Ndéye fatema Ndiaye - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Ndéye fatema Ndiaye
Diabetes, 2011
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether associations of common genetic variants recently identified for ... more OBJECTIVE To investigate whether associations of common genetic variants recently identified for fasting glucose or insulin levels in nondiabetic adults are detectable in healthy children and adolescents. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with fasting glucose were genotyped in six studies of children and adolescents of European origin, including over 6,000 boys and girls aged 9–16 years. We performed meta-analyses to test associations of individual SNPs and a weighted risk score of the 16 loci with fasting glucose. RESULTS Nine loci were associated with glucose levels in healthy children and adolescents, with four of these associations reported in previous studies and five reported here for the first time (GLIS3, PROX1, SLC2A2, ADCY5, and CRY2). Effect sizes were similar to those in adults, suggesting age-independent effects of these fasting glucose loci. Children and adolescents carrying glucose-raising alleles of G6PC2, MTN...
Nutrients, Sep 4, 2019
Helicobacter pylori infection is common in low-income countries. It has been associated with iron... more Helicobacter pylori infection is common in low-income countries. It has been associated with iron deficiency and reduced efficacy of iron supplementation. Whether H. pylori infection affects iron absorption from fortified and biofortified foods is unclear. Our objective was to assess whether asymptomatic H. pylori infection predicts dietary iron bioavailability in women and children, two main target groups of iron fortification programs. We did a pooled analysis of studies in women of reproductive age and preschool children that were conducted in Benin, Senegal and Haiti using stable iron isotope tracers to measure erythrocyte iron incorporation. We used mixed models to assess whether asymptomatic H. pylori infection predicted fractional iron absorption from ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate or NaFeEDTA, controlling for age, hemoglobin, iron status (serum ferritin), inflammation (C-reactive protein), and test meal. The analysis included 213 iron bioavailability measurements from 80 women and 235 measurements from 90 children; 51.3% of women and 54.4% of children were seropositive for H. pylori. In both women and children, hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), and C-reactive protein (CRP) did not differ between the seropositive and seronegative groups. Geometric mean (95% CI) fractional iron absorption (%), adjusted for SF, was 8.97% (7.64, 10.54) and 6.06% (4.80, 7.67) in H. pylori positive and negative women (p = 0.274), and 9.02% (7.68, 10.59) and 7.44% (6.01, 9.20) in H. pylori positive and negative children (p = 0.479). Our data suggest asymptomatic H. pylori infection does not predict fractional iron absorption from iron fortificants given to preschool children or young women in low-income settings.
Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science
This study investigated the processing quality of watermelon puree in bread making. A mixture com... more This study investigated the processing quality of watermelon puree in bread making. A mixture composed of wheat flour (95%) and puree from "Kaolack" watermelon variety (5%) (MWF-PKW) was made to evaluate its fermentative ability. Results showed that the rheological properties of MWF-PKW were satisfactory. The maximum development of the dough, Hm (81.9 mm) was close to that of the reference (100% wheat flour) which was 82 mm. The gas evolution curve from the mixture (MWF-PKW) showed a H'm (68.4 mm) higher than that of the wheat flour (H'm = 65.1 mm). This value was obtained in a shorter time T ' 1 (1 h 04 min 30 s) compared to wheat flour (T'1 = 1 h 55 min 30 s). The total gas volume (1566 ml) was higher than the wheat flour (1448 ml), and was sufficient to raise the dough. A small amount of the gas was lost (99 ml) due to a strong retention capacity of the mixture (1467 ml), whose coefficient was 93.7% compared to 92.2% for the wheat flour. The Falling Number of the mixture (FN=328 sk) was lower than that of the control wheat flour (FN=370 s). This difference could be from higher enzymatic activity in the mixture because of more amylases. This study shows that the watermelon puree could be used by bakers or millers to correct batches of hypodiastaticemo wheat flours with a high Falling Number (over 400 s) from a lack of enzymes.
Africa's Sahel suffers from multidimensional challenges that require robust solutions to address ... more Africa's Sahel suffers from multidimensional challenges that require robust solutions to address the issues. The regional crisis is aggravated by multiple factors that include climate risks, poverty, unemployment, water shortages, weak governance, lack of rule of law, food security to cite a few. Thus, a combination of factors greatly contribute to the Sahel crisis, resulting in severe security threats. This study attempts to analyze the role of the G5 Sahel states and the international community in counter-terrorism efforts. However, the region has emerged as the new battleground for terrorism along with a growing threat of violent extremism and other organized crime. In response to the threat, regional leaders and the international community are working together to address the threat of terrorist activities in the area. This effort involves the Group of Five (G5) Sahel states (Mali, Niger, Mauritania, Burkina Faso and Chad). France, the U.S. and the United Nations have contributed, directly or indirectly, in the fight against terrorism in the Sahel region. The UN Security Council established the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy/Office and passed relevant resolutions to prevent and counter terrorism. The question now is: have all the national and global counterterrorism strategies to combat terrorism in the Sahel been effective? My hypothesis is that the use of force is necessary but not enough in addressing this threat. I argue that counterterrorism in the Sahel will fail unless the root causes of local recruitment are assessed and properly addressed. Rampant poverty and poor governance make vulnerable people easy targets for terrorist groups. Long-term peace, stability and security can only be achievable once the population is provided sustainable development and good governance. Indeed, the region is vulnerable due to the precarious conditions of the people on the ground, weak governance as well as the lack of rule of law that contribute to the vulnerability or motivation of the people in the Sahel to likely join extremist and Islamist movements. This research employs a descriptive and analytical approach, relying on previous scholarly and expert sources to describe the role and challenges that face different actors involved in the counterterrorism efforts in the Sahel region before discussing about the root causes of the vulnerability of populations to recruitment by extremist armed groups in the Sahel. In doing so, this study uses violent extremism, extremism and terrorism interchangeably as a code name for Jihadists.
Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à dispo... more Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D’autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale.
Current Developments in Nutrition, 2020
Objectives 1) To describe the trends of complementary feeding since 2010; 2) to understand the fa... more Objectives 1) To describe the trends of complementary feeding since 2010; 2) to understand the factors influencing the sub-optimal feeding practices; and 3) to generate recommendations to inform future interventions. Methods Mixed methods study with an iterative, two phase design. Phase 1: quantitative data analysis of 13 key complementary feeding indicators reported in 68 national survey reports from 2010 to 2018. Phase 2: semi-structured qualitative interviews with 14 regional informants (UN, Government, NGO, and donor communities). We conducted a literature review of grey and peer-reviewed publications in 2010–2019 to contextualize the results. Results Phase 1. Across 24 WCAR countries, mean continued breastfeeding at 1y was 89%, but halved to 44% by 2y. Introduction of complementary foods occurred in 64% of children 6–8 mos. Minimum meal frequency in children 6–23 mos increased over time from 27% to 38% while minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet were stagnant (2...
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2020
Background/Objectives Fractional iron absorption (FAFe) from ferrous fumarate (FeFum) and ferrous... more Background/Objectives Fractional iron absorption (FAFe) from ferrous fumarate (FeFum) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO 4) in adults is generally comparable. While FeFum is commonly used to fortify infant foods, FAFe from FeFum in young children and infants may be decreased compared with FeSO 4 and this effect has not been assessed in inhibitory vs noninhibitory meals. Previous studies also reported FAFe to be strongly correlated in mother-child pairs. Our objective was to measure FAFe from fortified bread labeled with 58 FeSO 4 and 57 FeFum in mother-child pairs with and without a commonly consumed herbal tea of Combretum micranthum (Tisane Kinkéliba, TK). Methods Senegalese mother-child pairs (n = 17) were randomly assigned to receive, in a 2 × 2 factorial design, fortified bread with 58 FeSO 4 or 57 FeFum consumed with TK or water. FAFe was assessed by measuring erythrocyte incorporation of stable iron-isotopes 14 days after administration. Results In children, relative bioavailability (RBV) from FeFum was 51 and 64% compared with FeSO 4 when served with TK or water (both, P < 0.05). In mothers, the presence of TK decreased FAFe by 56% (P < 0.05) and 50% (P = 0.077) and in children by 65 and 72% (both, P < 0.0001), in the meals with 58 FeSO 4 and 57 FeFum, respectively. After adjustment for plasma ferritin, there was a positive correlation between FAFe in mothers and children (r = 0.4142, P = 0.001). Conclusions In Senegalese women and children, herbal tea decreased FAFe from a wheat-based meal. The RBV of FeFum was low in children but not in their mothers. FAFe was modestly correlated in mother-child pairs, possibly due to shared genetic, epigenetic or environmental background.
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2019
Introduction: We aimed to investigate whether the provision of water, sanitation, and hand hygien... more Introduction: We aimed to investigate whether the provision of water, sanitation, and hand hygiene (WASH) interventions were associated with changes in hand hygiene compliance and perceptions of healthcare workers towards infection control. Methodology: The study was conducted from June 2017 through February 2018 among healthcare workers in two Northern districts of Ghana. Using a pretest-posttest design, we performed hand hygiene observations and perception surveys at baseline (before the start of WASH interventions) and post-intervention (midline and endline). We assessed adherence to hand hygiene practice using the WHO direct observation tool. The perception study was conducted using the WHO perception survey for healthcare workers. Study outcomes were compared between baseline, midline and endline assessments. Results: The hand hygiene compliance significantly improved from 28.8% at baseline through 51.7% at midline (n = 726/1404; 95% CI: 49.1-54.2%) to 67.9% at endline (n = 100...
Journal of Food, Nutrition and Population Health, 2018
The "watermelon sector" in the Sahelian countries is characterized by a double burden not only be... more The "watermelon sector" in the Sahelian countries is characterized by a double burden not only because of post-harvest losses but also because of a lack of processing technology. The objective of this work is to investigate the processing quality of watermelon in bread making. A mixture composed by wheat flour (type 55) and puree or juice from two watermelon varieties (Koloss and Kaolack) presented good results. Breads of good rhelogical and sensory qualities were obtained up to an incorporation rate of 30%.
Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation, 2018
Santé Publique, 2010
BP 16 390-Dakar-Sénégal. (2)Médecin chef du District Sanitaire-Diourbel-Sénégal. Résumé : Dans la... more BP 16 390-Dakar-Sénégal. (2)Médecin chef du District Sanitaire-Diourbel-Sénégal. Résumé : Dans la communauté rurale de Ngohé, le niveau d'hygiène est précaire en raison de la mauvaise qualité de l'eau et de l'absence de latrines dans les habitats. À partir de 2003, un projet de trois ans pour la construction de latrines y a été initié, dans le cadre d'un programme d'appui à la région médicale de Diourbel. Après trois années d'activité, les faibles résultats enregistrés ont justifié l'analyse de la participation communautaire. L'étude, transversale, descriptive et analytique, a été menée du 14 au 17 décembre 2005. Deux enquêteurs formés ont recueilli les données à l'aide de guides d'entretiens individuels et de groupes. La participation communautaire au projet de latrines a été étroite dans la détermination des activités ; limitée dans l'appréciation des besoins, la mobilisation des ressources, la gestion des ressources et le suivi évaluation ; moyenne dans la mise en oeuvre des activités. Le faible taux de latrines (1,7 %), corrélé à la proportion importante de la diarrhée parmi les motifs de consultation en 2004 (33,4 %) et en 2005 (29,4 %), exprimait la non atteinte des objectifs du projet qui devait prendre fin en 2006. Beaucoup de projets pêchent dans leur stratégie participative à toutes les étapes, surtout celle de mise en oeuvre. L'animation qui doit les accompagner, souvent réduite à la recherche d'adhérents, mérite d'être adaptée au contexte des pauvres à majorité analphabètes et souvent peu sensibilisées au bien-fondé de la promotion de l'hygiène. Il est du ressort des techniciens d'encadrer les représentants de la communauté et de renforcer leur niveau de connaissances dans le domaine de l'hygiène pour l'appropriation de tels projets. Mots-clés : Environnement-hygiène-diarrhée-latrine-participation communautaire. Summary: The rural community of Ngohé faces serious hygiene and sanitation problems because of the poor quality of water, and in particular due to the lack of latrines in shelters. As of 2003, a threeyear project for the construction of latrines was initiated within the framework of a donor agency programme to support the health region of Diourbel. After three years of activity, the poor results recorded provided considerable justification for the analysis of community participation in the project. A cross-cutting descriptive and analytical survey was carried out from December 14-17th, 2005. Two trained investigators collected the data through individual and group interviews. It was found that there was close community participation in the decision-making process to determine which activities would be undertaken; however, it was limited in the areas of need assessment, mobilization and management of resources as well as monitoring and evaluation. Community participation was considered average concerning the implementation of activities. The low rate of latrines (1.7%), correlated with the high proportion of diarrhea as one of the main reason for consultation in 2004 (33.4%) and 2005 (29.4%), expressed the non-achievement of the project's objectives, which was planned to end in 2006. Many projects have shortcomings and pitfalls in their participatory strategy at all phases, especially during that of implementation. Frequently, participation efforts are limited to the recruitment of community participants. The organization and coordination that should accompany and support strategies for community participation must be adapted to the context of the poor and disadvantaged populations, a majority of whom are illiterate, as they are less sensitized to the benefits of hygiene and health promotion. It is the responsibility of health professionals to organize community representatives and to strengthen their capabilities in the field of hygiene and health in order to ensure the community ownership and sustainability of such projects.
Food and nutrition bulletin, 2017
Widely spread throughout the world, folate and iron deficiencies are risk factors for many diseas... more Widely spread throughout the world, folate and iron deficiencies are risk factors for many diseases. However, contrary to iron deficiency and anemia, which have been documented in depth, the prevalence of folate deficiency among women has not been well-studied. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of folate deficiency and anemia and their association among Senegalese women of reproductive age. A national cross-sectional survey using a stratified 2-stage cluster sampling was conducted. Data were collected from 1012 women (aged 15-49 years). Plasma folate and hemoglobin (Hb), as well as protein markers of subclinical infections, were equally measured. The mean folate concentration was 8.50 nmol/L (8.16-8.85 nmol/L), and 54.8% of the women were folate deficient (<10 nmol/L). Plasma folate concentration of rural women (7.27 nmol/L [6.89-7.68 nmol/L]) and urban women (10.45 nmol/L [9.88-11.05 nmol/L]) was significantly different ( P < .0001), the highest concentrati...
International Journal of Sciences, 2016
Malnutrition and diarrheal foodborne diseases that affect children at weaning age are public heal... more Malnutrition and diarrheal foodborne diseases that affect children at weaning age are public health problems in developing countries. The objective of this study was to formulate a nutritious complementary food (CF) from available local products and investigate the potential of watermelon juice as alternative to contaminated cooking water as a means of preventing diarrhea and associated malnutrition. Three CF were cooked as follows: the first (CF1) "control" with water, the second (CF2) with "Kaolack" watermelon juice and the third (CF3) with "Koloss" watermelon juice. Carbohydrate content was increased (81.20 ± 0.81g/100g and 75.81 ±1.54 g /100g dry weight), respectively in CF2 and CF3 samples compared with CF1 (46.23 ± 1.30 g /100g dw). The fat level of CF1 (13.44 ± 0.94 g/100g dw) was higher than CF2 (9.53 ± 0.27g/100g dw) and CF3 (7.54 ± 0.36 g/100g dw). The protein levels of CF1, CF2 and CF3 were respectively 34.51 ± 1.30 g/100g dw, 30.08 ±0.54 g/100g dw, 26.83 ± 0.20 g/100g dw. L-citrulline contents were increased in CF2 (209.54 ± 0.21 mg/100g dw) and CF3 (212.43 ± 1.14 mg/100g dw) when compared to CF1 (39.35± 0.15 mg/100g dw) sample. All protein contents were sufficient and above the recommended value of 1.7 g/100 kcal (WHO/FAO/UNU (2002). Energy content met expectations, with CF2 (530.89 ± 7.83 Kacl/100g) and CF3 (478.42 ± 10.2 Kacl/100g) energy contents were higher than CF1 (443.92 ± 18.86 Kacl/100g) and could help reach the WHO energy recommended daily allowance for weaning food. CF2 and CF3 contained more calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and iron than CF1. Calcium, magnesium and iron contents were far above recommended levels. Also, this study showed that it is possible to have concomitantly adequate energy density and a thin complementary food viscosity when it is cooked exclusively with watermelon juice.
International Journal of Sciences, 2016
Http Www Theses Fr, Dec 20, 2010
à Madame le Docteur Sophie Visvikis-Siest, pour la confiance que vous m'avez témoignée dès le déb... more à Madame le Docteur Sophie Visvikis-Siest, pour la confiance que vous m'avez témoignée dès le début de notre collaboration il y a de cela quatre ans et pour avoir accepté de diriger ma thèse. Votre soutien indéfectible, votre aide précieuse sur le plan scientifique, et vos grandes qualités humaines se sont avérés déterminants dans la réalisation de nos projets. C'est avec votre accompagnement constant tout au long de ces trois années de thèse que j'ai pu m'initier à des méthodologies qui me passionnent aujourd'hui. À nos collaborations futures… à Madame le Professeur Éliane Albuisson, pour m'avoir encadré à l'occasion de mon Initiation à la Recherche et pour avoir accepté de co-encadrer ma thèse. Merci de l'intérêt constant que vous avez porté à mes travaux. aux membres de mon jury, Madame le Professeur Sudha Seshadri, Madame
Http Www Afriquescience Info, May 1, 2015
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2012
objectives To describe human papillomavirus (HPV) distribution in invasive cervical carcinoma (IC... more objectives To describe human papillomavirus (HPV) distribution in invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC) from Mali and Senegal and to compare type-specific relative contribution among sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. methods A multicentric study was conducted to collect paraffin-embedded blocks of ICC. Polymerase chain reaction, DNA enzyme immunoassay and line probe assay were performed for HPV detection and genotyping. Data from SSA (Mozambique, Nigeria and Uganda) and 35 other countries were compared. results One hundred and sixty-four ICC cases from Mali and Senegal were tested from which 138 were positive (adjusted prevalence = 86.8%; 95% CI = 79.7-91.7%). HPV16 and HPV18 accounted for 57.2% of infections and HPV45 for 16.7%. In SSA countries, HPV16 was less frequent than in the rest of the world (49.4% vs. 62.6%; P < 0.0001) but HPV18 and HPV45 were two times more frequent (19.3% vs. 9.4%; P < 0.0001 and 10.3% vs. 5.6%; P < 0.0001, respectively). There was an ecological correlation between HIV prevalence and the increase of HPV18 and the decrease of HPV45 in ICC in SSA (P = 0.037 for both). conclusion HPV16 ⁄ 18 ⁄ 45 accounted for two-thirds of the HPV types found in invasive cervical cancer in Mali and Senegal. Our results suggest that HIV may play a role in the underlying HPV18 and HPV45 contribution to cervical cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm this correlation.
PloS one, 2012
Haptoglobin is an acute phase inflammatory marker. Its main function is to bind hemoglobin releas... more Haptoglobin is an acute phase inflammatory marker. Its main function is to bind hemoglobin released from erythrocytes to aid its elimination, and thereby haptoglobin prevents the generation of reactive oxygen species in the blood. Haptoglobin levels have been repeatedly associated with a variety of inflammation-linked infectious and non-infectious diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, diabetes, carotid atherosclerosis, and acute myocardial infarction. However, a comprehensive genetic assessment of the inter-individual variability of circulating haptoglobin levels has not been conducted so far.We used a genome-wide association study initially conducted in 631 French children followed by a replication in three additional European sample sets and we identified a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs2000999 located in the Haptoglobin gene (HP) as a strong genetic predictor of circulating Haptoglobin levels (P(overall) = 8.1 × 10(...
Diabetes, 2011
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether associations of common genetic variants recently identified for ... more OBJECTIVE To investigate whether associations of common genetic variants recently identified for fasting glucose or insulin levels in nondiabetic adults are detectable in healthy children and adolescents. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with fasting glucose were genotyped in six studies of children and adolescents of European origin, including over 6,000 boys and girls aged 9–16 years. We performed meta-analyses to test associations of individual SNPs and a weighted risk score of the 16 loci with fasting glucose. RESULTS Nine loci were associated with glucose levels in healthy children and adolescents, with four of these associations reported in previous studies and five reported here for the first time (GLIS3, PROX1, SLC2A2, ADCY5, and CRY2). Effect sizes were similar to those in adults, suggesting age-independent effects of these fasting glucose loci. Children and adolescents carrying glucose-raising alleles of G6PC2, MTN...
Nutrients, Sep 4, 2019
Helicobacter pylori infection is common in low-income countries. It has been associated with iron... more Helicobacter pylori infection is common in low-income countries. It has been associated with iron deficiency and reduced efficacy of iron supplementation. Whether H. pylori infection affects iron absorption from fortified and biofortified foods is unclear. Our objective was to assess whether asymptomatic H. pylori infection predicts dietary iron bioavailability in women and children, two main target groups of iron fortification programs. We did a pooled analysis of studies in women of reproductive age and preschool children that were conducted in Benin, Senegal and Haiti using stable iron isotope tracers to measure erythrocyte iron incorporation. We used mixed models to assess whether asymptomatic H. pylori infection predicted fractional iron absorption from ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate or NaFeEDTA, controlling for age, hemoglobin, iron status (serum ferritin), inflammation (C-reactive protein), and test meal. The analysis included 213 iron bioavailability measurements from 80 women and 235 measurements from 90 children; 51.3% of women and 54.4% of children were seropositive for H. pylori. In both women and children, hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), and C-reactive protein (CRP) did not differ between the seropositive and seronegative groups. Geometric mean (95% CI) fractional iron absorption (%), adjusted for SF, was 8.97% (7.64, 10.54) and 6.06% (4.80, 7.67) in H. pylori positive and negative women (p = 0.274), and 9.02% (7.68, 10.59) and 7.44% (6.01, 9.20) in H. pylori positive and negative children (p = 0.479). Our data suggest asymptomatic H. pylori infection does not predict fractional iron absorption from iron fortificants given to preschool children or young women in low-income settings.
Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science
This study investigated the processing quality of watermelon puree in bread making. A mixture com... more This study investigated the processing quality of watermelon puree in bread making. A mixture composed of wheat flour (95%) and puree from "Kaolack" watermelon variety (5%) (MWF-PKW) was made to evaluate its fermentative ability. Results showed that the rheological properties of MWF-PKW were satisfactory. The maximum development of the dough, Hm (81.9 mm) was close to that of the reference (100% wheat flour) which was 82 mm. The gas evolution curve from the mixture (MWF-PKW) showed a H'm (68.4 mm) higher than that of the wheat flour (H'm = 65.1 mm). This value was obtained in a shorter time T ' 1 (1 h 04 min 30 s) compared to wheat flour (T'1 = 1 h 55 min 30 s). The total gas volume (1566 ml) was higher than the wheat flour (1448 ml), and was sufficient to raise the dough. A small amount of the gas was lost (99 ml) due to a strong retention capacity of the mixture (1467 ml), whose coefficient was 93.7% compared to 92.2% for the wheat flour. The Falling Number of the mixture (FN=328 sk) was lower than that of the control wheat flour (FN=370 s). This difference could be from higher enzymatic activity in the mixture because of more amylases. This study shows that the watermelon puree could be used by bakers or millers to correct batches of hypodiastaticemo wheat flours with a high Falling Number (over 400 s) from a lack of enzymes.
Africa's Sahel suffers from multidimensional challenges that require robust solutions to address ... more Africa's Sahel suffers from multidimensional challenges that require robust solutions to address the issues. The regional crisis is aggravated by multiple factors that include climate risks, poverty, unemployment, water shortages, weak governance, lack of rule of law, food security to cite a few. Thus, a combination of factors greatly contribute to the Sahel crisis, resulting in severe security threats. This study attempts to analyze the role of the G5 Sahel states and the international community in counter-terrorism efforts. However, the region has emerged as the new battleground for terrorism along with a growing threat of violent extremism and other organized crime. In response to the threat, regional leaders and the international community are working together to address the threat of terrorist activities in the area. This effort involves the Group of Five (G5) Sahel states (Mali, Niger, Mauritania, Burkina Faso and Chad). France, the U.S. and the United Nations have contributed, directly or indirectly, in the fight against terrorism in the Sahel region. The UN Security Council established the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy/Office and passed relevant resolutions to prevent and counter terrorism. The question now is: have all the national and global counterterrorism strategies to combat terrorism in the Sahel been effective? My hypothesis is that the use of force is necessary but not enough in addressing this threat. I argue that counterterrorism in the Sahel will fail unless the root causes of local recruitment are assessed and properly addressed. Rampant poverty and poor governance make vulnerable people easy targets for terrorist groups. Long-term peace, stability and security can only be achievable once the population is provided sustainable development and good governance. Indeed, the region is vulnerable due to the precarious conditions of the people on the ground, weak governance as well as the lack of rule of law that contribute to the vulnerability or motivation of the people in the Sahel to likely join extremist and Islamist movements. This research employs a descriptive and analytical approach, relying on previous scholarly and expert sources to describe the role and challenges that face different actors involved in the counterterrorism efforts in the Sahel region before discussing about the root causes of the vulnerability of populations to recruitment by extremist armed groups in the Sahel. In doing so, this study uses violent extremism, extremism and terrorism interchangeably as a code name for Jihadists.
Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à dispo... more Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D’autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale.
Current Developments in Nutrition, 2020
Objectives 1) To describe the trends of complementary feeding since 2010; 2) to understand the fa... more Objectives 1) To describe the trends of complementary feeding since 2010; 2) to understand the factors influencing the sub-optimal feeding practices; and 3) to generate recommendations to inform future interventions. Methods Mixed methods study with an iterative, two phase design. Phase 1: quantitative data analysis of 13 key complementary feeding indicators reported in 68 national survey reports from 2010 to 2018. Phase 2: semi-structured qualitative interviews with 14 regional informants (UN, Government, NGO, and donor communities). We conducted a literature review of grey and peer-reviewed publications in 2010–2019 to contextualize the results. Results Phase 1. Across 24 WCAR countries, mean continued breastfeeding at 1y was 89%, but halved to 44% by 2y. Introduction of complementary foods occurred in 64% of children 6–8 mos. Minimum meal frequency in children 6–23 mos increased over time from 27% to 38% while minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet were stagnant (2...
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2020
Background/Objectives Fractional iron absorption (FAFe) from ferrous fumarate (FeFum) and ferrous... more Background/Objectives Fractional iron absorption (FAFe) from ferrous fumarate (FeFum) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO 4) in adults is generally comparable. While FeFum is commonly used to fortify infant foods, FAFe from FeFum in young children and infants may be decreased compared with FeSO 4 and this effect has not been assessed in inhibitory vs noninhibitory meals. Previous studies also reported FAFe to be strongly correlated in mother-child pairs. Our objective was to measure FAFe from fortified bread labeled with 58 FeSO 4 and 57 FeFum in mother-child pairs with and without a commonly consumed herbal tea of Combretum micranthum (Tisane Kinkéliba, TK). Methods Senegalese mother-child pairs (n = 17) were randomly assigned to receive, in a 2 × 2 factorial design, fortified bread with 58 FeSO 4 or 57 FeFum consumed with TK or water. FAFe was assessed by measuring erythrocyte incorporation of stable iron-isotopes 14 days after administration. Results In children, relative bioavailability (RBV) from FeFum was 51 and 64% compared with FeSO 4 when served with TK or water (both, P < 0.05). In mothers, the presence of TK decreased FAFe by 56% (P < 0.05) and 50% (P = 0.077) and in children by 65 and 72% (both, P < 0.0001), in the meals with 58 FeSO 4 and 57 FeFum, respectively. After adjustment for plasma ferritin, there was a positive correlation between FAFe in mothers and children (r = 0.4142, P = 0.001). Conclusions In Senegalese women and children, herbal tea decreased FAFe from a wheat-based meal. The RBV of FeFum was low in children but not in their mothers. FAFe was modestly correlated in mother-child pairs, possibly due to shared genetic, epigenetic or environmental background.
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2019
Introduction: We aimed to investigate whether the provision of water, sanitation, and hand hygien... more Introduction: We aimed to investigate whether the provision of water, sanitation, and hand hygiene (WASH) interventions were associated with changes in hand hygiene compliance and perceptions of healthcare workers towards infection control. Methodology: The study was conducted from June 2017 through February 2018 among healthcare workers in two Northern districts of Ghana. Using a pretest-posttest design, we performed hand hygiene observations and perception surveys at baseline (before the start of WASH interventions) and post-intervention (midline and endline). We assessed adherence to hand hygiene practice using the WHO direct observation tool. The perception study was conducted using the WHO perception survey for healthcare workers. Study outcomes were compared between baseline, midline and endline assessments. Results: The hand hygiene compliance significantly improved from 28.8% at baseline through 51.7% at midline (n = 726/1404; 95% CI: 49.1-54.2%) to 67.9% at endline (n = 100...
Journal of Food, Nutrition and Population Health, 2018
The "watermelon sector" in the Sahelian countries is characterized by a double burden not only be... more The "watermelon sector" in the Sahelian countries is characterized by a double burden not only because of post-harvest losses but also because of a lack of processing technology. The objective of this work is to investigate the processing quality of watermelon in bread making. A mixture composed by wheat flour (type 55) and puree or juice from two watermelon varieties (Koloss and Kaolack) presented good results. Breads of good rhelogical and sensory qualities were obtained up to an incorporation rate of 30%.
Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation, 2018
Santé Publique, 2010
BP 16 390-Dakar-Sénégal. (2)Médecin chef du District Sanitaire-Diourbel-Sénégal. Résumé : Dans la... more BP 16 390-Dakar-Sénégal. (2)Médecin chef du District Sanitaire-Diourbel-Sénégal. Résumé : Dans la communauté rurale de Ngohé, le niveau d'hygiène est précaire en raison de la mauvaise qualité de l'eau et de l'absence de latrines dans les habitats. À partir de 2003, un projet de trois ans pour la construction de latrines y a été initié, dans le cadre d'un programme d'appui à la région médicale de Diourbel. Après trois années d'activité, les faibles résultats enregistrés ont justifié l'analyse de la participation communautaire. L'étude, transversale, descriptive et analytique, a été menée du 14 au 17 décembre 2005. Deux enquêteurs formés ont recueilli les données à l'aide de guides d'entretiens individuels et de groupes. La participation communautaire au projet de latrines a été étroite dans la détermination des activités ; limitée dans l'appréciation des besoins, la mobilisation des ressources, la gestion des ressources et le suivi évaluation ; moyenne dans la mise en oeuvre des activités. Le faible taux de latrines (1,7 %), corrélé à la proportion importante de la diarrhée parmi les motifs de consultation en 2004 (33,4 %) et en 2005 (29,4 %), exprimait la non atteinte des objectifs du projet qui devait prendre fin en 2006. Beaucoup de projets pêchent dans leur stratégie participative à toutes les étapes, surtout celle de mise en oeuvre. L'animation qui doit les accompagner, souvent réduite à la recherche d'adhérents, mérite d'être adaptée au contexte des pauvres à majorité analphabètes et souvent peu sensibilisées au bien-fondé de la promotion de l'hygiène. Il est du ressort des techniciens d'encadrer les représentants de la communauté et de renforcer leur niveau de connaissances dans le domaine de l'hygiène pour l'appropriation de tels projets. Mots-clés : Environnement-hygiène-diarrhée-latrine-participation communautaire. Summary: The rural community of Ngohé faces serious hygiene and sanitation problems because of the poor quality of water, and in particular due to the lack of latrines in shelters. As of 2003, a threeyear project for the construction of latrines was initiated within the framework of a donor agency programme to support the health region of Diourbel. After three years of activity, the poor results recorded provided considerable justification for the analysis of community participation in the project. A cross-cutting descriptive and analytical survey was carried out from December 14-17th, 2005. Two trained investigators collected the data through individual and group interviews. It was found that there was close community participation in the decision-making process to determine which activities would be undertaken; however, it was limited in the areas of need assessment, mobilization and management of resources as well as monitoring and evaluation. Community participation was considered average concerning the implementation of activities. The low rate of latrines (1.7%), correlated with the high proportion of diarrhea as one of the main reason for consultation in 2004 (33.4%) and 2005 (29.4%), expressed the non-achievement of the project's objectives, which was planned to end in 2006. Many projects have shortcomings and pitfalls in their participatory strategy at all phases, especially during that of implementation. Frequently, participation efforts are limited to the recruitment of community participants. The organization and coordination that should accompany and support strategies for community participation must be adapted to the context of the poor and disadvantaged populations, a majority of whom are illiterate, as they are less sensitized to the benefits of hygiene and health promotion. It is the responsibility of health professionals to organize community representatives and to strengthen their capabilities in the field of hygiene and health in order to ensure the community ownership and sustainability of such projects.
Food and nutrition bulletin, 2017
Widely spread throughout the world, folate and iron deficiencies are risk factors for many diseas... more Widely spread throughout the world, folate and iron deficiencies are risk factors for many diseases. However, contrary to iron deficiency and anemia, which have been documented in depth, the prevalence of folate deficiency among women has not been well-studied. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of folate deficiency and anemia and their association among Senegalese women of reproductive age. A national cross-sectional survey using a stratified 2-stage cluster sampling was conducted. Data were collected from 1012 women (aged 15-49 years). Plasma folate and hemoglobin (Hb), as well as protein markers of subclinical infections, were equally measured. The mean folate concentration was 8.50 nmol/L (8.16-8.85 nmol/L), and 54.8% of the women were folate deficient (<10 nmol/L). Plasma folate concentration of rural women (7.27 nmol/L [6.89-7.68 nmol/L]) and urban women (10.45 nmol/L [9.88-11.05 nmol/L]) was significantly different ( P < .0001), the highest concentrati...
International Journal of Sciences, 2016
Malnutrition and diarrheal foodborne diseases that affect children at weaning age are public heal... more Malnutrition and diarrheal foodborne diseases that affect children at weaning age are public health problems in developing countries. The objective of this study was to formulate a nutritious complementary food (CF) from available local products and investigate the potential of watermelon juice as alternative to contaminated cooking water as a means of preventing diarrhea and associated malnutrition. Three CF were cooked as follows: the first (CF1) "control" with water, the second (CF2) with "Kaolack" watermelon juice and the third (CF3) with "Koloss" watermelon juice. Carbohydrate content was increased (81.20 ± 0.81g/100g and 75.81 ±1.54 g /100g dry weight), respectively in CF2 and CF3 samples compared with CF1 (46.23 ± 1.30 g /100g dw). The fat level of CF1 (13.44 ± 0.94 g/100g dw) was higher than CF2 (9.53 ± 0.27g/100g dw) and CF3 (7.54 ± 0.36 g/100g dw). The protein levels of CF1, CF2 and CF3 were respectively 34.51 ± 1.30 g/100g dw, 30.08 ±0.54 g/100g dw, 26.83 ± 0.20 g/100g dw. L-citrulline contents were increased in CF2 (209.54 ± 0.21 mg/100g dw) and CF3 (212.43 ± 1.14 mg/100g dw) when compared to CF1 (39.35± 0.15 mg/100g dw) sample. All protein contents were sufficient and above the recommended value of 1.7 g/100 kcal (WHO/FAO/UNU (2002). Energy content met expectations, with CF2 (530.89 ± 7.83 Kacl/100g) and CF3 (478.42 ± 10.2 Kacl/100g) energy contents were higher than CF1 (443.92 ± 18.86 Kacl/100g) and could help reach the WHO energy recommended daily allowance for weaning food. CF2 and CF3 contained more calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and iron than CF1. Calcium, magnesium and iron contents were far above recommended levels. Also, this study showed that it is possible to have concomitantly adequate energy density and a thin complementary food viscosity when it is cooked exclusively with watermelon juice.
International Journal of Sciences, 2016
Http Www Theses Fr, Dec 20, 2010
à Madame le Docteur Sophie Visvikis-Siest, pour la confiance que vous m'avez témoignée dès le déb... more à Madame le Docteur Sophie Visvikis-Siest, pour la confiance que vous m'avez témoignée dès le début de notre collaboration il y a de cela quatre ans et pour avoir accepté de diriger ma thèse. Votre soutien indéfectible, votre aide précieuse sur le plan scientifique, et vos grandes qualités humaines se sont avérés déterminants dans la réalisation de nos projets. C'est avec votre accompagnement constant tout au long de ces trois années de thèse que j'ai pu m'initier à des méthodologies qui me passionnent aujourd'hui. À nos collaborations futures… à Madame le Professeur Éliane Albuisson, pour m'avoir encadré à l'occasion de mon Initiation à la Recherche et pour avoir accepté de co-encadrer ma thèse. Merci de l'intérêt constant que vous avez porté à mes travaux. aux membres de mon jury, Madame le Professeur Sudha Seshadri, Madame
Http Www Afriquescience Info, May 1, 2015
Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2012
objectives To describe human papillomavirus (HPV) distribution in invasive cervical carcinoma (IC... more objectives To describe human papillomavirus (HPV) distribution in invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC) from Mali and Senegal and to compare type-specific relative contribution among sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. methods A multicentric study was conducted to collect paraffin-embedded blocks of ICC. Polymerase chain reaction, DNA enzyme immunoassay and line probe assay were performed for HPV detection and genotyping. Data from SSA (Mozambique, Nigeria and Uganda) and 35 other countries were compared. results One hundred and sixty-four ICC cases from Mali and Senegal were tested from which 138 were positive (adjusted prevalence = 86.8%; 95% CI = 79.7-91.7%). HPV16 and HPV18 accounted for 57.2% of infections and HPV45 for 16.7%. In SSA countries, HPV16 was less frequent than in the rest of the world (49.4% vs. 62.6%; P < 0.0001) but HPV18 and HPV45 were two times more frequent (19.3% vs. 9.4%; P < 0.0001 and 10.3% vs. 5.6%; P < 0.0001, respectively). There was an ecological correlation between HIV prevalence and the increase of HPV18 and the decrease of HPV45 in ICC in SSA (P = 0.037 for both). conclusion HPV16 ⁄ 18 ⁄ 45 accounted for two-thirds of the HPV types found in invasive cervical cancer in Mali and Senegal. Our results suggest that HIV may play a role in the underlying HPV18 and HPV45 contribution to cervical cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm this correlation.
PloS one, 2012
Haptoglobin is an acute phase inflammatory marker. Its main function is to bind hemoglobin releas... more Haptoglobin is an acute phase inflammatory marker. Its main function is to bind hemoglobin released from erythrocytes to aid its elimination, and thereby haptoglobin prevents the generation of reactive oxygen species in the blood. Haptoglobin levels have been repeatedly associated with a variety of inflammation-linked infectious and non-infectious diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, diabetes, carotid atherosclerosis, and acute myocardial infarction. However, a comprehensive genetic assessment of the inter-individual variability of circulating haptoglobin levels has not been conducted so far.We used a genome-wide association study initially conducted in 631 French children followed by a replication in three additional European sample sets and we identified a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs2000999 located in the Haptoglobin gene (HP) as a strong genetic predictor of circulating Haptoglobin levels (P(overall) = 8.1 × 10(...