Merelyn Valdivia-Díaz - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Merelyn Valdivia-Díaz

The most significant long-term threat to agrobiodiversity, considered, is climate change. Driven ... more The most significant long-term threat to agrobiodiversity, considered, is climate change. Driven by different transformation in climate and socio-cultural structure and also related the lack of collective knowledge of diversity about the Peruvian Andes. The identification and documentation of local ecological knowledge has recently become important in research, also acknowledging the importance of the farmer’s experience. Three communities in the district of Haquira (Pauchi, Queunapampa and Huancacalla Chico) in Apurimac, Peru have been surveyed to identify and document the native potatoes name’s and to determine the actual state of potato landrace for long term monitoring. The objectives focused on identifying local experts and their knowledge using Five Cells Analysis (FCA) method and GIS Participatory for Red List, the factors taken into account for survey were biological, ecological, economic, social and cultural suggested by Community Biodiversity Registers (CBR). It was regist...

Multiples factores de cambio en el clima y la estructura en las comunidades andinas peruanas, tie... more Multiples factores de cambio en el clima y la estructura en las comunidades andinas peruanas, tienen una influencia alta en la perdida de las variedades locales de papa y de conocimientos locales relacionados a la diversidad. Las tendencias en la agrobiodiversidad no han sido evaluadas y sigue siendo dificil establecer lineas de tiempo que reflejen los cambios, ya que no existen datos de referencia para la comparacion. El analisis de cinco celdas (FCA) es un metodo aplicable, economico y facil para evaluar la diversidad de cultivos locales en base a los nombres tradicionales y establecer una linea de base para la lista roja de las variedades locales. El estudio se aplico en tres comunidades del distrito de Haquira- Pauchi, Queunapampa y Huancacalla Chico, en la cuales se realizaron encuestas para determinar el estado real de las variedades locales de la papa, el conocimiento colectivo, las amenazas potenciales a la diversidad de papas nativas, y se establecio un sistema de monitoreo...

Mountain Research and Development, Nov 1, 2016

Agroforestry is seen as a promising set of land use practices that can lead to increased ecologic... more Agroforestry is seen as a promising set of land use practices that can lead to increased ecological integrity and sustainable benefits in mountain areas. Agroforestry practices can also enhance smallholder farmers' resilience in the face of social and ecological change. There is a need for critical examination of existing practices to ensure that agroforestry recommendations for smallholder farmers are socially inclusive and grounded in local experience, knowledge, and perceptions. In this paper, we present a transdisciplinary systems approach to the identification and analysis of suitable agroforestry options, which takes into account gendered perceptions of the benefits and values of natural resources. The 4-step approach consists of an appraisal of local perceptions of the socialecological context and dynamics, an inventory of existing agroforestry practices and species, a gendered valuation of agroforestry practices and species, and the development of locally adapted and gender-sensitive agroforestry options. In a study using this approach in the Peruvian Andes, data were collected through a combination of participatory tools for gender research and ethnobotanical methods. This paper shares lessons learned and offers recommendations for researchers and practitioners in the field of sustainable mountain development. We discuss methodological considerations in the identification of locally adapted agroforestry options, the understanding of local socialecological systems, the facilitation of social learning processes, engagement in gender research, and the establishment of ethical research collaborations. The methodology presented here is especially recommended for the exploratory phase of any natural resource management initiative in mountain areas with high environmental and sociocultural variability.

Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2015

Multiple drivers related to changes in climate and socio-cultural structure in the Peruvian Highl... more Multiple drivers related to changes in climate and socio-cultural structure in the Peruvian Highland are of increasing importance for the loss of the biological diversity of potato landraces and related collective knowledge in their center of diversity. For example in the district of Haquira, which is located in the province of Cotabambas, Apurimac, many young farmers abandon agriculture to work in the mines or migrate to search for more income attractive options in larger towns. The precise impact of these tendencies on agrobiodiversity has not been assessed and it remains difficult to establish timelines that reflect changes as no reference data exist that is useful for comparison. A cost efficient and easy applicable method to assess local crop diversity based on traditional names and establish a baseline for red-listing of landraces is the five cell analysis (FCA). In a case study, three communities in Haquira-Pauchi, Queuñapampa and Huancacalla Chico have been surveyed to determine the actual state of potato landrace, collective knowledge, potential threats of agrobiodiversity and to establish a long term monitoring system. It was registered by focus groups familiar (n=61). The results provide us information systematization of landraces of potatoes to prepare a master list that can be contrasted with genetic information. Based on farmer's perception in all the communities it was identified 42 landraces with 71 synonyms; 13 threatened landraces, 8 conservation dependant landraces and 3 no risk landraces. The methodologies used to contributing to data base for monitoring of landraces of potatoes should be applicable to other landscapes on similar conditions.

Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria, 2002

The article characterizes, by mean of an ethnoecological and participatory research, the vernacul... more The article characterizes, by mean of an ethnoecological and participatory research, the vernacular representations and practices related to the prevention and treatment of waterborne diseases (such as cholera, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, dysentery, hepatitis), among the toba (qom) of the Impenetrable Chaco. In this context, we documents the use of 64 medicinal plants associated with the relief of the gastrointestinal symptoms characteristic of these diseases. The results are discussed in order to plan and develop local strategies for protection of the environmental health in indigenous communities from the Gran Chaco.

Se observa una rápida erosión de la agrobiodiversidad evidente en todo el mundo, particularmente ... more Se observa una rápida erosión de la agrobiodiversidad evidente en todo el mundo, particularmente en el caso de cultivos olvidados y subutilizados que son nutricionalmente ricos y desatendidos, pero también son conocidos por ser cultivos resistentes al clima (King, Nambi y Nagarajan, 2009 en Padulosi et al. 2012). En el Perú se cultivan 8 especies de papas, dentro de las que se encuentran 3,500 variedades de papa nativas cultivadas (Huamán 1991, Hijmans y Spooner 2001 citados en Valladolid 2012).
Joshi et al. (2004) propusieron un sistema para la evaluación de la amenaza de variedades locales, sobre la base del conocimiento local, ecológico, social, modernización y de uso. El análisis de cinco celdas (FCA) es un método aplicable, económico y fácil para evaluar la diversidad de cultivos locales en base a los nombres tradicionales y establecer una línea de base para la lista roja de las variedades locales. El estudio se aplicó en tres comunidades del distrito de Haquira- Pauchi, Queuñapampa y Huancacalla Chico, para determinar el estado de conservación de las variedades locales de la papa, el conocimiento colectivo, las amenazas potenciales, y se estableció un sistema de monitoreo a largo plazo para la adaptación al cambio climático.

Multiple drivers related to changes in climate and socio-cultural structure in the Peruvian Highl... more Multiple drivers related to changes in climate and socio-cultural structure in the Peruvian Highland are of increasing importance for the loss of the biological diversity of potato landraces and related collective knowledge in their center of diversity. For example in the district of Haquira, which is located in the province of Cotabambas, Apurimac, many young farmers abandon agriculture to work in the mines or migrate to search for more income attractive options in larger towns. The precise impact of these tendencies on agrobiodiversity has not been assessed and it remains difficult to establish timelines that reflect changes as no reference data exist that is useful for comparison. A cost efficient and easy applicable method to assess local crop diversity based on traditional names and establish a baseline for red-listing of landraces is the five cell analysis (FCA). In a case study, three communities in Haquira – Pauchi, Queuñapampa and Huancacalla Chico have been surveyed to determine the actual state of potato landrace, collective knowledge, potential threats of agrobiodiversity and to establish a long term monitoring system. It was registered by focus groups familiar (n=61). The results provide us information systematization of landraces of potatoes to prepare a master list that can be contrasted with genetic information. Based on farmer's perception in all the communities it was identified 42 landraces with 71 synonyms; 13 threatened landraces, 8 conservation dependant landraces and 3 no risk landraces. The methodologies used to contributing to data base for monitoring of landraces of potatoes should be applicable to other landscapes on similar conditions.

International expert meeting ABD elaborated a compedium in 2013.

El presente trabajo se realizó en la Granja de Animales Menores de la Universidad Agraria La Moli... more El presente trabajo se realizó en la Granja de Animales Menores de la Universidad Agraria La Molina en Oryctolagus cuniculus, dos de raza Rex Chinchilla y dos de raza Rex Negro; los cuales presentaban heridas oculares y genitales teniendo complicaciones para la reproducción. Se realizaron hisopados de los genitales externos de los animales enfermos; dichas muestras fueron sometidas a observación en microscopio de campo oscuro, observándose la presencia de espiroquetas. Además se tomaron muestras de sangre, las cuales fueron positivas a Treponema spp. mediante la prueba de VDRL. Los resultados sugirieron la presencia de infección por Treponema spp. (Sífilis) en conejos, una enfermedad de transmisión sexual (ETS). Se planteó como alternativa farmacológica el consumo y uso de un extracto de Lippia spp., Plantago major, Urtica spp., en concentraciones de 40gr/lt cada una, en una dosis de 5ml por vía oral e hisopados en heridas por un periodo de dos meses y medio. Clínicamente los resultados fueron positivos para la eliminación de exudados y regeneración de lesiones. Se pudo comprobar efecto antibiótico en lesiones externas, se recomienda seguir en proceso de investigación como alternativas farmacológicas naturales para tratamientos veterinarios en áreas rurales.

Climate change is considered the most significant threat to agrobiodiversity. This is influencing... more Climate change is considered the most significant threat to agrobiodiversity. This is influencing not only the climate but
also the socio- cultural structure and the loss of collective knowledge of diversity in the Peruvian Andes. In this regard,
the identification and documentation of local ecological knowledge and recognition of the farmer’s experience has
recently taken on greater importance. This study was conducted in three rural communities in the district of Haquira
(Pauchi, Queuñapampa and Huancacalla Chico) in Apurimac, Peru and aimed to identify and document the names of
native potato and determine the real state of local potato landraces for long-term monitoring. This article focuses on the
identification of local expertise and knowledge by the method of analysis of the Five Cells (FCA) and Participatory GIS to
develop the Red List. Factors taken into account for the surveys were biological, ecological, economic, social and cultural
suggested by the Community Biodiversity Register (CBR). Family focus groups household (n= 61) and quantitative
methods (GIS) and qualitative (FCA), which complement allowing recognition of 174 names of local varieties, 45
varieties have different names and 42 varieties share 71 synonyms’ names in the three communities. The results provide
us information systematization of native potatoes to prepare a master list that can be evaluated against genetic
information.
Keywords: Agrobiodiversity, FCA, genetic diversity, local knowledge, Red List, Solanum

Documento elaborado por DESCO

guía del conocimiento como poder Wolfgang Sachs W. SACHS (editor), Diccionario del desarrollo. Un... more guía del conocimiento como poder Wolfgang Sachs W. SACHS (editor), Diccionario del desarrollo. Una guía del conocimiento como poder, PRATEC, Perú, 1996. 399 pp.

Bioversity International is a world leading research-for-development non-profit organization, wor... more Bioversity International is a world leading research-for-development non-profit organization, working towards a world in which smallholder farming communities in developing countries are thriving and sustainable. Bioversity's purpose is to investigate the use and conservation of agricultural biodiversity in order to achieve better nutrition, improve smallholders' livelihoods and enhance agricultural sustainability. Bioversity International works with a global range of partners to maximize impact, to develop capacity and to ensure that all stakeholders have an effective voice.

The most significant long-term threat to agrobiodiversity, considered, is climate change. Driven ... more The most significant long-term threat to agrobiodiversity, considered, is climate change. Driven by different transformation in climate and socio-cultural structure and also related the lack of collective knowledge of diversity about the Peruvian Andes. The identification and documentation of local ecological knowledge has recently become important in research, also acknowledging the importance of the farmer’s experience. Three communities in the district of Haquira (Pauchi, Queunapampa and Huancacalla Chico) in Apurimac, Peru have been surveyed to identify and document the native potatoes name’s and to determine the actual state of potato landrace for long term monitoring. The objectives focused on identifying local experts and their knowledge using Five Cells Analysis (FCA) method and GIS Participatory for Red List, the factors taken into account for survey were biological, ecological, economic, social and cultural suggested by Community Biodiversity Registers (CBR). It was regist...

Multiples factores de cambio en el clima y la estructura en las comunidades andinas peruanas, tie... more Multiples factores de cambio en el clima y la estructura en las comunidades andinas peruanas, tienen una influencia alta en la perdida de las variedades locales de papa y de conocimientos locales relacionados a la diversidad. Las tendencias en la agrobiodiversidad no han sido evaluadas y sigue siendo dificil establecer lineas de tiempo que reflejen los cambios, ya que no existen datos de referencia para la comparacion. El analisis de cinco celdas (FCA) es un metodo aplicable, economico y facil para evaluar la diversidad de cultivos locales en base a los nombres tradicionales y establecer una linea de base para la lista roja de las variedades locales. El estudio se aplico en tres comunidades del distrito de Haquira- Pauchi, Queunapampa y Huancacalla Chico, en la cuales se realizaron encuestas para determinar el estado real de las variedades locales de la papa, el conocimiento colectivo, las amenazas potenciales a la diversidad de papas nativas, y se establecio un sistema de monitoreo...

Mountain Research and Development, Nov 1, 2016

Agroforestry is seen as a promising set of land use practices that can lead to increased ecologic... more Agroforestry is seen as a promising set of land use practices that can lead to increased ecological integrity and sustainable benefits in mountain areas. Agroforestry practices can also enhance smallholder farmers' resilience in the face of social and ecological change. There is a need for critical examination of existing practices to ensure that agroforestry recommendations for smallholder farmers are socially inclusive and grounded in local experience, knowledge, and perceptions. In this paper, we present a transdisciplinary systems approach to the identification and analysis of suitable agroforestry options, which takes into account gendered perceptions of the benefits and values of natural resources. The 4-step approach consists of an appraisal of local perceptions of the socialecological context and dynamics, an inventory of existing agroforestry practices and species, a gendered valuation of agroforestry practices and species, and the development of locally adapted and gender-sensitive agroforestry options. In a study using this approach in the Peruvian Andes, data were collected through a combination of participatory tools for gender research and ethnobotanical methods. This paper shares lessons learned and offers recommendations for researchers and practitioners in the field of sustainable mountain development. We discuss methodological considerations in the identification of locally adapted agroforestry options, the understanding of local socialecological systems, the facilitation of social learning processes, engagement in gender research, and the establishment of ethical research collaborations. The methodology presented here is especially recommended for the exploratory phase of any natural resource management initiative in mountain areas with high environmental and sociocultural variability.

Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2015

Multiple drivers related to changes in climate and socio-cultural structure in the Peruvian Highl... more Multiple drivers related to changes in climate and socio-cultural structure in the Peruvian Highland are of increasing importance for the loss of the biological diversity of potato landraces and related collective knowledge in their center of diversity. For example in the district of Haquira, which is located in the province of Cotabambas, Apurimac, many young farmers abandon agriculture to work in the mines or migrate to search for more income attractive options in larger towns. The precise impact of these tendencies on agrobiodiversity has not been assessed and it remains difficult to establish timelines that reflect changes as no reference data exist that is useful for comparison. A cost efficient and easy applicable method to assess local crop diversity based on traditional names and establish a baseline for red-listing of landraces is the five cell analysis (FCA). In a case study, three communities in Haquira-Pauchi, Queuñapampa and Huancacalla Chico have been surveyed to determine the actual state of potato landrace, collective knowledge, potential threats of agrobiodiversity and to establish a long term monitoring system. It was registered by focus groups familiar (n=61). The results provide us information systematization of landraces of potatoes to prepare a master list that can be contrasted with genetic information. Based on farmer's perception in all the communities it was identified 42 landraces with 71 synonyms; 13 threatened landraces, 8 conservation dependant landraces and 3 no risk landraces. The methodologies used to contributing to data base for monitoring of landraces of potatoes should be applicable to other landscapes on similar conditions.

Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria, 2002

The article characterizes, by mean of an ethnoecological and participatory research, the vernacul... more The article characterizes, by mean of an ethnoecological and participatory research, the vernacular representations and practices related to the prevention and treatment of waterborne diseases (such as cholera, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, dysentery, hepatitis), among the toba (qom) of the Impenetrable Chaco. In this context, we documents the use of 64 medicinal plants associated with the relief of the gastrointestinal symptoms characteristic of these diseases. The results are discussed in order to plan and develop local strategies for protection of the environmental health in indigenous communities from the Gran Chaco.

Se observa una rápida erosión de la agrobiodiversidad evidente en todo el mundo, particularmente ... more Se observa una rápida erosión de la agrobiodiversidad evidente en todo el mundo, particularmente en el caso de cultivos olvidados y subutilizados que son nutricionalmente ricos y desatendidos, pero también son conocidos por ser cultivos resistentes al clima (King, Nambi y Nagarajan, 2009 en Padulosi et al. 2012). En el Perú se cultivan 8 especies de papas, dentro de las que se encuentran 3,500 variedades de papa nativas cultivadas (Huamán 1991, Hijmans y Spooner 2001 citados en Valladolid 2012).
Joshi et al. (2004) propusieron un sistema para la evaluación de la amenaza de variedades locales, sobre la base del conocimiento local, ecológico, social, modernización y de uso. El análisis de cinco celdas (FCA) es un método aplicable, económico y fácil para evaluar la diversidad de cultivos locales en base a los nombres tradicionales y establecer una línea de base para la lista roja de las variedades locales. El estudio se aplicó en tres comunidades del distrito de Haquira- Pauchi, Queuñapampa y Huancacalla Chico, para determinar el estado de conservación de las variedades locales de la papa, el conocimiento colectivo, las amenazas potenciales, y se estableció un sistema de monitoreo a largo plazo para la adaptación al cambio climático.

Multiple drivers related to changes in climate and socio-cultural structure in the Peruvian Highl... more Multiple drivers related to changes in climate and socio-cultural structure in the Peruvian Highland are of increasing importance for the loss of the biological diversity of potato landraces and related collective knowledge in their center of diversity. For example in the district of Haquira, which is located in the province of Cotabambas, Apurimac, many young farmers abandon agriculture to work in the mines or migrate to search for more income attractive options in larger towns. The precise impact of these tendencies on agrobiodiversity has not been assessed and it remains difficult to establish timelines that reflect changes as no reference data exist that is useful for comparison. A cost efficient and easy applicable method to assess local crop diversity based on traditional names and establish a baseline for red-listing of landraces is the five cell analysis (FCA). In a case study, three communities in Haquira – Pauchi, Queuñapampa and Huancacalla Chico have been surveyed to determine the actual state of potato landrace, collective knowledge, potential threats of agrobiodiversity and to establish a long term monitoring system. It was registered by focus groups familiar (n=61). The results provide us information systematization of landraces of potatoes to prepare a master list that can be contrasted with genetic information. Based on farmer's perception in all the communities it was identified 42 landraces with 71 synonyms; 13 threatened landraces, 8 conservation dependant landraces and 3 no risk landraces. The methodologies used to contributing to data base for monitoring of landraces of potatoes should be applicable to other landscapes on similar conditions.

International expert meeting ABD elaborated a compedium in 2013.

El presente trabajo se realizó en la Granja de Animales Menores de la Universidad Agraria La Moli... more El presente trabajo se realizó en la Granja de Animales Menores de la Universidad Agraria La Molina en Oryctolagus cuniculus, dos de raza Rex Chinchilla y dos de raza Rex Negro; los cuales presentaban heridas oculares y genitales teniendo complicaciones para la reproducción. Se realizaron hisopados de los genitales externos de los animales enfermos; dichas muestras fueron sometidas a observación en microscopio de campo oscuro, observándose la presencia de espiroquetas. Además se tomaron muestras de sangre, las cuales fueron positivas a Treponema spp. mediante la prueba de VDRL. Los resultados sugirieron la presencia de infección por Treponema spp. (Sífilis) en conejos, una enfermedad de transmisión sexual (ETS). Se planteó como alternativa farmacológica el consumo y uso de un extracto de Lippia spp., Plantago major, Urtica spp., en concentraciones de 40gr/lt cada una, en una dosis de 5ml por vía oral e hisopados en heridas por un periodo de dos meses y medio. Clínicamente los resultados fueron positivos para la eliminación de exudados y regeneración de lesiones. Se pudo comprobar efecto antibiótico en lesiones externas, se recomienda seguir en proceso de investigación como alternativas farmacológicas naturales para tratamientos veterinarios en áreas rurales.

Climate change is considered the most significant threat to agrobiodiversity. This is influencing... more Climate change is considered the most significant threat to agrobiodiversity. This is influencing not only the climate but
also the socio- cultural structure and the loss of collective knowledge of diversity in the Peruvian Andes. In this regard,
the identification and documentation of local ecological knowledge and recognition of the farmer’s experience has
recently taken on greater importance. This study was conducted in three rural communities in the district of Haquira
(Pauchi, Queuñapampa and Huancacalla Chico) in Apurimac, Peru and aimed to identify and document the names of
native potato and determine the real state of local potato landraces for long-term monitoring. This article focuses on the
identification of local expertise and knowledge by the method of analysis of the Five Cells (FCA) and Participatory GIS to
develop the Red List. Factors taken into account for the surveys were biological, ecological, economic, social and cultural
suggested by the Community Biodiversity Register (CBR). Family focus groups household (n= 61) and quantitative
methods (GIS) and qualitative (FCA), which complement allowing recognition of 174 names of local varieties, 45
varieties have different names and 42 varieties share 71 synonyms’ names in the three communities. The results provide
us information systematization of native potatoes to prepare a master list that can be evaluated against genetic
information.
Keywords: Agrobiodiversity, FCA, genetic diversity, local knowledge, Red List, Solanum

Documento elaborado por DESCO

guía del conocimiento como poder Wolfgang Sachs W. SACHS (editor), Diccionario del desarrollo. Un... more guía del conocimiento como poder Wolfgang Sachs W. SACHS (editor), Diccionario del desarrollo. Una guía del conocimiento como poder, PRATEC, Perú, 1996. 399 pp.

Bioversity International is a world leading research-for-development non-profit organization, wor... more Bioversity International is a world leading research-for-development non-profit organization, working towards a world in which smallholder farming communities in developing countries are thriving and sustainable. Bioversity's purpose is to investigate the use and conservation of agricultural biodiversity in order to achieve better nutrition, improve smallholders' livelihoods and enhance agricultural sustainability. Bioversity International works with a global range of partners to maximize impact, to develop capacity and to ensure that all stakeholders have an effective voice.

La valoración que le dan las personas a los bosques y paisajes permite comprender las preferencia... more La valoración que le dan las personas a los bosques y paisajes permite comprender las preferencias y vínculos entre el hombre y la naturaleza y son insumos importantes para encaminarnos hacia un turismo de naturaleza sostenible basado en la relación economía-naturaleza-bienestar. Turismo Sostenible para el Desarrollo: Un desafío global El 2017 ha sido declarado por las Naciones Unidas como el Año Internacional del Turismo Sostenible para el Desarrollo bajo el lema " Viaja, Disfruta y Respeta ". La meta es impulsar un cambio a largo plazo en diversos actores para alcanzar tres de los 17 Objetivos para el Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) en el 2030. Estos objetivos se centran en: crecimiento económico sostenible, inclusión social, uso eficiente de los recursos y protección ambiental, protección del patrimonio cultural-natural, fomento del entendimiento mutuo y cultura de paz. En 1967 se celebraría por primera vez el año internacional del turismo y en 1995 el World Travel and Tourism Council promovería la Agenda 21 para los viajes y el turismo donde se plantean acciones y objetivos del sector hacia el desarrollo. Siete años después, en el 2002, se declararía el Año Internacional del Ecoturismo, una alternativa inclusiva para las poblaciones locales y la naturaleza. El turismo sostenible, es definido por la Organización Mundial del Turismo (OMT) como " el turismo que tiene plenamente en cuenta las repercusiones actuales y futuras, económicas, sociales y medioambientales para satisfacer las necesidades de los visitantes, de la industria, del entorno y de las comunidades anfitrionas ". Estas iniciativas internacionales permiten orientar la política global en materia de turismo sostenible. Sin embargo, a nivel local no resulta tan sencillo llevarlos a la práctica. Para lograrlo se requiere crear espacios de diálogo entre instituciones públicas y privadas que promueven el turismo con las poblaciones cercanas y los visitantes. Paisaje y Turismo de naturaleza Cuando planificamos un viaje, vienen a nuestra mente imágenes relacionadas a la naturaleza, la cultura, la población local, las agencias de viaje, entre muchas otras cosas. Este amplio espectro, llamado " paisaje cultural " , se comprende según las perspectivas de las personas que usan, perciben, transforman, debaten y definen el paisaje. Es aquí, donde se encuentran los conflictos de interés, pero también es el espacio de importancia para la identidad de las personas de manera individual y colectiva. Delimitar el paisaje cultural y comprender las valoraciones de los actores sobre la naturaleza y la relación entre estos actores es el primer paso para identificar oportunidades para el turismo de naturaleza sostenible en un contexto local. Poner énfasis en los actores es vital porque gracias a sus sistemas de organización pueden lograr mantener la sostenibilidad de sus recursos naturales incluso más allá que los sistemas de gobierno institucionales. La valoración social de la naturaleza es el primer paso para identificar oportunidades para el turismo de naturaleza sostenible en un contexto local.