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Papers by Muhammad Hanafi

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis, 2012

The aims of this research were to determine the yield extracts from continuous extraction of sure... more The aims of this research were to determine the yield extracts from continuous extraction of suren heatwood (Toona sureni) in n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents, to evaluate this extracts using in vitro anticancer tests (antioxidant, brine shrimp lethality test /BSLT, antiproliferative effects to HeLa servical cancer cell lines, Raji limphoma cancer cell lines, and Vero normal cell lines), and to analyze the best extract based on the anticancer activities. This experiment showed that the yield of methanolic, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts were 0.43%, 0.25%, and 0.18% respectively. The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts had the high antioxidant activities with EC 50 51 and 68 µg ml-1 respectively. Based on BSLT, the ethyl acetate extract was the most active extract (LC 50 40 µg ml-1), it followed by the methanolic extract (LC 50 116 68 µg ml-1), and the n-hexane extract (LC 50 161 68 µg ml-1). Further testing showed that the ethyl acetate extract had high antiproliferative effects to Raji (IC 50 31 µg ml-1) and HeLa (IC 50 65 µg ml-1), but it was more secure against Vero cell lines (IC 50 105 µg ml-1). Whereas compounds such as catechol, linalool, and sitosterol contributed to the high anticancer activities of this ethyl acetate extract.

Pharmacognosy Journal

The Sterculia genus used were: macrophylla Vent, Sterculia stipulata, Sterculia parkinsonii, Ster... more The Sterculia genus used were: macrophylla Vent, Sterculia stipulata, Sterculia parkinsonii, Sterculia comosa and Sterculia rubiginosa. The part of the plant from Sterculia used were leaves and woods. The Plants collected from Botanical Garden of Bogor, Indonesia and determined in Botany Herbarium Research Institute, Cibinong, West Java. The solvents used were n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol from local suppliers. Nor-NOHA (N ω-hydroxy-L-arginine) standard (Cayman, USA). Arginase enzymes (Sigma, Singapore), maleic acid (Sigma, Singapore). DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) (Merck, Germany) and L-arginine (Sigma, Singapore). Ethyl acetate pro-analysis (Merck, Germany),

JFIOnline | Print ISSN 1412-1107 | e-ISSN 2355-696X, 2019

Various herbal teas are available in the market and used for health maintenance or prevention of ... more Various herbal teas are available in the market and used for health maintenance or prevention of diseases. Previous studies by our research group showed that several boiled water extracts or organic solvent extracts of Indonesian mistletoes (benalu) and organic solvents extracts of Selaginella (cakar ayam) have in vitro and/or in vivo anticancer activities[1,2,3,4,5]. Therefore the aim of our to study the in vitro bioactivities (antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity) of these plant materials as when prepared as herbal tea infusion. Four mistletoe samples (M1; M2; M3; M4) and one sample of Selaginella (S) were used in this study. DPPH free radical scavenging activity method was used for antioxidant. Inhibition of a-glucosidase activity method was used for antidiabetes. Growth inhibition to breast cancer cell line MCF7 method was used for cytotoxicity. The results showed that all mistletoes samples showed high in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity, whereas the Selaginella sample showed significantly lower activitiy for antioxidant (about 5x less) and about half for antidiabetes and cytotoxicity. These results suggest that for further development of functional drink, mistletoes samples showed better potential than selaginella when used as a single material in herbal tea infusion. However we should make into account the possibility of synergistic effect on bioactivities when mixtures of two or several plant materials were present in the herbal tea formulation. Currently formulation of herbal teas using various mixture of different mistletoes as well as mixture of mistletoe and Selaginella are still under investigation.Various herbal teas are available in the market and used for health maintenance or prevention of diseases. Previous studies by our research group showed that several boiled water extracts or organic solvent extracts of Indonesian mistletoes (benalu) and organic solvents extracts of Selaginella (cakar ayam) have in vitro and/or in vivo anticancer activities[1,2,3,4,5]. Therefore the aim of our to study the in vitro bioactivities (antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity) of these plant materials as when prepared as herbal tea infusion. Four mistletoe samples (M1; M2; M3; M4) and one sample of Selaginella (S) were used in this study. DPPH free radical scavenging activity method was used for antioxidant. Inhibition of a-glucosidase activity method was used for antidiabetes. Growth inhibition to breast cancer cell line MCF7 method was used for cytotoxicity. The results showed that all mistletoes samples showed high in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity, whereas the Selaginella sample showed si...

Natural Product Research, 2006

Shrimp shells as side product of frozen shrimp industry isnot yet used in pharmaceutical or chemi... more Shrimp shells as side product of frozen shrimp industry isnot yet used in pharmaceutical or chemical industries. Shrimpshells has a chemical constituent called chitin, calcium carbonateand protein as main compounds. By decalcination in dilute aqueosHCl solution (1-2 N) and deproteination ill dilute aqueos NaOHsolution (3-4 Nj gives a chitin. Deacetylation of chitin in theexcess of aqueous 50 % NaOH solution produces chitosan. Inthe preleminary experiment indicated that water (< 10%) andash (< 2%) content of chit os an same as standard. Based on theexperiment result the optimum condition was obtained as 1N HCIsolution (1: 10), 3N NaOH solution (1:6) and 50 % NaOH solution(1: 5) resulted 12,61 % chitosan with deacetylation degree valueabout 70 % with FT1R methode. Hydrolysis of chitin or chitosanin excess HCl gives glucosamine about 17 %, it's a mixture of aand B-glucosa11line. Glucoseamine is identified using 1H and13C NMR spectrum.

Andrographolide is the marker compound of Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh), a herb that constitu... more Andrographolide is the marker compound of Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh), a herb that constitutes many traditional Asian remedies. In the present photochemical approach to modify its 12-en-14-hydroxyl moiety into 13-enone, a methanol solution of andrographolide has been illuminated with blue laser for 6 hours in the presence of sodium bicarbonate. After the illumination, it has been discovered that the 12-en-14-hydroxyl moiety undergoes modification into the 11-enone.

Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018

Sterculia macrophylla Vent (Hildegardia macrophylla (Vent.) Schott and Endl.) was present in Suma... more Sterculia macrophylla Vent (Hildegardia macrophylla (Vent.) Schott and Endl.) was present in Sumatra, Maluku, and Papua. Sterculia parkinsonii F.Muell was found in Papua, Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. ex Miq. was in Sumatra. Sterculia stipulate Korth. (Clompanus stipulate Kuntze) was found in Borneo. Sterculia spectabilis (Welw.) Robert / Sterculia spectabilis Miq. (Heritiera spectabilis Baill) found in Sumatra. 1 The genus Sterculia contains flavonoid compounds and their derivatives, terpenoids mostly as triterpenoids, coumarins, alkaloids and other compounds such as phenolic acids, phenyl propanoids, fatty acids, sugars and some steroids. 2 From the literature study obtained data that the main product of secondary metabolites in the genus of sterculia was flavonoids. Sterculia rubiginosa

Journal of Young Pharmacists, Jul 13, 2018

Objective/Background: A novel approach to develop anti-Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) by computational s... more Objective/Background: A novel approach to develop anti-Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) by computational studies is proposed. Methodology: It used active compounds as the standard ligand. There are six parameters such as docking score, molecular weight, log P, Polarizability, Polar Surface (2D) and Molecular Surface (3D) that analyzed by software. Result and Discussion: The result of virtual screening can be used as a reference to calculate IC 50 prediction of quinine and Gallic acid derivative compounds. Optimization of compounds structure geometry was using software Marvin Sketch 6.0.1. Meanwhile, virtual docking process to HBV capsid Y132A mutant (PDB ID: 5E0I) was using Autodock4, Auto dock Vina, and Plant. Result: The lowest IC 50 prediction is gallic acid (64.1 µM) that had hydrogen and polar interaction for 20 ns. Conclusion: These computational studies not only shed light on understanding the IC 50 prediction of the replication of the viral core protein inhibition, but also the stability of each interaction that inhibits of the viral core protein replication.

Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 2020

Background and Objectives: Endophytic actinomycetes have been known as a promising source for new... more Background and Objectives: Endophytic actinomycetes have been known as a promising source for new antibiotics discov- ery against susceptible and resistant forms of pathogenic microorganisms. This study was aimed at determining antibacterial compound from Streptomyces sp. strain B-92 isolated from a medicinal plant Neesia altissima. Materials and Methods: Streptomyces sp. strain UICC B-92 was endophytic actinomycetes of N. altissima that obtained from Universitas Indonesia Culture Collection (UICC). Isolation and determination of bioactive compound were carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. An in vitro antibacterial assay of pure bioactive compound from the endophytic actinomycetes strain was performed against Bacillus cereus strain ATCC 10876, Escherichia coli strain ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium strain ATCC 25241, Shigella flexneri strain ATCC 12022 and S...

Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity,... more Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb. Material and method: stem bark of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb was extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol subsequently. The ethyl acetate extract was fractioned. Then, the fractions were subjected to arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid assay. Correlation was considered by statistical analysis. Result: Out of eight fractions, two fractions have no activity. Two fractions (3 and 6) have strong activity in arginase with inhibition 90.72 % and 91.41% respectively. Fraction 3 and 6 have strong antioxidant activity with IC 50 25.98 µg/mL and 48.01 µg/mL respectively. Statistical analysis shows arginase inhibitor activity was not related with antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in this plant. Conclusion: Activity in arginase inhibition of fraction from ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb are not related to antioxidant, total phenolic and flavonoid content.

Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 2019

Geraniol which is mainly contained in citronella oil is one of the Indonesian natural products wi... more Geraniol which is mainly contained in citronella oil is one of the Indonesian natural products with anticancer potential. In this study, synthesis of geranyl butyrate, geranyl caproate, and geranyl caprylate from geraniol was conducted using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. The aim was to enhance the anticancer activity of geraniol as a starting material. In order to achieve this, its esters were identified through the use of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR). They were analyzed for their potential as anticancer agents through Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) against Artemia salina Leach, Mosmann method against murine leukemia (P388) cells and normal (Vero) cells. It was found that geraniol esters have the potential to be anticancer compounds. This was indicated by LC50 values of 0.96-1.46 µg/ml against A. salina L, IC50 values of 22.34-32.29 µg/ml against ...

Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia, 2019

Quinidine a compound isolated from quinine plants, one of the species of quinine plants is (Chinc... more Quinidine a compound isolated from quinine plants, one of the species of quinine plants is (Chincona ledgereriana) From PT SIL Lembang. The purpose of this study was obtain quinidine salicylate ester through esterification reaction. In this study, the synthesis of quinidine ester compound by esterification reaction was conducted. Esterification reaction was conducted by using DCC activator and DMAP catalyst with one carboxylic acid namely salicylate acid producing new compound namely quinidine salicylate, Subsequent Quinidine salicylate was obtained in the form of oil with 97% yield. The compound obtained from the synthesis was then identified using Thin Layer Chromatography continue analyzed using with Spectrophotometer, LC-ESI-MS spectroscopy. Results show that the target compound has been successfully synthesized.

Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 in the world is more than 230 million pe... more Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 in the world is more than 230 million people, increases about 3% in a year. Kayu Sarampa or Nyirih batu (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen) has traditionally been used to treat diabetic patient by native people in Ratahan, North Celebes, Indonesia. Therefore, this research was sequentially extracted bioactive component from stem bark of kayu sarampa showed alpha glucosidase inhibitor. Objective: To assess antioxidants and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract from stem bark of Kayu Sarampa. Method: The Stem bark was extracted with Reflux method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as mobile phae/solvent. The Hexane Extract (HE), Ethyl Acetic Extract (EAE) and Methanol Extract (ME) were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Antidiabetic activity was determined by enzymatic alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Results: The extract which had the highest activity based on the DPPH test and FRAP test was the ME compared with EAE, and HE with IC 50 values of 16.51 μg/mL, 34.10 51 μg/mL, and 38.82 51 μg/mL , respectively. Ferrous equivalent antioxidant capacity (FeEAC) method, methanolic extract had a higher reduction capacity than the EH and EEA which were 148.96 μmol/gr, 48.96 μmol/gr, and 148.96 μmol/gr, respectively. The result showed that kayu sarampa stem bark exhibited antidiabetic activity due to its high inhibition compared with control (acarbose). ME showed inhibition of 53,11% followed with EAE 49,7%, HE 44,53%, and acarbose as control 29,32%.Conclusion: stem bark of kayu sarampa have bioactive component as alpha glucosidase inhibitor

Journal of Tropical Life Science, 2015

Hedyotis corymbosa L., with local name rumput mutiara, is an anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and h... more Hedyotis corymbosa L., with local name rumput mutiara, is an anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective traditional medicine. The ethanol extract of H. corymbosa L. shows inhibitory activity to humanYMB-1 breast cancer cell line with an IC50 of 6.51 μg/mL. The methylene chloride fraction shows a potential cytotoxic activity with an IC50 of 2.75 μg/mL. To obtain a lead compound, the extract was further purified by column chromatography. A pure compound is obtained which shows inhibitory activities against YMB-1, HL60 and KB human cell lines with IC50 values of 0.7; 11.0 and 104.2 μg/mL, respectively. Based on the 1D and 2D FT-NMR data, the isolated compound is an asperuloside.

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) approach for discovering novel more active Ca... more Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) approach for discovering novel more active Calanone derivative as anti-leukemia compound has been conducted. There are 6 experimental activities of Calanone compounds against leukemia cell L1210 that are used as material of the research. Calculation of theoretical predictors (independent variables) was performed by AM1 semiempirical method. The QSAR equation is determined by Principle Component Regression (PCR) analysis, with Log IC50 as dependent variable and the independent variables are atomic net charges, dipole moment (μ), and coefficient partition of noctanol/ water (Log P). Three novel Calanone derivatives that obtained by this research have higher activity against leukemia cell L1210 than pure Calanone.

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2017

This study is aimed towards determining the lactagogue effect of torbangun leaves on lactogenic h... more This study is aimed towards determining the lactagogue effect of torbangun leaves on lactogenic hormone plasma levels and on the expression of their receptors in mammary glands of lactating rats. Lactagogue activity was evaluated by volume of milk was produced by the rats treated with commercial milk booster containing 'katuk' leaves extract (AF), ethyl acetate fraction of torbangun leaves (EA), water extraction of torbangun leaves (AQ) and kaempferol (KP). Lactating rats (n=5) of Sprague dawley with six pups were fed with AF, EA, AQ, and KP in the amount of 50 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The volume of milk was estimated by the increment in pup weight after breastfed. The levels of serum lactogenic hormones were determined by ELISA methods. To access the expression level of lactogenic hormone's receptors in the mammary gland real time-polymerase chain reaction method was employed. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of torbangun leaves (EA) (a) was not significantly stimulating the synthesis of serum prolactin and estradiol at day 14 and day 28 lactation period, (b) down-regulated the gene expression of estradiol receptor (ERα) at day 28, and (c) up-regulated the gene expression of prolactin receptor (PRLR) in mammary gland at day 14 and day 28. This study suggests that ethyl acetate fraction of torbangun leaves was induced milk production, by up-regulating the gene expression of prolactin receptor (PRLR) in the mammary gland of lactating rats.

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2017

Objective: Andrographolide was found to show moderate antimalarial activity against chloroquine-r... more Objective: Andrographolide was found to show moderate antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum (PF). Itthus becomes an interesting lead for new antimalarial drugs. This study describes a molecular docking of andrographolide and its derivative into thebest PF geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (PFGGPPS) model.Methods: A comparative modeling of PFGGPPS based on a crystal structure of Plasmodium vivax GGPPS was optimized and conducted. This modelwas considered suitable for molecular docking. Partition coefficient of andrographolide was determined to assist its derivative design based onhydrophobicity property. Synthesis of the antimalarial drug was scaled up to 5 mm and identified by13 C- and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)spectroscopy.Results: The optimal comparative modeling of PFGGPPS was conducted on chain B (3PH7 chain B). The calculated coefficient partition ofandrographolide’s derivative was higher (+1.89), compared to that of an...

A new oleanollc acid and its saponins have been isolated from methanol and ether extract of the w... more A new oleanollc acid and its saponins have been isolated from methanol and ether extract of the whole plant of cushion plant T. caespltosum. The compounds were established as olean-12-en-3b-16a-diol-23,28-dioic acid (1), 3jJ-O-jJ-D-glucopyranosylolean12-en-16a-diol-23-doic acid (2), and 28-O-B-D-glucopyranosylolean--12-en3b, 16a-diol-23-dioc acid (3), which are trivial named as thylacospermic acid (1), thylacospermicoside A (2) and thylacospermicoside B (3), respectively. Three known steroids namely 22,23-dihydrospinasterol (4), a-spinasterol (5), and 3jJ-OjJ-D-glucopyranosylspinasterol (6) [lJ and the mixture of phytoceramides (7) [2, 8] were also isolated from the ether extract. The compounds were identified based on chemical and spectroscopic methods. This is the first report on the isolation of the compounds from genus Thylacospermum.

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis, 2012

The aims of this research were to determine the yield extracts from continuous extraction of sure... more The aims of this research were to determine the yield extracts from continuous extraction of suren heatwood (Toona sureni) in n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents, to evaluate this extracts using in vitro anticancer tests (antioxidant, brine shrimp lethality test /BSLT, antiproliferative effects to HeLa servical cancer cell lines, Raji limphoma cancer cell lines, and Vero normal cell lines), and to analyze the best extract based on the anticancer activities. This experiment showed that the yield of methanolic, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts were 0.43%, 0.25%, and 0.18% respectively. The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts had the high antioxidant activities with EC 50 51 and 68 µg ml-1 respectively. Based on BSLT, the ethyl acetate extract was the most active extract (LC 50 40 µg ml-1), it followed by the methanolic extract (LC 50 116 68 µg ml-1), and the n-hexane extract (LC 50 161 68 µg ml-1). Further testing showed that the ethyl acetate extract had high antiproliferative effects to Raji (IC 50 31 µg ml-1) and HeLa (IC 50 65 µg ml-1), but it was more secure against Vero cell lines (IC 50 105 µg ml-1). Whereas compounds such as catechol, linalool, and sitosterol contributed to the high anticancer activities of this ethyl acetate extract.

Pharmacognosy Journal

The Sterculia genus used were: macrophylla Vent, Sterculia stipulata, Sterculia parkinsonii, Ster... more The Sterculia genus used were: macrophylla Vent, Sterculia stipulata, Sterculia parkinsonii, Sterculia comosa and Sterculia rubiginosa. The part of the plant from Sterculia used were leaves and woods. The Plants collected from Botanical Garden of Bogor, Indonesia and determined in Botany Herbarium Research Institute, Cibinong, West Java. The solvents used were n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol from local suppliers. Nor-NOHA (N ω-hydroxy-L-arginine) standard (Cayman, USA). Arginase enzymes (Sigma, Singapore), maleic acid (Sigma, Singapore). DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) (Merck, Germany) and L-arginine (Sigma, Singapore). Ethyl acetate pro-analysis (Merck, Germany),

JFIOnline | Print ISSN 1412-1107 | e-ISSN 2355-696X, 2019

Various herbal teas are available in the market and used for health maintenance or prevention of ... more Various herbal teas are available in the market and used for health maintenance or prevention of diseases. Previous studies by our research group showed that several boiled water extracts or organic solvent extracts of Indonesian mistletoes (benalu) and organic solvents extracts of Selaginella (cakar ayam) have in vitro and/or in vivo anticancer activities[1,2,3,4,5]. Therefore the aim of our to study the in vitro bioactivities (antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity) of these plant materials as when prepared as herbal tea infusion. Four mistletoe samples (M1; M2; M3; M4) and one sample of Selaginella (S) were used in this study. DPPH free radical scavenging activity method was used for antioxidant. Inhibition of a-glucosidase activity method was used for antidiabetes. Growth inhibition to breast cancer cell line MCF7 method was used for cytotoxicity. The results showed that all mistletoes samples showed high in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity, whereas the Selaginella sample showed significantly lower activitiy for antioxidant (about 5x less) and about half for antidiabetes and cytotoxicity. These results suggest that for further development of functional drink, mistletoes samples showed better potential than selaginella when used as a single material in herbal tea infusion. However we should make into account the possibility of synergistic effect on bioactivities when mixtures of two or several plant materials were present in the herbal tea formulation. Currently formulation of herbal teas using various mixture of different mistletoes as well as mixture of mistletoe and Selaginella are still under investigation.Various herbal teas are available in the market and used for health maintenance or prevention of diseases. Previous studies by our research group showed that several boiled water extracts or organic solvent extracts of Indonesian mistletoes (benalu) and organic solvents extracts of Selaginella (cakar ayam) have in vitro and/or in vivo anticancer activities[1,2,3,4,5]. Therefore the aim of our to study the in vitro bioactivities (antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity) of these plant materials as when prepared as herbal tea infusion. Four mistletoe samples (M1; M2; M3; M4) and one sample of Selaginella (S) were used in this study. DPPH free radical scavenging activity method was used for antioxidant. Inhibition of a-glucosidase activity method was used for antidiabetes. Growth inhibition to breast cancer cell line MCF7 method was used for cytotoxicity. The results showed that all mistletoes samples showed high in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity, whereas the Selaginella sample showed si...

Natural Product Research, 2006

Shrimp shells as side product of frozen shrimp industry isnot yet used in pharmaceutical or chemi... more Shrimp shells as side product of frozen shrimp industry isnot yet used in pharmaceutical or chemical industries. Shrimpshells has a chemical constituent called chitin, calcium carbonateand protein as main compounds. By decalcination in dilute aqueosHCl solution (1-2 N) and deproteination ill dilute aqueos NaOHsolution (3-4 Nj gives a chitin. Deacetylation of chitin in theexcess of aqueous 50 % NaOH solution produces chitosan. Inthe preleminary experiment indicated that water (< 10%) andash (< 2%) content of chit os an same as standard. Based on theexperiment result the optimum condition was obtained as 1N HCIsolution (1: 10), 3N NaOH solution (1:6) and 50 % NaOH solution(1: 5) resulted 12,61 % chitosan with deacetylation degree valueabout 70 % with FT1R methode. Hydrolysis of chitin or chitosanin excess HCl gives glucosamine about 17 %, it's a mixture of aand B-glucosa11line. Glucoseamine is identified using 1H and13C NMR spectrum.

Andrographolide is the marker compound of Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh), a herb that constitu... more Andrographolide is the marker compound of Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh), a herb that constitutes many traditional Asian remedies. In the present photochemical approach to modify its 12-en-14-hydroxyl moiety into 13-enone, a methanol solution of andrographolide has been illuminated with blue laser for 6 hours in the presence of sodium bicarbonate. After the illumination, it has been discovered that the 12-en-14-hydroxyl moiety undergoes modification into the 11-enone.

Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018

Sterculia macrophylla Vent (Hildegardia macrophylla (Vent.) Schott and Endl.) was present in Suma... more Sterculia macrophylla Vent (Hildegardia macrophylla (Vent.) Schott and Endl.) was present in Sumatra, Maluku, and Papua. Sterculia parkinsonii F.Muell was found in Papua, Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. ex Miq. was in Sumatra. Sterculia stipulate Korth. (Clompanus stipulate Kuntze) was found in Borneo. Sterculia spectabilis (Welw.) Robert / Sterculia spectabilis Miq. (Heritiera spectabilis Baill) found in Sumatra. 1 The genus Sterculia contains flavonoid compounds and their derivatives, terpenoids mostly as triterpenoids, coumarins, alkaloids and other compounds such as phenolic acids, phenyl propanoids, fatty acids, sugars and some steroids. 2 From the literature study obtained data that the main product of secondary metabolites in the genus of sterculia was flavonoids. Sterculia rubiginosa

Journal of Young Pharmacists, Jul 13, 2018

Objective/Background: A novel approach to develop anti-Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) by computational s... more Objective/Background: A novel approach to develop anti-Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) by computational studies is proposed. Methodology: It used active compounds as the standard ligand. There are six parameters such as docking score, molecular weight, log P, Polarizability, Polar Surface (2D) and Molecular Surface (3D) that analyzed by software. Result and Discussion: The result of virtual screening can be used as a reference to calculate IC 50 prediction of quinine and Gallic acid derivative compounds. Optimization of compounds structure geometry was using software Marvin Sketch 6.0.1. Meanwhile, virtual docking process to HBV capsid Y132A mutant (PDB ID: 5E0I) was using Autodock4, Auto dock Vina, and Plant. Result: The lowest IC 50 prediction is gallic acid (64.1 µM) that had hydrogen and polar interaction for 20 ns. Conclusion: These computational studies not only shed light on understanding the IC 50 prediction of the replication of the viral core protein inhibition, but also the stability of each interaction that inhibits of the viral core protein replication.

Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 2020

Background and Objectives: Endophytic actinomycetes have been known as a promising source for new... more Background and Objectives: Endophytic actinomycetes have been known as a promising source for new antibiotics discov- ery against susceptible and resistant forms of pathogenic microorganisms. This study was aimed at determining antibacterial compound from Streptomyces sp. strain B-92 isolated from a medicinal plant Neesia altissima. Materials and Methods: Streptomyces sp. strain UICC B-92 was endophytic actinomycetes of N. altissima that obtained from Universitas Indonesia Culture Collection (UICC). Isolation and determination of bioactive compound were carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. An in vitro antibacterial assay of pure bioactive compound from the endophytic actinomycetes strain was performed against Bacillus cereus strain ATCC 10876, Escherichia coli strain ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium strain ATCC 25241, Shigella flexneri strain ATCC 12022 and S...

Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity,... more Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb. Material and method: stem bark of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb was extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol subsequently. The ethyl acetate extract was fractioned. Then, the fractions were subjected to arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid assay. Correlation was considered by statistical analysis. Result: Out of eight fractions, two fractions have no activity. Two fractions (3 and 6) have strong activity in arginase with inhibition 90.72 % and 91.41% respectively. Fraction 3 and 6 have strong antioxidant activity with IC 50 25.98 µg/mL and 48.01 µg/mL respectively. Statistical analysis shows arginase inhibitor activity was not related with antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in this plant. Conclusion: Activity in arginase inhibition of fraction from ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb are not related to antioxidant, total phenolic and flavonoid content.

Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 2019

Geraniol which is mainly contained in citronella oil is one of the Indonesian natural products wi... more Geraniol which is mainly contained in citronella oil is one of the Indonesian natural products with anticancer potential. In this study, synthesis of geranyl butyrate, geranyl caproate, and geranyl caprylate from geraniol was conducted using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. The aim was to enhance the anticancer activity of geraniol as a starting material. In order to achieve this, its esters were identified through the use of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR). They were analyzed for their potential as anticancer agents through Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) against Artemia salina Leach, Mosmann method against murine leukemia (P388) cells and normal (Vero) cells. It was found that geraniol esters have the potential to be anticancer compounds. This was indicated by LC50 values of 0.96-1.46 µg/ml against A. salina L, IC50 values of 22.34-32.29 µg/ml against ...

Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia, 2019

Quinidine a compound isolated from quinine plants, one of the species of quinine plants is (Chinc... more Quinidine a compound isolated from quinine plants, one of the species of quinine plants is (Chincona ledgereriana) From PT SIL Lembang. The purpose of this study was obtain quinidine salicylate ester through esterification reaction. In this study, the synthesis of quinidine ester compound by esterification reaction was conducted. Esterification reaction was conducted by using DCC activator and DMAP catalyst with one carboxylic acid namely salicylate acid producing new compound namely quinidine salicylate, Subsequent Quinidine salicylate was obtained in the form of oil with 97% yield. The compound obtained from the synthesis was then identified using Thin Layer Chromatography continue analyzed using with Spectrophotometer, LC-ESI-MS spectroscopy. Results show that the target compound has been successfully synthesized.

Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 in the world is more than 230 million pe... more Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 in the world is more than 230 million people, increases about 3% in a year. Kayu Sarampa or Nyirih batu (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen) has traditionally been used to treat diabetic patient by native people in Ratahan, North Celebes, Indonesia. Therefore, this research was sequentially extracted bioactive component from stem bark of kayu sarampa showed alpha glucosidase inhibitor. Objective: To assess antioxidants and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract from stem bark of Kayu Sarampa. Method: The Stem bark was extracted with Reflux method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as mobile phae/solvent. The Hexane Extract (HE), Ethyl Acetic Extract (EAE) and Methanol Extract (ME) were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Antidiabetic activity was determined by enzymatic alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Results: The extract which had the highest activity based on the DPPH test and FRAP test was the ME compared with EAE, and HE with IC 50 values of 16.51 μg/mL, 34.10 51 μg/mL, and 38.82 51 μg/mL , respectively. Ferrous equivalent antioxidant capacity (FeEAC) method, methanolic extract had a higher reduction capacity than the EH and EEA which were 148.96 μmol/gr, 48.96 μmol/gr, and 148.96 μmol/gr, respectively. The result showed that kayu sarampa stem bark exhibited antidiabetic activity due to its high inhibition compared with control (acarbose). ME showed inhibition of 53,11% followed with EAE 49,7%, HE 44,53%, and acarbose as control 29,32%.Conclusion: stem bark of kayu sarampa have bioactive component as alpha glucosidase inhibitor

Journal of Tropical Life Science, 2015

Hedyotis corymbosa L., with local name rumput mutiara, is an anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and h... more Hedyotis corymbosa L., with local name rumput mutiara, is an anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective traditional medicine. The ethanol extract of H. corymbosa L. shows inhibitory activity to humanYMB-1 breast cancer cell line with an IC50 of 6.51 μg/mL. The methylene chloride fraction shows a potential cytotoxic activity with an IC50 of 2.75 μg/mL. To obtain a lead compound, the extract was further purified by column chromatography. A pure compound is obtained which shows inhibitory activities against YMB-1, HL60 and KB human cell lines with IC50 values of 0.7; 11.0 and 104.2 μg/mL, respectively. Based on the 1D and 2D FT-NMR data, the isolated compound is an asperuloside.

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) approach for discovering novel more active Ca... more Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) approach for discovering novel more active Calanone derivative as anti-leukemia compound has been conducted. There are 6 experimental activities of Calanone compounds against leukemia cell L1210 that are used as material of the research. Calculation of theoretical predictors (independent variables) was performed by AM1 semiempirical method. The QSAR equation is determined by Principle Component Regression (PCR) analysis, with Log IC50 as dependent variable and the independent variables are atomic net charges, dipole moment (μ), and coefficient partition of noctanol/ water (Log P). Three novel Calanone derivatives that obtained by this research have higher activity against leukemia cell L1210 than pure Calanone.

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2017

This study is aimed towards determining the lactagogue effect of torbangun leaves on lactogenic h... more This study is aimed towards determining the lactagogue effect of torbangun leaves on lactogenic hormone plasma levels and on the expression of their receptors in mammary glands of lactating rats. Lactagogue activity was evaluated by volume of milk was produced by the rats treated with commercial milk booster containing 'katuk' leaves extract (AF), ethyl acetate fraction of torbangun leaves (EA), water extraction of torbangun leaves (AQ) and kaempferol (KP). Lactating rats (n=5) of Sprague dawley with six pups were fed with AF, EA, AQ, and KP in the amount of 50 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The volume of milk was estimated by the increment in pup weight after breastfed. The levels of serum lactogenic hormones were determined by ELISA methods. To access the expression level of lactogenic hormone's receptors in the mammary gland real time-polymerase chain reaction method was employed. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of torbangun leaves (EA) (a) was not significantly stimulating the synthesis of serum prolactin and estradiol at day 14 and day 28 lactation period, (b) down-regulated the gene expression of estradiol receptor (ERα) at day 28, and (c) up-regulated the gene expression of prolactin receptor (PRLR) in mammary gland at day 14 and day 28. This study suggests that ethyl acetate fraction of torbangun leaves was induced milk production, by up-regulating the gene expression of prolactin receptor (PRLR) in the mammary gland of lactating rats.

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2017

Objective: Andrographolide was found to show moderate antimalarial activity against chloroquine-r... more Objective: Andrographolide was found to show moderate antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum (PF). Itthus becomes an interesting lead for new antimalarial drugs. This study describes a molecular docking of andrographolide and its derivative into thebest PF geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (PFGGPPS) model.Methods: A comparative modeling of PFGGPPS based on a crystal structure of Plasmodium vivax GGPPS was optimized and conducted. This modelwas considered suitable for molecular docking. Partition coefficient of andrographolide was determined to assist its derivative design based onhydrophobicity property. Synthesis of the antimalarial drug was scaled up to 5 mm and identified by13 C- and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)spectroscopy.Results: The optimal comparative modeling of PFGGPPS was conducted on chain B (3PH7 chain B). The calculated coefficient partition ofandrographolide’s derivative was higher (+1.89), compared to that of an...

A new oleanollc acid and its saponins have been isolated from methanol and ether extract of the w... more A new oleanollc acid and its saponins have been isolated from methanol and ether extract of the whole plant of cushion plant T. caespltosum. The compounds were established as olean-12-en-3b-16a-diol-23,28-dioic acid (1), 3jJ-O-jJ-D-glucopyranosylolean12-en-16a-diol-23-doic acid (2), and 28-O-B-D-glucopyranosylolean--12-en3b, 16a-diol-23-dioc acid (3), which are trivial named as thylacospermic acid (1), thylacospermicoside A (2) and thylacospermicoside B (3), respectively. Three known steroids namely 22,23-dihydrospinasterol (4), a-spinasterol (5), and 3jJ-OjJ-D-glucopyranosylspinasterol (6) [lJ and the mixture of phytoceramides (7) [2, 8] were also isolated from the ether extract. The compounds were identified based on chemical and spectroscopic methods. This is the first report on the isolation of the compounds from genus Thylacospermum.