynthesis of several nutritional components. Thus, soilless culture conditions contributed to the increase in soybean yield: the weight of seeds obtained from one plant was 38.7 g while in the soil it was only 19.9 g. Soil plants were distinguished by the maximum accumulation
of fat (28.9 %), while hydroponic ones by the maximum content of protein (31.5 %) and sugar (6.3 %).

Conclusion: The obtained results established the effectiveness of soybean cultivation in Armenia. The regulated hydroponic method ensures obtaining about 11.6 tons ha-1 of soybean seeds, 3.7 tons ha-1 of protein and 2.6 tons ha-1 of fat. The work was supported by the Science Committee of the Republic of Armenia, in the frames of the research project N 21T-4B167.

Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soilless culture, proteins, fats, sugars

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: There are no specific regulations governing the labeling of dark chocolate or its bio... more Background: There are no specific regulations governing the labeling of dark chocolate or its bioactive component quantities.. The main alkaloid of the cocoa bean is theobromine. Chocolate is by far the main source of theobromine in the Western diet. To assess their effects on health, it is essential to understand the ingredients and composition of biologically active substances in chocolates available in stores.

Objective: The present study aims to analyze the theobromine contents of commercial chocolates and evaluates the association between the labeled cocoa mass percentage (%), theobromine contents and evaluated non-fat cocoa solid (NFCS) parameters of dark chocolates.

Materials and Methods: Several types of chocolates (bittersweet dark [60-80% cacao], semisweet dark [45-50% cacao], milk chocolate, and chocolate spreads) were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with duplicate measurements. Samples (n=20) typically 6 months apart from production dates have been selected.

Results: Overall range for theobromine content varied from 1.9 to 9.6 mg/g. Of all, bittersweet dark chocolate had the highest (8.1±1.01 mg/g) concentration of theobromine in comparison to semisweet dark chocolate (6.4±0.79 mg/g). Milk-chocolate (2.7±0.26 mg/g) and chocolate-spreads (2.7±0.81 mg/g) had the lowest concentration of theobromine. A strong correlation between theobromine content and declared cocoa solid % was found in both of the dark chocolate categories (r = 0.523, p = 0.081 and r = 0.771, p = 0.009 for semisweet and bittersweet dark chocolate, respectively). NFCS indicated a correlation between the labeled cocoa solid % (R2 = 0.766) and the calculated cocoa solid % (R2 = 0.803) in dark chocolates. A high correlation has also been determined between the labeled cocoa solid percentage and the calculated cacao solid percentage in dark chocolates (R2 = 0.902).

Conclusion: The labeled content of the cocoa mass of dark chocolates could be a preliminary information for the consumer about theobromine capacity.

Keywords: Theobromine, chocolate, dark chocolate, cocoa-percentage, UV-Vis spectrophotometry

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Backgrounds: Carrot pomace is a by-product of the juice industry, which quickly spoils due to its... more Backgrounds: Carrot pomace is a by-product of the juice industry, which quickly spoils due to its high moisture content and is usually considered waste. However, it is a valuable product containing a significant amount of bioactive compounds, particularly carotenoids.

Context and purpose of this study: In this study, we aimed to develop a technology for obtaining carrot powder from carrot pomace with an increased availability of beta-carotene. The unique aspect of the technology involved the use of enzymatic and impact-disintegration-activation processing (IDAP) of the raw material to enhance the release of betacarotene from plant cells.

Objective of this study: To achieve the goal, we have set objectives to compare various dosages of enzyme preparation and to evaluate devices for grinding carrots that can be used to make powder. At all stages, it was necessary to measure the amount of beta-carotene in the samples.

Results: It has been found that the yield of carotenoids from carrot pomace is 185% higher compared to whole carrots. Moreover, the application of enzymatic and impact-disintegration-activation processing significantly increases the carotenoid yield in the powder by 17 times compared to carrots (200% in terms of dry matter). This remarkable result
was achieved through the described processing method and the selection of the enzyme preparation. Additionally, the mechanoactivation obtained by using the Desi-15 disintegrator played a crucial role. It was also observed that the use of impact-disintegration-activation processing for further grinding of dried carrots can increase the beta-carotene yield by
8 times.

Conclusions: The carrot pomace was processed, resulting in a fine dispersed carrot powder that shows promising applications in the food or agricultural industries.

Keywords: Carrot pomace, beta-carotene, impact-disintegrator-activator processing (IDAP), enzymatic processing, pectolytic enzyme preparations

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Oxidative damage has emerged as one of the significant factors in the onset of neurod... more Background: Oxidative damage has emerged as one of the significant factors in the onset of neurodegenerative disorders, primarily owing to a) higher usage of oxygen by brain cells and b) higher amounts of lipids in the neuronal membranes. Together, these have resulted in higher susceptibility of brain cells to ROS-induced lipid peroxidation, damage to other cellular macromolecules, including nucleic acids and proteins, and death of neurons by apoptosis, ferroptosis, and necrosis. The design of therapeutics to prevent oxidative damage-induced brain stroke or other
irreversible injuries has remained a challenge owing to the continuous production of free radicals at the site of damage. In this respect, plant derived tannins and tannic acid derivatives have exhibited promising results in scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

Objective: This investigation reports the effect of Ghala Rois extract (GRE), a methyl gallate enriched gall formed on the nutgall sumac tree, Rhus javanica L. (Anacardiaceae), on enhancing the cognitive function and overall well-being through a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel-group design study on 80 healthy adult volunteers over a period
of six consecutive weeks.

Results: Administration of GRE in the dosage of 750 mg/day p.o. (with an equal amount of corn starch as a placebo) after breakfast resulted in significant improvement in cognitive functions as assessed by HappyNeuroPro, a digital therapy tool, and the cognitive tools under Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) and Adult ADHD Self-Reported Scale (ASRSv1.1). Concomitantly, the GRE-treated subjects also scored significantly higher (p = 0.033) in the roles of Physical and Emotional Problems, Energy/Fatigue, Emotional well-being, and pain as evaluated by linearly independent pairwise comparisons among the estimated marginal means and computed using alpha = 0.05.
In the Global Evaluation Questionnaire, over 77% of the treated subjects believed that the product increased their attention span, and helped their memory by 70%, and they also indicated their willingness to buy the commercially available GRE. Evaluation of the complete metabolic profile in the GRE-treated subjects significantly lowered the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (11.98 mg/dL) as compared to placebo (13.27 mg/dL) (p = 0.011) as well as SGPT/ALT from 28.09 U/L (placebo) to 18.17 U/L (GRE-treated) (p<0.001). However, the vital parameters, including heart rate and systolic/diastolic pressure, were not affected by the consumption of GRE extract.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated that GRE could be used as an effective new phytotherapeutic for reversing oxidative damage-induced neuronal degeneration and improving cognitive health in these study individuals.

Keywords: Galla Rhois extract (GRE); Rhus javanica L. (family Anacardiaceae); Cognitive functions; ADHD; Executive function; Verbal memory; Safety, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Backgrounds: Plant compounds are of great value due to their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cytoto... more Backgrounds: Plant compounds are of great value due to their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and other characteristics. This study aimed to examine the chemical composition and impact of the Origanum vulgare hydroethanolic extract on nociceptive behavior and anti-inflammatory properties in in vivo mice models.

Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques were employed to determine the major active phytochemicals of the extract. The effects of the extract on nociceptive reactions were evaluated using formalin and hot plate tests, while the anti-inflammatory effect was determined using the Carrageenan test. The methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium assay was applied to analyze growth-inhibiting properties of the extract on MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Results: Various flavonoids and organic acids were identified in O. vulgare hydro-ethanolic extract. The extract possessed low cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells as only 1 mg/mL or higher concentrations of the extract induced considerable growth inhibition. The formalin and hot plate tests demonstrated some sensitizing effects of the investigated extract (5 mg/kg) on mice. Moreover, the Carrageenan test revealed pronounced anti-inflammatory properties of the O. vulgare extract.

Conclusion: The potent biological activity of the wild oregano herb extract makes it a promising source for the development of medicinal preparations.

Keywords: Nociceptive behavior, anti-inflammatory effect, Oregano, flavonoids, chemical composition, cytotoxicity, in vivo mice models.

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Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Moringa oleifera is a tree that grows in tropical and subtropical areas around the wo... more Background: Moringa oleifera is a tree that grows in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. Its leaves, seeds, bark, roots, and flowers are used as ingredients in meals and medicinal applications. Moringa leaf extracts have been studied to contain antioxidant compounds such as phenolic molecules. Recent extraction techniques such as ultrasound and microwaves are alternatives to increase the extraction performance of phenolic compounds while preserving their antioxidant activity.

Objective: The approach consisted of optimizing, using a Composite Central Design of Response Surface Methodology (CCD-RMS), the process conditions, for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidant phenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera leaves.

Methods: A 3 3 CCD-RMS was used; three independent variables were studied: ethanol concentration (25%, 50%, 75%), time (10, 20, and 30 min), and temperature (25, 37.5, and 50°C). The results showed that the optimal UAE conditions were an ethanol concentration of 52.4%, extraction time of 3.2 min, and temperature of 58.5°C; under these conditions the phenolic content was 13.92±0.21 mg GAE/g sample the total flavonoid content was 10.60±0.06 mg QE/g sample, and 52.22±2.01% and 72.81±1.58% of DPPH • and ABTS •+ radicals were inhibited, respectively.

Conclusion: This optimization will make it possible to assess better use of M. oleifera leaves as an antioxidant ingredient in functional food development.

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Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease, 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to compare EFV between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects in patient... more Objectives: This study aimed to compare EFV between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects in patients with clinical indications of CCTA and test the correlation between low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and EFV in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients.

Methods: This study was conducted on 103 cases with chest pain and intermediate risk probability for CAD and was scheduled for CT coronary angiography divided into 47 diabetic patients and 56 non-diabetic patients. The total serum cholesterol, LDL-C, TG, and HDL-C levels were analyzed for each patient. MDCT to assess CACS and EFV for patients included in the study.

Results: The results showed that plasma total cholesterol, TG, and LDL-C were higher with decreased HDL in the diabetic patient. EFV was significantly higher in diabetic patients (54.5±14.9 vs 44.7±7.7, p <0.02). EFV had a significant Linear correlation with plasma total cholesterol, LDL-C, and TG. In contrast, there is a significant negative correlation between EFV and HDL-c. EFV was significantly correlated with ca score (EFV was higher in diabetic patients with greater CAC score).

Conclusion: EFV is rising in type II diabetic patients, especially those with high ca scores, and correlates well to their characteristic hyperlipidemia, especially LDL-C. So, all diabetic patients must be started on primary prevention against LDL-C to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis.

Keywords: Type II DM, Epicardial fat volume, LDL-c.

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Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Grapes contain thousands of chemical compounds, including sugars, organic acids, phen... more Background: Grapes contain thousands of chemical compounds, including sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds, minerals, organic nitrogen, amino acids, and aromatic compounds.

Objectives: The study investigates the possibility of producing high-quality red wines from the Charentsi grape variety and observes the extraction of bioactive compounds formed during fermentation.

Results: The organic acids in grapes and wine were also studied. There were significant differences in the compounds mentioned above between wine samples based on the yeasts used. Our observations showed that the amount of tartaric acid in the Charentsi grape variety was 7.26 g/l, and after fermentation by using different yeasts in the wine samples, the content of tartaric acid was: BSC:103 2.06 g/l, AC-4: 1.79 g/l. The grape sample contained 3.01g/l malic acid, while the selections of wine BCS103 and AC-4 contained 2.01g/l and 3.00g/l, respectively. In the case of citric acid, the grape contained 0.5 g/l a, while the wine samples with BCS103 and AC-4 yeasts contained 0.52 g/l and 0.57 g/l respectively. The grape sample did not contain lactic acid or succinic acid. Wine samples were fermented by a variety of newly formed yeasts. In BCS103 yeast, these values were 1.89 g/l and 1.63 g/l, and 1.3 g/l and 1.61 g/l in AC-4. The values of anthocyanin and flavonoids in Charentsi grape variety are 2084.5 mg/kg and 8828.6 mg/kg, respectively. Wine samples contained high quantities of these compounds as well. The anthocyanin and flavonoids concentrations In BCS103, were 842.7 mg/l and 4898.22 mg/l, while they were 783.3 mg/l and 5025.5 mg/l in AC-4. The Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease 2023; 6(11):303-314 BCHD Page 304 of 314 total phenolic compounds detected in the wine samples were 4957.9 mg/l and 5102.6 mg/l, in BCS103 and AC-4 respectively. According to the analysis, 37%-40% of anthocyanin and 55-56% of flavonoids were transferred to the wine.

Conclusion: Charentsi grapes and wine are highly functional due to their high phenolic content and organic acids. These compounds are biologically active and influenced by the yeast strain used for wine fermentation.

Keywords: grapes, red wine, phenolic compounds, organic acids, bioactive compounds

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Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: High-molecular β-D-glucans of basidiomycetes modify the immune response and indirectl... more Background: High-molecular β-D-glucans of basidiomycetes modify the immune response and indirectly affect antitumor mechanisms by stimulating the activity of various immune cells and signaling pathways. However, the severity of the immune activity of β-D-glucans depends on many factors, which indicates the need to study them to obtain standardized agents of various pathogenetic directions.

Objective: Evaluation of the antitumor activity of the chitin-glucan complex in the form of aqueous suspensions obtained from the fungi Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, and Phallus impudicus using the Ehrlich adenocarcinoma (ACE) model. Methods: The work was carried out on male F1(C57Bl×CBA) hybrid mice. Animals were transplanted subcutaneously with ACE at a dose of 106 cells in 0.5 ml of Hank's solution. Animals were given prophylactic oral administration of suspensions of fungi for 10 days before inoculation with ACE. After inoculation with ACE, suspensions of fungi were orally administered to animals of these groups for 28 days for therapeutic purposes. From the 6th day after transplantation of the tumor, its volume was recorded in mm3 according to three linear dimensions.

Results: Survival in all groups of animals within 28 days after inoculation with ACE was 100%. Administration of aqueous suspensions of Phallus impudicus, Ganoderma lucidum, and Grifola frondosa fungi to animals with ACE compensated for metabolic disturbances in the body, which increased the dynamics of their weight gain. However, the weight of these animals on the 28th day of the experiment did not reach the weight of animals that were not transplanted with ACE. Against the background of the introduction of suspensions of these fungi to animals from 6 to 11 days, a statistically significant (p<0.05) effect of inhibition of the development of the ECA volume was obtained, which did not depend on the type of fungi studied.

Conclusion: Aqueous suspensions of these fungi have a similar effect of inhibiting the development of ACE. This allows us to consider the chitin-glucan components of the studied mushrooms as substances with indirect antitumor activity for their standardization and optimization of their use for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes.

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Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease, 2023

The flavonoid rutin was first isolated from rue (Ruta graveolens L.) and is used therapeutically ... more The flavonoid rutin was first isolated from rue (Ruta graveolens L.) and is used therapeutically as a capillary stabilizing and vasoprotective agent to reduce capillary fragility, although no health claims have been approved in the EU. This article briefly focuses on physicochemical properties, occurrence in foods and oral bioavailability of rutin, with emphasis on human studies. According to the available information, rutin can be considered a promising bioactive compound, despite the paucity of clinical trials. In addition to its therapeutic relevance in pathological and pathophysiological conditions, dietary rutin can also contribute to improve the physiological status of the organism in healthy subjects, thus preventing the onset of non-communicable chronic degenerative diseases.

Keywords: Flavonoids; polyphenols; phenylpropanoids; bioactive phytochemicals; biological activity; oral bioavailability pharmacokinetics; safety; rutin

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: In the recent decade, ulcerative colitis (UC) as a chronic inflammatory bowel disease... more Background: In the recent decade, ulcerative colitis (UC) as a chronic inflammatory bowel disease has a growing incidence and prevalence in the world. Probiotics might be a promising approach to improve ulcerative colitis by favorably modifying the gut microbiota. Methods: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial was conducted on sixty patients with mild/moderate ulcerative colitis. Participants were administered either placebo (n = 30) or a multi-strain probiotic (n= 30) for 16 weeks. Clinical disease status, via Lichtiger and Mayo questionnaires, was assessed at baseline and after 8 and 16 weeks of intervention. Fecal calprotectin was measured before and after the study period. Within and between groups, comparisons were made using per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) approaches, and a P-value≤0.05 was considered a statistically significant level.

Results: Of the sixty patients who agreed to participate in the study, 18 dropped out during the study due to low compliance and gastrointestinal complications. The two groups were comparable in baseline variables (P>0.05). During the study, the within and between groups’ differences of calprotectin and Mayo scores were not statistically significant. Although the mean score of Lichtiger was significantly decreased in the probiotic group during the study period (P = 0.001), no statistically significant differences compared with the placebo group were seen.

Conclusion: Our study elucidated that probiotic supplementation does not significantly improve UC patients, which may be due to the strain and dose administered. Future research should focus on the best effective strains and doses for ulcerative colitis.

Keywords: probiotic, ulcerative colitis, IBD, clinical trial

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Quercus salicina Blume is an evergreen plant growing southern parts of Korea and Japa... more Background: Quercus salicina Blume is an evergreen plant growing southern parts of Korea and Japan, and has been used for the treatment of dysentery, dermatitis, and hemorrhage from possible effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-endemic and litholytic activities. We investigated the underlying mechanisms of Quercus salicina Blume leaf extracts (QS) protection against cadmium treatment utilizing human kidney origin HK-2 cells.

Methods: To ascertain the functional constituents of the hot water-extracted QS, we conducted analyses to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) methods. After treating HK-2 cells with QS and Cd, we confirmed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of related proteins through western blotting. This investigation aimed to assess the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of QS against
cadmium-induced oxidative stress.

Results: QS exhibited strong antioxidative potential, since the samples exhibited significantly high DPPH and FRAP values. Upon exposure of HK-2 cells to cadmium, inducing oxidative stress, the application of QS effectively reinstated cellular antioxidative functions, leading to an augmentation in cell viability. Notably, the presence of QS attenuated the heightened expression of oxidative marker enzymes induced by cadmium treatment, including SOD (superoxide dismutase) 1, catalase, Nrf-2, and Heme-oxygenase. The apparent disappearance of the apoptotic bodies indicates a potential apoptosis controlling effect of QS. Furthermore, the considerable increase in sub-G1 phase with the addition of cadmium was diminished under QS treatment indicating the ability of QS to reduce the
degree of apoptosis related cell cycle phase. The apoptotic quenching effects of QS were accompanied by the downregulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2. The examination of cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-3 has provided evidence that the pronounced anti-apoptotic activities observed in cadmiumchallenged HK-2 cells significantly diminished in the presence of QS.

Conclusions: QS is a highly effective antioxidant and reduces cell cytotoxicity caused by cadmium through antioxidant functions and anti apoptotic capabilities.

Keywords: Quercus salicina Blume leave, cadmium, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Anthocyanins (AAs) are natural pigments and bioactive compounds that are of broad int... more Background: Anthocyanins (AAs) are natural pigments and bioactive compounds that are of broad interest due to their potential beneficial effects on health. In the market, while some foods, such as berries, provide important amino acid (AA) intakes, there is a growing trend to explore new sources. In Mexico, there is the Mexican Purple Corn, a variant capable to produce AAs in all the organs of the corn ear. We overlook that the preparation of foods and beverages from these raw materials may represent the development of potential functional foods and a means to increase the dietary intake of AAs.

Methods: We used spectrophotometry to quantify the total anthocyanins content (TAC) of three foods made from purple kernels, and six beverages prepared from corn husks+corncobs or corn silks. Foods consisted of elote (Mexican street corn or corn on a cob), a snack, and tortillas, while beverages involved what we named functional beverages, infusions, and hot teas. We compared their TAC values and estimated the AAs intake.

Results: Foods and beverages exhibited total antioxidant capacities (TACs) ranging from 3.0 mg to 119.5 mg per 100 g of biomass (p ≤ 0.05). Notably, most beverages demonstrated higher TACs than foods. The corn husks+corncobs infusion recorded the highest TAC, succeeded by functional beverages derived from amino acid (AA) extracts of corn husks+corncobs (67.04 and 93.12 mg of TAC per 100 g of biomass, p ≤ 0.05). Among hot teas and infusions, maceration in the latter resulted in a higher AA extraction. For foods, TACs varied from 4.3 to 38.4 mg of TAC per 100 g of biomass, and, similar to beverages, the preparation process influenced TAC. The roasted snack exhibited a higher AA content.

Conclusion: Mexican Purple Corn shows promise as a source for foods and beverages rich in amino acids (AAs). This crop represents an option to increase the daily intake of this flavonoid, and to acquire its potential bioactive effects. On a regular day, we can obtain 95 mg of TA from 300 g of purple corn-based foods, and 750 mL of different beverages made from corn husks, corncobs, and corn silks.

Keywords: Mexican Purple Corn, anthocyanins, corn husks, corncobs, corn silks, dietary source of anthocyanins.

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Backgrounds: Food enzymes play a crucial role in enhancing specific food attributes, such as impr... more Backgrounds: Food enzymes play a crucial role in enhancing specific food attributes, such as improving texture, eliminating toxins and allergens, producing carbohydrates, and enhancing flavor and appearance characteristics. Glucose oxidase (GOX) catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to produce gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide, making it applicable in various practical scenarios. This enzyme could be utilized to eliminate glucose, thereby facilitating the creation of functional food suitable for individuals with diabetes and glucose intolerance. Our main goal was to characterize GOX from a Penicillium chrysogenum strain isolated from Armenian ecosystems.

Methods: GOX of P. chrysogenum MDC 8358 was obtained by surface fermentation using glucose as a carbon source. The enzyme was purified 230-fold to homogeneity using a three-step purification scheme consisting of ion exchange, adsorption, and gel filtration chromatography.

Results: The specific activity of the purified enzyme reached 271.2 U/mg. GOX from P. chrysogenum MDC 8358 has shown to be dimeric with a molecular weight of 135.5 kDa, consisting of two equal subunits with a molecular weight of 70 kDa. Isoelectric focusing has revealed a pH of 4.6. The enzyme has displayed a temperature optimum of 40 °C, and a pH optimum of 6.8, being more thermostable at acidic pH. Characterized GOX was highly specific for β-D-glucose and has shown only minor activities to mannose, xylose, and galactose.

Keywords: Penicillium chrysogenum MDC 8358, surface fermentation, glucose oxidase, purification, characterization, functional food preservation

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Rice crackers are composed of carbohydrates refined from rice and enjoyed as a snack ... more Background: Rice crackers are composed of carbohydrates refined from rice and enjoyed as a snack in Japan. Most rice crackers are crafted from white rice, and the potential postprandial blood glucose rise following their consumption may pose a clinical concern. Brown rice contains more dietary fiber than white rice and has been reported to suppress elevations of blood glucose. Dietary fiber-enhanced brown rice crackers have a significantly higher dietary fiber content than regular brown rice crackers and can be expected to suppress blood glucose elevations more reliably.

Methods: We conducted a crossover trial in humans using white rice crackers and dietary fiber-enhanced brown rice crackers to investigate the effect of dietary fiber-enhanced brown rice crackers on postprandial blood glucose elevations. Participants ingested the 100 g rice crackers with 200 mL water for 10 min, and blood was collected from the fingertip at 7 time points: baseline, and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after ingestion of the rice cracker. The primary outcome measure was the blood glucose levels, and the secondary outcome measure was the incremental area under curve of blood glucose.

Results: Glucose levels and incremental areas under curve at 60 min and 120 min after intake were significantly lower with dietary fiber-enhanced brown rice crackers than with white rice crackers. Incremental area under curves at 60 min and 120 min after intake of rice crackers were also significantly lower in dietary fiber-enhanced brown rice crackers than white rice crackers.

Conclusions: Ingesting dietary fiber-enhanced brown rice crackers instead of white rice crackers could be useful for achieving better glycemic control.

Keywords: Brown rice crackers, Dietary fiber, Postprandial blood glucose

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Cauliflower heads are recognized as a rich source of proteins, unsaturated fatty acid... more Background: Cauliflower heads are recognized as a rich source of proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, numerous mineral elements, vitamins, and a high content of bioactive substances. Some studies report that the dynamics of
accumulation of bioactive substances in cauliflower can be influenced by various factors.

Objective: To determine the dependence of the content of bioactive components (ascorbic acid, B vitamins, macronutrients) on the stage of maturity of cauliflower heads and on the growing period.

Methods: The study investigated the variation in vitamin C, B group vitamins(thiamine, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, inositol), and seven macronutrients (silicon, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, potassium) during different stages of head ripening and cultivation periods in medium-ripening hybrids of cauliflower, specifically ‘Rocky F1’ and ‘Unibotra F1’. Ascorbic acid content in cauliflower heads was determined by the titration method. Quantitative analysis of the water-soluble B group vitamins was performed spectrophotometrically. The content of macronutrients was determined by the chemical-spectral method.

Results: The maximum content of ascorbic acid in cauliflower Rocky F1 hybrid was observed at the stage of the heads technical ripening in spring cultivation conditions, and in Unibotra F1 hybrid - in the phase of new head formation in summer growing conditions. The content of group B vitamins, with the exception of pantothenic acid, was high in newly formed heads in both studied hybrids. In the conditions of spring cultivation, most of the studied macronutrients were high for Rocky F1 hybrid in the stage of technical ripening of heads, and for Unibotra F1 hybrid in the phase of new head formation (Si, Al, Na, P) and in middle ripening stage (Ca, Mg). Under the conditions of summer cultivation, most of the macronutrients were high for Rocky F1 hybrid in the phase of new head formation, and in Unibotra F1 hybrid - Si, Al, P were high in the phase of new head formation, and Ca, Mg, K - in middle ripening stage.

Conclusion: The content of bioactive components (ascorbic acid, B vitamins, macronutrients) in cauliflower heads is influenced by the stage of cauliflower maturity and the cultivation period (spring, summer). This should be taken into account when developing targeting diets and growing cauliflower in semi-desert zones of the Republic of Armenia.

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: In the medical field Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim) (E. senticosus) or Si... more Background: In the medical field Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim) (E. senticosus) or Siberian ginseng is known as a natural adaptogen and immunomodulator. All parts of E. senticosus: roots, stems, leaves, and berries, have medicinal properties. In medicine, E. senticosus is used to treat depression, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cerebral ischemia, and diabetes. The adaptogenic properties of the plant are related to its rich composition of biologically active compounds (phenylpropanoids, eleuterosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, vitamins, etc.). E. senticosus activates the body's protection mechanisms, directly affecting tissue metabolism. It increases mental and physical performance, immunity, and protects from stress, making its use important in sports medicine and the military. The use of E. senticosus in food and dietary supplements has become popular in recent years, whereas some studies suggest that its potential benefits are the reduction of stress and enhancement of immune system function.

Objective: To study the content of the main biologically active compounds of medicinal raw material (leaves) of E. senticosus, cultivated in outdoor hydroponics and soil conditions during different stages of growth and development.

Methods: The spectrophotometric method was used to determine the content of total phenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids and eleutherosides in a 70 % water-alcohol extract from E. senticosus dry leaves at different phases of vegetation period. The spectra were recorded using an Agilent Cary 60 UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Moreover, the content of extractive substances was determined, and the content of vitamin C, and β-carotene in fresh leaves (State Pharmacopoeia 2015).

Results: The results of our study showed that levels of phenolic compounds in the leaves of E. senticosus obtained in hydroponics and soil culture are the highest during the flowering phase (August-September). It was observed that during the flowering period, the content of total phenols, phenolic acids, and eleutherosides was 1.3 times higher, and
flavonoids - 1.2 times higher compared to the vegetative phase. It is worth noting that the content of vitamin “C”, β-carotene and extractives was also higher during the flowering period. Hydroponic plants had higher content of vitamin “C”, β-carotene, and extractives, respectively by 1.4, 1.2 and 1.2 times compared to soil plants. This could be due to several factors such as the optimal content of nutrients (N=200 mg/L, P=65 mg/L, K=350 mg/L), and the high content of oxygen in the hydroponic system.

Conclusion: According to the results of a phytochemical study of E. senticosus leaves grown in outdoor hydroponics and soil culture in the Ararat Valley, the highest content of biologically active compounds (eleutherosides, phenols, phenolic acids, vitamins) is recorded in hydroponic plants in the flowering period. In general, the research has practical importance, since the E. senticosus plants grown in hydroponic conditions can be a rich source for the production of natural food and dietary supplements.

Keywords: biologically active compounds, adaptogen, eleutherosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, medicinal raw material

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Pectin exhibits different properties based on its degree of esterification, forming g... more Background: Pectin exhibits different properties based on its degree of esterification, forming gels and serving as a structure-forming agent in food products, or forming complexes with heavy metal ions, finding applications in the development of therapeutic products for the elimination of heavy metal ions from the human body.

Context and purpose of this study: The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of enzymatic treatment on the yield and quality of apple and carrot juices, as well as the quality parameters of pectin in pomace. Our objectives were to select an enzymatic preparation for processing apple and carrot pomace and to study changes in the properties of pectins present in the pomace depending on the dosage of the enzyme preparation.

Results: The results of our experiments revealed that for apple pomace processing, it is more beneficial to use the enzyme preparation Vegazym M with a dosage of 0.09% of the pomace mass, while for carrot pomace processing, the enzyme preparation Fructozym MA with a dosage of 0.07% of the pomace mass proved to be the most suitable. These enzyme preparations in the specified amounts ensure maximum juice yield. It has been established that changing the dose of enzymes changes the complexing properties of pectin, which allows its use in food products with therapeutic and prophylactic properties.

Conclusions: The enzyme preparations allow for specific modifications, such as pectin modification in this case, enabling the versatile use of pectin as either a structure-forming agent or for the development of therapeutic and preventive food products.

Keywords: Apple and carrot juices, enzyme preparations, apple and carrot pomace, pectin, soluble and insoluble pectin, degree of esterification and pectin complexation, functional products.

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Moringa oleifera is well recognized for its rich nutritional content and diverse bioa... more Background: Moringa oleifera is well recognized for its rich nutritional content and diverse bioactive compounds. Moringa, abundant in various bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and alkaloids present across all plant parts including leaves, stems, and roots, is especially rich in glucomoringin within its seeds. The antioxidant activity of moringin has already been verified in numerous cellular and animal experiments.

Objective: The study investigates the effects of Moringa seed extract (MSE), abundant in glucomoringin, on fatiguerelated physical discomfort and sleep quality, as indicators of quality of life (QOL) in healthy individuals.

Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted, administering MSE containing 12 mg of glucomoringin or placebo to healthy adult males and females daily for four consecutive weeks. Quality of life (QOL) questionnaire on fatigue, physical discomfort, sleep, and motivation was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS) at the start of the study and the end of each subsequent week until week 4. The impact on QOL was assessed through subjective evaluations and oxidative stress markers.

Results: As a result, the efficacy of MSE intake in reducing stiff shoulder/neck pain, joint pain, and muscle pain was confirmed. Based on the oxidative stress markers, significant effects were observed among the participants with relatively high oxidative stress. A greater improvement in physical discomfort, reduced fatigue, and enhanced sleep quality were also noticed among female participants with MSE consumption.

Conclusion: MSE consumption has showed potential in lowering physical discomfort brought on by exhaustion, promoting overall QOL, and improving sleep quality. (UMIN000049070)

Keywords: moringa; moringin; glucomoringin; physical discomfort; sleep quality; fatigue; pain

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Fish protein supplementation may maintain muscle strength and prevent sarcopenia as i... more Background: Fish protein supplementation may maintain muscle strength and prevent sarcopenia as it contains a complex array of macro-and micronutrients essential for building the skeletal muscle.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of perch essence (PE) supplementation on muscle mass and muscle function of through human and cell model.

Methods: The open label clinical trial was conducted to assess the therapeutic effect of PE on muscle mass improvement. The mouse skeletal muscle cell (C2C12) model of muscle atrophy was analyzed for cell viability.

Results: Our results showed PE contained abundant branched chain amino acid, taurine, hydroxyproline and collagen. After one month of supplementation with PE in our human model, there was a significant increase in muscle mass in the whole body and all parts of the body, with an increase of 1.55 % in the whole body, 1.79% in the trunk, 1.64% in the arms and 1.38% in the legs. The percentage of subcutaneous fat in the trunk, arms and legs also decreased significantly by 2.49%, 3.21% and 3.40% respectively. PE supplementation also improves muscle grip strength, especially with the dominant hand. The cell model results demonstrated that PE could effectively prevent skeletal muscle cell from death induced by dexamethasone.

Conclusion: This study suggests that the branched chain amino acids, taurine, hydroxyproline and collagen in PE have the potential to serve as a good source of dietary supplements for the improvement of skeletal muscle mass and strength through cell protection.

Keywords: branched chain amino acid, collagen, perch, skeletal muscle, sarcopenia

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Population growth increases the demand for food all over the world. According to the ... more Background: Population growth increases the demand for food all over the world. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, by 2050 the world population will reach 9.1 billion people, for whom food production is expected to increase by 25-70 %. That will lead to an increase in the demand for alternative farming technologies allowing us to ensure higher yields in less time. One such alternative and highly profitable plant growing technology is soilless culture or hydroponics. Climate change, improved technological capabilities, and need to increase self-sufficiency are good reasons for the introduction of soybean in Armenia. Soy, as one of the richest and cheapest sources of protein, plays an important role in the diet of people in many countries. The seed of soybeans contains 17 % oil and about 50 % protein. Because soybeans contain no starch, they are a good source of protein for diabetics.

Objective: To establish the possibility and efficiency of soybean cultivation in Ararat Valley by traditional agricultural method and by the regulated hydroponic system and to investigate the nutritional value of soybean seeds.

Results: The cultivation method had some influence on soybean yield and on the biosynthesis of several nutritional components. Thus, soilless culture conditions contributed to the increase in soybean yield: the weight of seeds obtained from one plant was 38.7 g while in the soil it was only 19.9 g. Soil plants were distinguished by the maximum accumulation
of fat (28.9 %), while hydroponic ones by the maximum content of protein (31.5 %) and sugar (6.3 %).

Conclusion: The obtained results established the effectiveness of soybean cultivation in Armenia. The regulated hydroponic method ensures obtaining about 11.6 tons ha-1 of soybean seeds, 3.7 tons ha-1 of protein and 2.6 tons ha-1 of fat. The work was supported by the Science Committee of the Republic of Armenia, in the frames of the research project N 21T-4B167.

Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soilless culture, proteins, fats, sugars

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: There are no specific regulations governing the labeling of dark chocolate or its bio... more Background: There are no specific regulations governing the labeling of dark chocolate or its bioactive component quantities.. The main alkaloid of the cocoa bean is theobromine. Chocolate is by far the main source of theobromine in the Western diet. To assess their effects on health, it is essential to understand the ingredients and composition of biologically active substances in chocolates available in stores.

Objective: The present study aims to analyze the theobromine contents of commercial chocolates and evaluates the association between the labeled cocoa mass percentage (%), theobromine contents and evaluated non-fat cocoa solid (NFCS) parameters of dark chocolates.

Materials and Methods: Several types of chocolates (bittersweet dark [60-80% cacao], semisweet dark [45-50% cacao], milk chocolate, and chocolate spreads) were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with duplicate measurements. Samples (n=20) typically 6 months apart from production dates have been selected.

Results: Overall range for theobromine content varied from 1.9 to 9.6 mg/g. Of all, bittersweet dark chocolate had the highest (8.1±1.01 mg/g) concentration of theobromine in comparison to semisweet dark chocolate (6.4±0.79 mg/g). Milk-chocolate (2.7±0.26 mg/g) and chocolate-spreads (2.7±0.81 mg/g) had the lowest concentration of theobromine. A strong correlation between theobromine content and declared cocoa solid % was found in both of the dark chocolate categories (r = 0.523, p = 0.081 and r = 0.771, p = 0.009 for semisweet and bittersweet dark chocolate, respectively). NFCS indicated a correlation between the labeled cocoa solid % (R2 = 0.766) and the calculated cocoa solid % (R2 = 0.803) in dark chocolates. A high correlation has also been determined between the labeled cocoa solid percentage and the calculated cacao solid percentage in dark chocolates (R2 = 0.902).

Conclusion: The labeled content of the cocoa mass of dark chocolates could be a preliminary information for the consumer about theobromine capacity.

Keywords: Theobromine, chocolate, dark chocolate, cocoa-percentage, UV-Vis spectrophotometry

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Backgrounds: Carrot pomace is a by-product of the juice industry, which quickly spoils due to its... more Backgrounds: Carrot pomace is a by-product of the juice industry, which quickly spoils due to its high moisture content and is usually considered waste. However, it is a valuable product containing a significant amount of bioactive compounds, particularly carotenoids.

Context and purpose of this study: In this study, we aimed to develop a technology for obtaining carrot powder from carrot pomace with an increased availability of beta-carotene. The unique aspect of the technology involved the use of enzymatic and impact-disintegration-activation processing (IDAP) of the raw material to enhance the release of betacarotene from plant cells.

Objective of this study: To achieve the goal, we have set objectives to compare various dosages of enzyme preparation and to evaluate devices for grinding carrots that can be used to make powder. At all stages, it was necessary to measure the amount of beta-carotene in the samples.

Results: It has been found that the yield of carotenoids from carrot pomace is 185% higher compared to whole carrots. Moreover, the application of enzymatic and impact-disintegration-activation processing significantly increases the carotenoid yield in the powder by 17 times compared to carrots (200% in terms of dry matter). This remarkable result
was achieved through the described processing method and the selection of the enzyme preparation. Additionally, the mechanoactivation obtained by using the Desi-15 disintegrator played a crucial role. It was also observed that the use of impact-disintegration-activation processing for further grinding of dried carrots can increase the beta-carotene yield by
8 times.

Conclusions: The carrot pomace was processed, resulting in a fine dispersed carrot powder that shows promising applications in the food or agricultural industries.

Keywords: Carrot pomace, beta-carotene, impact-disintegrator-activator processing (IDAP), enzymatic processing, pectolytic enzyme preparations

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Oxidative damage has emerged as one of the significant factors in the onset of neurod... more Background: Oxidative damage has emerged as one of the significant factors in the onset of neurodegenerative disorders, primarily owing to a) higher usage of oxygen by brain cells and b) higher amounts of lipids in the neuronal membranes. Together, these have resulted in higher susceptibility of brain cells to ROS-induced lipid peroxidation, damage to other cellular macromolecules, including nucleic acids and proteins, and death of neurons by apoptosis, ferroptosis, and necrosis. The design of therapeutics to prevent oxidative damage-induced brain stroke or other
irreversible injuries has remained a challenge owing to the continuous production of free radicals at the site of damage. In this respect, plant derived tannins and tannic acid derivatives have exhibited promising results in scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

Objective: This investigation reports the effect of Ghala Rois extract (GRE), a methyl gallate enriched gall formed on the nutgall sumac tree, Rhus javanica L. (Anacardiaceae), on enhancing the cognitive function and overall well-being through a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel-group design study on 80 healthy adult volunteers over a period
of six consecutive weeks.

Results: Administration of GRE in the dosage of 750 mg/day p.o. (with an equal amount of corn starch as a placebo) after breakfast resulted in significant improvement in cognitive functions as assessed by HappyNeuroPro, a digital therapy tool, and the cognitive tools under Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) and Adult ADHD Self-Reported Scale (ASRSv1.1). Concomitantly, the GRE-treated subjects also scored significantly higher (p = 0.033) in the roles of Physical and Emotional Problems, Energy/Fatigue, Emotional well-being, and pain as evaluated by linearly independent pairwise comparisons among the estimated marginal means and computed using alpha = 0.05.
In the Global Evaluation Questionnaire, over 77% of the treated subjects believed that the product increased their attention span, and helped their memory by 70%, and they also indicated their willingness to buy the commercially available GRE. Evaluation of the complete metabolic profile in the GRE-treated subjects significantly lowered the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (11.98 mg/dL) as compared to placebo (13.27 mg/dL) (p = 0.011) as well as SGPT/ALT from 28.09 U/L (placebo) to 18.17 U/L (GRE-treated) (p<0.001). However, the vital parameters, including heart rate and systolic/diastolic pressure, were not affected by the consumption of GRE extract.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated that GRE could be used as an effective new phytotherapeutic for reversing oxidative damage-induced neuronal degeneration and improving cognitive health in these study individuals.

Keywords: Galla Rhois extract (GRE); Rhus javanica L. (family Anacardiaceae); Cognitive functions; ADHD; Executive function; Verbal memory; Safety, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2023

Backgrounds: Plant compounds are of great value due to their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cytoto... more Backgrounds: Plant compounds are of great value due to their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and other characteristics. This study aimed to examine the chemical composition and impact of the Origanum vulgare hydroethanolic extract on nociceptive behavior and anti-inflammatory properties in in vivo mice models.

Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques were employed to determine the major active phytochemicals of the extract. The effects of the extract on nociceptive reactions were evaluated using formalin and hot plate tests, while the anti-inflammatory effect was determined using the Carrageenan test. The methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium assay was applied to analyze growth-inhibiting properties of the extract on MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Results: Various flavonoids and organic acids were identified in O. vulgare hydro-ethanolic extract. The extract possessed low cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells as only 1 mg/mL or higher concentrations of the extract induced considerable growth inhibition. The formalin and hot plate tests demonstrated some sensitizing effects of the investigated extract (5 mg/kg) on mice. Moreover, the Carrageenan test revealed pronounced anti-inflammatory properties of the O. vulgare extract.

Conclusion: The potent biological activity of the wild oregano herb extract makes it a promising source for the development of medicinal preparations.

Keywords: Nociceptive behavior, anti-inflammatory effect, Oregano, flavonoids, chemical composition, cytotoxicity, in vivo mice models.

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Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Moringa oleifera is a tree that grows in tropical and subtropical areas around the wo... more Background: Moringa oleifera is a tree that grows in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. Its leaves, seeds, bark, roots, and flowers are used as ingredients in meals and medicinal applications. Moringa leaf extracts have been studied to contain antioxidant compounds such as phenolic molecules. Recent extraction techniques such as ultrasound and microwaves are alternatives to increase the extraction performance of phenolic compounds while preserving their antioxidant activity.

Objective: The approach consisted of optimizing, using a Composite Central Design of Response Surface Methodology (CCD-RMS), the process conditions, for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidant phenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera leaves.

Methods: A 3 3 CCD-RMS was used; three independent variables were studied: ethanol concentration (25%, 50%, 75%), time (10, 20, and 30 min), and temperature (25, 37.5, and 50°C). The results showed that the optimal UAE conditions were an ethanol concentration of 52.4%, extraction time of 3.2 min, and temperature of 58.5°C; under these conditions the phenolic content was 13.92±0.21 mg GAE/g sample the total flavonoid content was 10.60±0.06 mg QE/g sample, and 52.22±2.01% and 72.81±1.58% of DPPH • and ABTS •+ radicals were inhibited, respectively.

Conclusion: This optimization will make it possible to assess better use of M. oleifera leaves as an antioxidant ingredient in functional food development.

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Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease, 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to compare EFV between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects in patient... more Objectives: This study aimed to compare EFV between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects in patients with clinical indications of CCTA and test the correlation between low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and EFV in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients.

Methods: This study was conducted on 103 cases with chest pain and intermediate risk probability for CAD and was scheduled for CT coronary angiography divided into 47 diabetic patients and 56 non-diabetic patients. The total serum cholesterol, LDL-C, TG, and HDL-C levels were analyzed for each patient. MDCT to assess CACS and EFV for patients included in the study.

Results: The results showed that plasma total cholesterol, TG, and LDL-C were higher with decreased HDL in the diabetic patient. EFV was significantly higher in diabetic patients (54.5±14.9 vs 44.7±7.7, p <0.02). EFV had a significant Linear correlation with plasma total cholesterol, LDL-C, and TG. In contrast, there is a significant negative correlation between EFV and HDL-c. EFV was significantly correlated with ca score (EFV was higher in diabetic patients with greater CAC score).

Conclusion: EFV is rising in type II diabetic patients, especially those with high ca scores, and correlates well to their characteristic hyperlipidemia, especially LDL-C. So, all diabetic patients must be started on primary prevention against LDL-C to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis.

Keywords: Type II DM, Epicardial fat volume, LDL-c.

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Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: Grapes contain thousands of chemical compounds, including sugars, organic acids, phen... more Background: Grapes contain thousands of chemical compounds, including sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds, minerals, organic nitrogen, amino acids, and aromatic compounds.

Objectives: The study investigates the possibility of producing high-quality red wines from the Charentsi grape variety and observes the extraction of bioactive compounds formed during fermentation.

Results: The organic acids in grapes and wine were also studied. There were significant differences in the compounds mentioned above between wine samples based on the yeasts used. Our observations showed that the amount of tartaric acid in the Charentsi grape variety was 7.26 g/l, and after fermentation by using different yeasts in the wine samples, the content of tartaric acid was: BSC:103 2.06 g/l, AC-4: 1.79 g/l. The grape sample contained 3.01g/l malic acid, while the selections of wine BCS103 and AC-4 contained 2.01g/l and 3.00g/l, respectively. In the case of citric acid, the grape contained 0.5 g/l a, while the wine samples with BCS103 and AC-4 yeasts contained 0.52 g/l and 0.57 g/l respectively. The grape sample did not contain lactic acid or succinic acid. Wine samples were fermented by a variety of newly formed yeasts. In BCS103 yeast, these values were 1.89 g/l and 1.63 g/l, and 1.3 g/l and 1.61 g/l in AC-4. The values of anthocyanin and flavonoids in Charentsi grape variety are 2084.5 mg/kg and 8828.6 mg/kg, respectively. Wine samples contained high quantities of these compounds as well. The anthocyanin and flavonoids concentrations In BCS103, were 842.7 mg/l and 4898.22 mg/l, while they were 783.3 mg/l and 5025.5 mg/l in AC-4. The Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease 2023; 6(11):303-314 BCHD Page 304 of 314 total phenolic compounds detected in the wine samples were 4957.9 mg/l and 5102.6 mg/l, in BCS103 and AC-4 respectively. According to the analysis, 37%-40% of anthocyanin and 55-56% of flavonoids were transferred to the wine.

Conclusion: Charentsi grapes and wine are highly functional due to their high phenolic content and organic acids. These compounds are biologically active and influenced by the yeast strain used for wine fermentation.

Keywords: grapes, red wine, phenolic compounds, organic acids, bioactive compounds

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Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease, 2023

Background: High-molecular β-D-glucans of basidiomycetes modify the immune response and indirectl... more Background: High-molecular β-D-glucans of basidiomycetes modify the immune response and indirectly affect antitumor mechanisms by stimulating the activity of various immune cells and signaling pathways. However, the severity of the immune activity of β-D-glucans depends on many factors, which indicates the need to study them to obtain standardized agents of various pathogenetic directions.

Objective: Evaluation of the antitumor activity of the chitin-glucan complex in the form of aqueous suspensions obtained from the fungi Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, and Phallus impudicus using the Ehrlich adenocarcinoma (ACE) model. Methods: The work was carried out on male F1(C57Bl×CBA) hybrid mice. Animals were transplanted subcutaneously with ACE at a dose of 106 cells in 0.5 ml of Hank's solution. Animals were given prophylactic oral administration of suspensions of fungi for 10 days before inoculation with ACE. After inoculation with ACE, suspensions of fungi were orally administered to animals of these groups for 28 days for therapeutic purposes. From the 6th day after transplantation of the tumor, its volume was recorded in mm3 according to three linear dimensions.

Results: Survival in all groups of animals within 28 days after inoculation with ACE was 100%. Administration of aqueous suspensions of Phallus impudicus, Ganoderma lucidum, and Grifola frondosa fungi to animals with ACE compensated for metabolic disturbances in the body, which increased the dynamics of their weight gain. However, the weight of these animals on the 28th day of the experiment did not reach the weight of animals that were not transplanted with ACE. Against the background of the introduction of suspensions of these fungi to animals from 6 to 11 days, a statistically significant (p<0.05) effect of inhibition of the development of the ECA volume was obtained, which did not depend on the type of fungi studied.

Conclusion: Aqueous suspensions of these fungi have a similar effect of inhibiting the development of ACE. This allows us to consider the chitin-glucan components of the studied mushrooms as substances with indirect antitumor activity for their standardization and optimization of their use for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes.

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Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease, 2023

The flavonoid rutin was first isolated from rue (Ruta graveolens L.) and is used therapeutically ... more The flavonoid rutin was first isolated from rue (Ruta graveolens L.) and is used therapeutically as a capillary stabilizing and vasoprotective agent to reduce capillary fragility, although no health claims have been approved in the EU. This article briefly focuses on physicochemical properties, occurrence in foods and oral bioavailability of rutin, with emphasis on human studies. According to the available information, rutin can be considered a promising bioactive compound, despite the paucity of clinical trials. In addition to its therapeutic relevance in pathological and pathophysiological conditions, dietary rutin can also contribute to improve the physiological status of the organism in healthy subjects, thus preventing the onset of non-communicable chronic degenerative diseases.

Keywords: Flavonoids; polyphenols; phenylpropanoids; bioactive phytochemicals; biological activity; oral bioavailability pharmacokinetics; safety; rutin

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