Arlen Moller - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Arlen Moller

Research paper thumbnail of COSMIN Methodology for Conducting Systematic Reviews of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs)

Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Color and psychological functioning: the effect of red on performance attainment

Journal of experimental psychology. General, 2007

This research focuses on the relation between color and psychological functioning, specifically, ... more This research focuses on the relation between color and psychological functioning, specifically, that between red and performance attainment. Red is hypothesized to impair performance on achievement tasks, because red is associated with the danger of failure in achievement contexts and evokes avoidance motivation. Four experiments demonstrate that the brief perception of red prior to an important test (e.g., an IQ test) impairs performance, and this effect appears to take place outside of participants' conscious awareness. Two further experiments establish the link between red and avoidance motivation as indicated by behavioral (i.e., task choice) and psychophysiological (i.e., cortical activation) measures. The findings suggest that care must be taken in how red is used in achievement contexts and illustrate how color can act as a subtle environmental cue that has important influences on behavior.

Research paper thumbnail of A comprehensive systematic review and content analysis of active video game intervention research

DIGITAL HEALTH

Objective Intervention research using digital games to promote physical activity has proliferated... more Objective Intervention research using digital games to promote physical activity has proliferated. Yet few studies have attempted to systematically catalog features that characterize this research. To address this gap, we undertook a systematic review and content analysis of active video game interventions, examining only published longitudinal interventions that prominently featured active video game technology (≥50% of the intervention). Methods Our protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42020204191). For inclusion, an active video game intervention had to require gross movement beyond finger movement, and target improvement, maintenance, or recovery of health. The intervention design had to include at least two conditions, within- or between-subjects, with ≥10 participants per condition to examine the chronic effects of active video game exposure. Results The search resulted in 232 studies published in English between 1996 and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Abstract P378: Behavior Patterns over 20 Years and their Relationship to Subclinical Atherosclerosis

Circulation, 2013

Background: While individual health risk behaviors are independently associated with CVD and mort... more Background: While individual health risk behaviors are independently associated with CVD and mortality, these behaviors frequently co-occur. Less is known about combinations of behaviors and their relationship to subclinical atherosclerosis. Objective: To identify patterns of behavior from young adulthood through middle age and whether these patterns are associated with developing coronary artery calcification (CAC) and carotid intima-media thickening (IMT) over 20 years Methods: Our sample consists of all participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort study who completed the Year 20 exam (n = 3538). We assessed five healthy lifestyle factors at Years 0, 7, and 20: BMI (<25 kg/m 2 ), alcohol intake (women: ≤ 15 g/day; men: ≤ 30 g/day), diet (best 40% of cohort by race and sex: high in potassium, calcium, & fiber; low in saturated fatty acids), physical activity (> 300 exercise units), not a cigarette smoker (Yes/No). We applied Latent clas...

Research paper thumbnail of sj-pdf-1-mcr-10.1177_10775587211007748 – Supplemental material for Motivational Mechanisms Underlying Physicians' Occupational Health: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-mcr-10.1177_10775587211007748 for Motivational Mechanisms Underly... more Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-mcr-10.1177_10775587211007748 for Motivational Mechanisms Underlying Physicians' Occupational Health: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective by Arlen C. Moller, Anja H. Olafsen, Andrew J. Jager, Audiey C. Kao and Geoffrey C. Williams in Medical Care Research and Review

Research paper thumbnail of Correspondence Bias Training for Mock Jurors Study

The United States criminal justice system disproportionately punishes people from disadvantaged b... more The United States criminal justice system disproportionately punishes people from disadvantaged backgrounds. This study examines whether introducing correspondence bias training to mock jurors helps reduce some of these disparities, especially as they relate to punitiveness and sentencing decisions.

Research paper thumbnail of LGBT patients coming out to providers

Research paper thumbnail of Motivating social distancing

This is an amended version of our earlier preregistration on 4/10/20 with all changes based on fe... more This is an amended version of our earlier preregistration on 4/10/20 with all changes based on feedback from PSA collaborators.

Research paper thumbnail of The importance of autonomy support for motivating prejudice reduction (and avoiding backlash effects): A replication study with police officers and staff

Research paper thumbnail of P003/Nigeria: Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

To slow the transmission of COVID-19, governments around the world are asking their citizens to p... more To slow the transmission of COVID-19, governments around the world are asking their citizens to participate in social distancing, that is, to stay at home as much as possible. In most countries, individuals have some choice over whether or not they follow recommendations for social distancing. Thus, understanding how to best motivate social distancing has become a public health priority. This study tests, in a confirmatory manner, whether self-determination theory-guided message framing impacts people's motivation to participate in social distancing. Specifically, we expect autonomy-supportive messages that help people understand the value of behavior change to a) increase 'buy in', or autonomous motivation, for social distancing, b) reduce feelings of defiance in response to those messages, and c) increase behavioral intentions to socially distance, relative to neutral and controlling messages. Further, we expect controlling messages that pressure people to change using...

Research paper thumbnail of The Moderating Role of Autonomy

Research paper thumbnail of Competence as central, but not sufficient, for high-quality motivation: A self-determination theory perspective

Research paper thumbnail of P003/Egypt: Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 0... more and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 003 for data collection in Egypt. 1) Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been collected for this study yet. 2) Hypothesis. This study has two primary hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. Compared to the controlling message condition, those in the no message and autonomy-supportive message condition will display: 1a. Higher levels of internalization of, or autonomous motivation for, social distancing 1b. Lower feelings of defiance toward social distancing 1c. Higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance Hypothesis 2. Autonomous and controlled motivation for social distancing will predict feelings of defiance and behavioral intentions to socially distance. Specifically, 2a. Autonomous motivation for social distancing will predict lower feelings of defiance and higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 2b. Controlled motivation for social distancing will predict higher feelings of defiance and lower immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 3) Dependent variable. Describe the key dependent variable(s) specifying how they will be measured. Autonomous Motivation Participants will respond to the stem "I plan to follow social distancing recommendations [in this article] because:" with four autonomous and four controlled reasons for doing so. Example items assessing controlled motivation are "because others would disapprove of me if I did not" and "I would feel guilty if I did not follow the recommendation". Example items assessing autonomous motivation include "the recommendations reflect my values" and "it is personally important to me to follow them". These items, paired with a scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree, were adapted from a previous measure of Perceived Locus of Causality (Ryan & Connell, 1989; Soenens et al., 2009) so that the motivations are appropriate in the context of social distancing and the contents of the article. Autonomous and controlled motivation items will be aggregated into two separate variables to be used in analyses.

Research paper thumbnail of Team Science (COALESCE)

Research paper thumbnail of P003/Sweden: Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 0... more and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 003 for data collection in Sweden. 1) Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been collected for this study yet. 2) Hypothesis. This study has two primary hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. Compared to the controlling message condition, those in the no message and autonomy-supportive message condition will display: 1a. Higher levels of internalization of, or autonomous motivation for, social distancing 1b. Lower feelings of defiance toward social distancing 1c. Higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance Hypothesis 2. Autonomous and controlled motivation for social distancing will predict feelings of defiance and behavioral intentions to socially distance. Specifically, 2a. Autonomous motivation for social distancing will predict lower feelings of defiance and higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 2b. Controlled motivation for social distancing will predict higher feelings of defiance and lower immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 3) Dependent variable. Describe the key dependent variable(s) specifying how they will be measured. Autonomous Motivation Participants will respond to the stem "I plan to follow social distancing recommendations [in this article] because:" with four autonomous and four controlled reasons for doing so. Example items assessing controlled motivation are "because others would disapprove of me if I did not" and "I would feel guilty if I did not follow the recommendation". Example items assessing autonomous motivation include "the recommendations reflect my values" and "it is personally important to me to follow them". These items, paired with a scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree, were adapted from a previous measure of Perceived Locus of Causality (Ryan & Connell, 1989; Soenens et al., 2009) so that the motivations are appropriate in the context of social distancing and the contents of the article. Autonomous and controlled motivation items will be aggregated into two separate variables to be used in analyses.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been colle... more Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been collected for this study yet. 2) Hypothesis. This study has two primary hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. Compared to the controlling message condition, those in the no message and autonomy-supportive message condition will display: 1a. Higher levels of internalization of, or autonomous motivation for, social distancing 1b. Lower feelings of defiance toward social distancing 1c. Higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance Hypothesis 2. Autonomous and controlled motivation for social distancing will predict feelings of defiance and behavioral intentions to socially distance. Specifically, 2a. Autonomous motivation for social distancing will predict lower feelings of defiance and higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 2b. Controlled motivation for social distancing will predict higher feelings of defiance and lower immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 3) Dependent variable. Describe the key dependent variable(s) specifying how they will be measured. Autonomous Motivation Participants will respond to the stem "I plan to follow social distancing recommendations [in this article] because:" with four autonomous and four controlled reasons for doing so. Example items assessing controlled motivation are "because others would disapprove of me if I did not" and "I would feel guilty if I did not follow the recommendation". Example items

Research paper thumbnail of P003/South Korea: Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 0... more and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 003 for data collection in South Korea. 1) Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been collected for this study yet. 2) Hypothesis. This study has two primary hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. Compared to the controlling message condition, those in the no message and autonomy-supportive message condition will display: 1a. Higher levels of internalization of, or autonomous motivation for, social distancing 1b. Lower feelings of defiance toward social distancing 1c. Higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance Hypothesis 2. Autonomous and controlled motivation for social distancing will predict feelings of defiance and behavioral intentions to socially distance. Specifically, 2a. Autonomous motivation for social distancing will predict lower feelings of defiance and higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 2b. Controlled motivation for social distancing will predict higher feelings of defiance and lower immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 3) Dependent variable. Describe the key dependent variable(s) specifying how they will be measured. Autonomous Motivation Participants will respond to the stem "I plan to follow social distancing recommendations [in this article] because:" with four autonomous and four controlled reasons for doing so. Example items assessing controlled motivation are "because others would disapprove of me if I did not" and "I would feel guilty if I did not follow the recommendation". Example items assessing autonomous motivation include "the recommendations reflect my values" and "it is personally important to me to follow them". These items, paired with a scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree, were adapted from a previous measure of Perceived Locus of Causality (Ryan & Connell, 1989; Soenens et al., 2009) so that the motivations are appropriate in the context of social distancing and the contents of the article. Autonomous and controlled motivation items will be aggregated into two separate variables to be used in analyses.

Research paper thumbnail of P003/Austria: Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 0... more and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 003 for data collection in Austria. 1) Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been collected for this study yet. 2) Hypothesis. This study has two primary hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. Compared to the controlling message condition, those in the no message and autonomy-supportive message condition will display: 1a. Higher levels of internalization of, or autonomous motivation for, social distancing 1b. Lower feelings of defiance toward social distancing 1c. Higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance Hypothesis 2. Autonomous and controlled motivation for social distancing will predict feelings of defiance and behavioral intentions to socially distance. Specifically, 2a. Autonomous motivation for social distancing will predict lower feelings of defiance and higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 2b. Controlled motivation for social distancing will predict higher feelings of defiance and lower immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 3) Dependent variable. Describe the key dependent variable(s) specifying how they will be measured. Autonomous Motivation Participants will respond to the stem "I plan to follow social distancing recommendations [in this article] because:" with four autonomous and four controlled reasons for doing so. Example items assessing controlled motivation are "because others would disapprove of me if I did not" and "I would feel guilty if I did not follow the recommendation". Example items assessing autonomous motivation include "the recommendations reflect my values" and "it is personally important to me to follow them". These items, paired with a scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree, were adapted from a previous measure of Perceived Locus of Causality (Ryan & Connell, 1989; Soenens et al., 2009) so that the motivations are appropriate in the context of social distancing and the contents of the article. Autonomous and controlled motivation items will be aggregated into two separate variables to be used in analyses.

Research paper thumbnail of Limits of the stage of change model in predicting multiple health behavior change

Research paper thumbnail of P003/Switzerland: Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 0... more and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 003 for data collection in Switzerland. 1) Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been collected for this study yet. 2) Hypothesis. This study has two primary hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. Compared to the controlling message condition, those in the no message and autonomy-supportive message condition will display: 1a. Higher levels of internalization of, or autonomous motivation for, social distancing 1b. Lower feelings of defiance toward social distancing 1c. Higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance Hypothesis 2. Autonomous and controlled motivation for social distancing will predict feelings of defiance and behavioral intentions to socially distance. Specifically, 2a. Autonomous motivation for social distancing will predict lower feelings of defiance and higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 2b. Controlled motivation for social distancing will predict higher feelings of defiance and lower immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 3) Dependent variable. Describe the key dependent variable(s) specifying how they will be measured. Autonomous Motivation Participants will respond to the stem "I plan to follow social distancing recommendations [in this article] because:" with four autonomous and four controlled reasons for doing so. Example items assessing controlled motivation are "because others would disapprove of me if I did not" and "I would feel guilty if I did not follow the recommendation". Example items assessing autonomous motivation include "the recommendations reflect my values" and "it is personally important to me to follow them". These items, paired with a scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree, were adapted from a previous measure of Perceived Locus of Causality (Ryan & Connell, 1989; Soenens et al., 2009) so that the motivations are appropriate in the context of social distancing and the contents of the article. Autonomous and controlled motivation items will be aggregated into two separate variables to be used in analyses.

Research paper thumbnail of COSMIN Methodology for Conducting Systematic Reviews of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs)

Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Color and psychological functioning: the effect of red on performance attainment

Journal of experimental psychology. General, 2007

This research focuses on the relation between color and psychological functioning, specifically, ... more This research focuses on the relation between color and psychological functioning, specifically, that between red and performance attainment. Red is hypothesized to impair performance on achievement tasks, because red is associated with the danger of failure in achievement contexts and evokes avoidance motivation. Four experiments demonstrate that the brief perception of red prior to an important test (e.g., an IQ test) impairs performance, and this effect appears to take place outside of participants' conscious awareness. Two further experiments establish the link between red and avoidance motivation as indicated by behavioral (i.e., task choice) and psychophysiological (i.e., cortical activation) measures. The findings suggest that care must be taken in how red is used in achievement contexts and illustrate how color can act as a subtle environmental cue that has important influences on behavior.

Research paper thumbnail of A comprehensive systematic review and content analysis of active video game intervention research

DIGITAL HEALTH

Objective Intervention research using digital games to promote physical activity has proliferated... more Objective Intervention research using digital games to promote physical activity has proliferated. Yet few studies have attempted to systematically catalog features that characterize this research. To address this gap, we undertook a systematic review and content analysis of active video game interventions, examining only published longitudinal interventions that prominently featured active video game technology (≥50% of the intervention). Methods Our protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42020204191). For inclusion, an active video game intervention had to require gross movement beyond finger movement, and target improvement, maintenance, or recovery of health. The intervention design had to include at least two conditions, within- or between-subjects, with ≥10 participants per condition to examine the chronic effects of active video game exposure. Results The search resulted in 232 studies published in English between 1996 and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Abstract P378: Behavior Patterns over 20 Years and their Relationship to Subclinical Atherosclerosis

Circulation, 2013

Background: While individual health risk behaviors are independently associated with CVD and mort... more Background: While individual health risk behaviors are independently associated with CVD and mortality, these behaviors frequently co-occur. Less is known about combinations of behaviors and their relationship to subclinical atherosclerosis. Objective: To identify patterns of behavior from young adulthood through middle age and whether these patterns are associated with developing coronary artery calcification (CAC) and carotid intima-media thickening (IMT) over 20 years Methods: Our sample consists of all participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort study who completed the Year 20 exam (n = 3538). We assessed five healthy lifestyle factors at Years 0, 7, and 20: BMI (<25 kg/m 2 ), alcohol intake (women: ≤ 15 g/day; men: ≤ 30 g/day), diet (best 40% of cohort by race and sex: high in potassium, calcium, & fiber; low in saturated fatty acids), physical activity (> 300 exercise units), not a cigarette smoker (Yes/No). We applied Latent clas...

Research paper thumbnail of sj-pdf-1-mcr-10.1177_10775587211007748 – Supplemental material for Motivational Mechanisms Underlying Physicians' Occupational Health: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-mcr-10.1177_10775587211007748 for Motivational Mechanisms Underly... more Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-mcr-10.1177_10775587211007748 for Motivational Mechanisms Underlying Physicians' Occupational Health: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective by Arlen C. Moller, Anja H. Olafsen, Andrew J. Jager, Audiey C. Kao and Geoffrey C. Williams in Medical Care Research and Review

Research paper thumbnail of Correspondence Bias Training for Mock Jurors Study

The United States criminal justice system disproportionately punishes people from disadvantaged b... more The United States criminal justice system disproportionately punishes people from disadvantaged backgrounds. This study examines whether introducing correspondence bias training to mock jurors helps reduce some of these disparities, especially as they relate to punitiveness and sentencing decisions.

Research paper thumbnail of LGBT patients coming out to providers

Research paper thumbnail of Motivating social distancing

This is an amended version of our earlier preregistration on 4/10/20 with all changes based on fe... more This is an amended version of our earlier preregistration on 4/10/20 with all changes based on feedback from PSA collaborators.

Research paper thumbnail of The importance of autonomy support for motivating prejudice reduction (and avoiding backlash effects): A replication study with police officers and staff

Research paper thumbnail of P003/Nigeria: Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

To slow the transmission of COVID-19, governments around the world are asking their citizens to p... more To slow the transmission of COVID-19, governments around the world are asking their citizens to participate in social distancing, that is, to stay at home as much as possible. In most countries, individuals have some choice over whether or not they follow recommendations for social distancing. Thus, understanding how to best motivate social distancing has become a public health priority. This study tests, in a confirmatory manner, whether self-determination theory-guided message framing impacts people's motivation to participate in social distancing. Specifically, we expect autonomy-supportive messages that help people understand the value of behavior change to a) increase 'buy in', or autonomous motivation, for social distancing, b) reduce feelings of defiance in response to those messages, and c) increase behavioral intentions to socially distance, relative to neutral and controlling messages. Further, we expect controlling messages that pressure people to change using...

Research paper thumbnail of The Moderating Role of Autonomy

Research paper thumbnail of Competence as central, but not sufficient, for high-quality motivation: A self-determination theory perspective

Research paper thumbnail of P003/Egypt: Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 0... more and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 003 for data collection in Egypt. 1) Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been collected for this study yet. 2) Hypothesis. This study has two primary hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. Compared to the controlling message condition, those in the no message and autonomy-supportive message condition will display: 1a. Higher levels of internalization of, or autonomous motivation for, social distancing 1b. Lower feelings of defiance toward social distancing 1c. Higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance Hypothesis 2. Autonomous and controlled motivation for social distancing will predict feelings of defiance and behavioral intentions to socially distance. Specifically, 2a. Autonomous motivation for social distancing will predict lower feelings of defiance and higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 2b. Controlled motivation for social distancing will predict higher feelings of defiance and lower immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 3) Dependent variable. Describe the key dependent variable(s) specifying how they will be measured. Autonomous Motivation Participants will respond to the stem "I plan to follow social distancing recommendations [in this article] because:" with four autonomous and four controlled reasons for doing so. Example items assessing controlled motivation are "because others would disapprove of me if I did not" and "I would feel guilty if I did not follow the recommendation". Example items assessing autonomous motivation include "the recommendations reflect my values" and "it is personally important to me to follow them". These items, paired with a scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree, were adapted from a previous measure of Perceived Locus of Causality (Ryan & Connell, 1989; Soenens et al., 2009) so that the motivations are appropriate in the context of social distancing and the contents of the article. Autonomous and controlled motivation items will be aggregated into two separate variables to be used in analyses.

Research paper thumbnail of Team Science (COALESCE)

Research paper thumbnail of P003/Sweden: Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 0... more and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 003 for data collection in Sweden. 1) Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been collected for this study yet. 2) Hypothesis. This study has two primary hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. Compared to the controlling message condition, those in the no message and autonomy-supportive message condition will display: 1a. Higher levels of internalization of, or autonomous motivation for, social distancing 1b. Lower feelings of defiance toward social distancing 1c. Higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance Hypothesis 2. Autonomous and controlled motivation for social distancing will predict feelings of defiance and behavioral intentions to socially distance. Specifically, 2a. Autonomous motivation for social distancing will predict lower feelings of defiance and higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 2b. Controlled motivation for social distancing will predict higher feelings of defiance and lower immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 3) Dependent variable. Describe the key dependent variable(s) specifying how they will be measured. Autonomous Motivation Participants will respond to the stem "I plan to follow social distancing recommendations [in this article] because:" with four autonomous and four controlled reasons for doing so. Example items assessing controlled motivation are "because others would disapprove of me if I did not" and "I would feel guilty if I did not follow the recommendation". Example items assessing autonomous motivation include "the recommendations reflect my values" and "it is personally important to me to follow them". These items, paired with a scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree, were adapted from a previous measure of Perceived Locus of Causality (Ryan & Connell, 1989; Soenens et al., 2009) so that the motivations are appropriate in the context of social distancing and the contents of the article. Autonomous and controlled motivation items will be aggregated into two separate variables to be used in analyses.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been colle... more Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been collected for this study yet. 2) Hypothesis. This study has two primary hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. Compared to the controlling message condition, those in the no message and autonomy-supportive message condition will display: 1a. Higher levels of internalization of, or autonomous motivation for, social distancing 1b. Lower feelings of defiance toward social distancing 1c. Higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance Hypothesis 2. Autonomous and controlled motivation for social distancing will predict feelings of defiance and behavioral intentions to socially distance. Specifically, 2a. Autonomous motivation for social distancing will predict lower feelings of defiance and higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 2b. Controlled motivation for social distancing will predict higher feelings of defiance and lower immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 3) Dependent variable. Describe the key dependent variable(s) specifying how they will be measured. Autonomous Motivation Participants will respond to the stem "I plan to follow social distancing recommendations [in this article] because:" with four autonomous and four controlled reasons for doing so. Example items assessing controlled motivation are "because others would disapprove of me if I did not" and "I would feel guilty if I did not follow the recommendation". Example items

Research paper thumbnail of P003/South Korea: Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 0... more and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 003 for data collection in South Korea. 1) Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been collected for this study yet. 2) Hypothesis. This study has two primary hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. Compared to the controlling message condition, those in the no message and autonomy-supportive message condition will display: 1a. Higher levels of internalization of, or autonomous motivation for, social distancing 1b. Lower feelings of defiance toward social distancing 1c. Higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance Hypothesis 2. Autonomous and controlled motivation for social distancing will predict feelings of defiance and behavioral intentions to socially distance. Specifically, 2a. Autonomous motivation for social distancing will predict lower feelings of defiance and higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 2b. Controlled motivation for social distancing will predict higher feelings of defiance and lower immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 3) Dependent variable. Describe the key dependent variable(s) specifying how they will be measured. Autonomous Motivation Participants will respond to the stem "I plan to follow social distancing recommendations [in this article] because:" with four autonomous and four controlled reasons for doing so. Example items assessing controlled motivation are "because others would disapprove of me if I did not" and "I would feel guilty if I did not follow the recommendation". Example items assessing autonomous motivation include "the recommendations reflect my values" and "it is personally important to me to follow them". These items, paired with a scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree, were adapted from a previous measure of Perceived Locus of Causality (Ryan & Connell, 1989; Soenens et al., 2009) so that the motivations are appropriate in the context of social distancing and the contents of the article. Autonomous and controlled motivation items will be aggregated into two separate variables to be used in analyses.

Research paper thumbnail of P003/Austria: Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 0... more and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 003 for data collection in Austria. 1) Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been collected for this study yet. 2) Hypothesis. This study has two primary hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. Compared to the controlling message condition, those in the no message and autonomy-supportive message condition will display: 1a. Higher levels of internalization of, or autonomous motivation for, social distancing 1b. Lower feelings of defiance toward social distancing 1c. Higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance Hypothesis 2. Autonomous and controlled motivation for social distancing will predict feelings of defiance and behavioral intentions to socially distance. Specifically, 2a. Autonomous motivation for social distancing will predict lower feelings of defiance and higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 2b. Controlled motivation for social distancing will predict higher feelings of defiance and lower immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 3) Dependent variable. Describe the key dependent variable(s) specifying how they will be measured. Autonomous Motivation Participants will respond to the stem "I plan to follow social distancing recommendations [in this article] because:" with four autonomous and four controlled reasons for doing so. Example items assessing controlled motivation are "because others would disapprove of me if I did not" and "I would feel guilty if I did not follow the recommendation". Example items assessing autonomous motivation include "the recommendations reflect my values" and "it is personally important to me to follow them". These items, paired with a scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree, were adapted from a previous measure of Perceived Locus of Causality (Ryan & Connell, 1989; Soenens et al., 2009) so that the motivations are appropriate in the context of social distancing and the contents of the article. Autonomous and controlled motivation items will be aggregated into two separate variables to be used in analyses.

Research paper thumbnail of Limits of the stage of change model in predicting multiple health behavior change

Research paper thumbnail of P003/Switzerland: Effect of message framing on motivation to follow vs. defy social distancing guidelines during the COVID 19 pandemic

and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 0... more and China. This is the pre-registration plan relating to the project PSA COVID-19 Rapid Project 003 for data collection in Switzerland. 1) Data collection. Have any data been collected for this study already? No, no data have been collected for this study yet. 2) Hypothesis. This study has two primary hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. Compared to the controlling message condition, those in the no message and autonomy-supportive message condition will display: 1a. Higher levels of internalization of, or autonomous motivation for, social distancing 1b. Lower feelings of defiance toward social distancing 1c. Higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance Hypothesis 2. Autonomous and controlled motivation for social distancing will predict feelings of defiance and behavioral intentions to socially distance. Specifically, 2a. Autonomous motivation for social distancing will predict lower feelings of defiance and higher immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 2b. Controlled motivation for social distancing will predict higher feelings of defiance and lower immediate (1 week) and delayed (6 month) behavioral intentions to socially distance. 3) Dependent variable. Describe the key dependent variable(s) specifying how they will be measured. Autonomous Motivation Participants will respond to the stem "I plan to follow social distancing recommendations [in this article] because:" with four autonomous and four controlled reasons for doing so. Example items assessing controlled motivation are "because others would disapprove of me if I did not" and "I would feel guilty if I did not follow the recommendation". Example items assessing autonomous motivation include "the recommendations reflect my values" and "it is personally important to me to follow them". These items, paired with a scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree, were adapted from a previous measure of Perceived Locus of Causality (Ryan & Connell, 1989; Soenens et al., 2009) so that the motivations are appropriate in the context of social distancing and the contents of the article. Autonomous and controlled motivation items will be aggregated into two separate variables to be used in analyses.