Oleg Grom - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Oleg Grom

Russkii Arkhiv, 2024

The presented documents from the fund of the Main Department for Press Affairs from the Russian S... more The presented documents from the fund of the Main Department for Press Affairs from the Russian State Historical Archive are dedicated to the publication and censorship of the Ukrainian "people's" newspapers "Selo", "Zasiv" and "Mayak", published in 1909-1914. The censors of Ukrainian publications, members of the Kyiv Provisional Committee for Press Affairs, such as professor T.D. Florinsky and S.N. Shchegolev, had a reputation as ardent opponents of the Ukrainian national movement. In spite of this fact, in most cases, these publications were persecuted not for "ukrainophile propaganda", but for promoting the ideas of social democracy and class struggle. In a number of cases, the judicial authorities and the administration of the Kyiv gubernia canceled the seizure of newspaper issues imposed by the censors, limiting the punishment of newspaper editors to fines. However, the system of fines and administrative restrictions prevented the distribution of newspapers among the target audience, peasants and workers, forcing publishers to close newspapers. With the outbreak of World War I, most Ukrainian newspapers were closed by the authorities.

The article deals with the analysis of the texts on the national issue, published in Kishinev new... more The article deals with the analysis of the texts on the national issue, published in Kishinev newspaper "Bessarabets" (1897-1905), the only commercial private newspaper in Bessarabia, edited by famous right-wing publicist and political activist Pavel Krushevan. Over the 9 years, its political orientation evolved from the moderate to the right-wing radical and anti-Semitic. An important topic in "Bessarabets" was the Jewish question, which Krushevan treated as a set of moral, ethical and religious premises that led to "Jewish dominance" in the spheres of trade, industry and the press in the provinces of the Pale of Settlement. He saw the ideal solution to the Jewish question in the voluntary assimilation and Christianization of Jews, but at the same time he did not actually believe in the reality of such a scenario. The newspaper also covered the Moldovan issue. Krushevan saw the future of the Moldovans also in Russification. He considered their "spiritual amalgamation" with the Russians to be an accomplished fact. At the same time, Krushevan opposed forcing the "superficial" linguistic Russification. However, not all newspaper's correspondents shared his opinion.

В статье анализируются публикации газеты «Бессарабец», посвященные
национально проблематике. Газета «Бессарабец» издавалась в Кишиневе с 1897 по 1905 гг.
публицистом и общественно-политическим деятелем крайне правого направления
П.А. Крушеваном, являясь при этом единственной частной газетой в губернии. За девять лет
издания ее направление эволюционировало от умеренного до праворадикального
и антисемитского. Важное место в издании уделялось еврейскому вопросу, который
Крушеван рассматривал как совокупность морально-этических и религиозных предпосылок,
приведших к «еврейскому засилью» в сферах торговли, промышленности и печати
в губерниях черты оседлости. Идеальное решение еврейского вопроса он видел
в добровольной ассимиляции и христианизации евреев, однако в реальность такого
сценария он не верил. На страницах газеты освещался и молдавский вопрос. Будущее
молдаван Крушеван видел также в русификации, причем «духовное слияние» их с русскими
он считал уже свершившимся фактом. Однако не все корреспонденты газеты разделяли это
мнение. При этом Крушеван выступал противником форсирования «внешней»,
т.е. языковой русификации.

Новое прошлое / The New Past, 2024

Публикуемые документы из фондов Российского государственного исторического архива (РГИА) представ... more Публикуемые документы из фондов Российского государственного исторического архива (РГИА) представляют интерес для изучения истории молдавской печати в Бессарабии и молдавского национального движения в середине XIX в. Также они показывают отношение местных и имперских властей к попыткам организации в Бессарабии издания на румынском/молдавском языке. Бессарабский военный губернатор М.Л. Фантон-де-Веррайон поддержал идею группы бессарабских бояр во главе с И. Дабижей и намеривался использовать такое издание в интересах российского правительства, как своеобразный инструмент «мягкой силы», видя в периодическом издании способ влияния на умы в соседних княжествах, так и в самой Бессарабии. Однако, чиновники в Одессе и Петербурге не разделяли энтузиазма бессарабского губернатора и проект издания русско-молдавского журнала был отклонен.

The article deals with the phenomenon of non-Russian periodicals on the outskirts of the Russian ... more The article deals with the phenomenon of non-Russian periodicals on the outskirts of the Russian Empire in early 20 th century. A quantitative analysis of non-Russian publications shows that, despite the political reaction after the end of the Revolution of 1905-1907, the number of non-Russian newspapers and magazines grew steadily until the outbreak of the First World War. The main features of the interaction between the foreign-language press and the imperial authorities have been pointed out. In general, they were similar to the interaction with the Russian left-wing press. Thematically, most non-Russian publications were characterized by a broad appeal to national issues, and one of the most important topics was the choice of language, alphabet and spelling, and more broadly, the issue of the future of the printed word in a particular language. The key moment in the history of the foreign press was the First World War, which led to a complete change of the market for periodicals in the western borderlands and a significant reduction in the number of publications in local languages.

The article studies the history of the interaction between the Ukrainian national movement and Ru... more The article studies the history of the interaction between the Ukrainian national movement and Russian state power in the period from the Revolution of 1905–1907 and The World War I. The authors analyze the main stages of the Ukrainian movement evolution in early XX century, and show the role of Russian nationalist organizations, firstly the Kiev Club of Russian Nationalists, in the elaboration of the governmental policy in the Ukrainian question. The principle part of the article deals with the genesis of the Stolypin circular of 1910 on the non-Russian societies and its impact on the Ukrainian movement.

В статье проанализирована проблема идентичности молдавского/ румынского населения Бессарабии/Мол... more В статье проанализирована проблема идентичности молдавского/ румынского населения Бессарабии/Молдавии с начала XX в. до наших дней. Выявлены основные этапы становления проблемы от непоследо- вательных попыток манипулирования молдавской идентичностью в рам- ках борьбы с угрозой «румынизации» населения Бессарабии в поздне- имперской России до конструирования самостоятельной молдавской нации в советский период. Особое внимание уделено современному состоянию дебатов об идентичности населения Республики Молдова, проанализирован комплекс ключевых вопросов национальной истории и идентичности, характерный для «молдовенистского» и «румынист- ского» дискурсов.

This article discusses the celebration of the centenary of Bessarabia's annexation to the Russian... more This article discusses the celebration of the centenary of Bessarabia's annexation to the Russian Empire in May 1912 and its significance for the conflicting rival Russian and Romanian discourses over this region in the early twentieth century. The authors argue that this event marked a defining moment in the consolidation of Bessarabia's status as a contested borderland and had a powerful influence on the mutual Russian and Romanian claims to the province's “symbolic inclusion.” On the one hand, it represented the high point of the attempts of the imperial authorities and the Russian public sphere to construct a coherent image of the province and to forge a representation of Bessarabia as an organic part of the imperial polity. On the other hand, it stimulated a “symbolic competition” between the Russian and Romanian visions of Bessarabia and its population, adding further complexity to Russian–Romanian relations both in the political and symbolic spheres. The Bessarabian case is an excellent illustration of the shifting patterns of identity politics and political mobilization in the late Russian Empire. The 1912 anniversary led to a “hardening” of the imperial discourse while also emphasizing its uneasy cohabitation with the “nationalizing motives” and its internal contradictions. The 1912 ceremonies performed in the Russian Empire also had consequences for the Romanian national narrative, including the firm placing of Bessarabia on the map of the Romanian intellectual community and the increased presence of Bessarabian topics in the political debates of the day. The peripheral Bessarabian context acted as a mirror for the dilemmas of state-building and identity construction in both cases. On the Russian side, the older concepts of dynastic loyalty and Orthodox unity had to adapt to the nationalizing vocabulary of ethnicity and “populist” rhetoric; on the Romanian side, the broadly shared national consensus was questioned in terms of priorities and ultimate goals. These processes intersected in May 1912, when the Russian and Romanian “scenarios of belonging” were enacted on the occasion of the festive ceremonies in Bessarabia and the opposing “rituals of commemoration” in the Romanian Kingdom.

This article studies the church russification policy in mid XIX-th century Bessarabia. Particular... more This article studies the church russification policy in mid XIX-th century Bessarabia. Particular attention is given to the views of bishop Pavel (Lebedev) on 'ethnoconfessional question' in Bessarabia and his practical efforts to russify the Moldovan clergy and flock.

Алфавит, язык и идентичность в Бессарабии второй половины XIX -начала XX вв.

The article deals with the ethno-confessional issue in late imperial Bessarabia. The author empha... more The article deals with the ethno-confessional issue in late imperial Bessarabia. The author emphasizes debates on the language of sermon and divine service among Moldovan church activists. It was shown the role of archbishop Seraphim Chichagov in the elaboration of the theory of principle difference between Moldovan and Romanian people, nowadays called “moldovenism”. Some attention was paid to the story of “innochentist movement”, which on the one hand was a result of the policy of
russification, but on the other provoked some changes in the attitude towards Romanian language in church, In the final part of the article it was told about the role of religion in the theoretical conceptions of Moldovan secular nationalists.

The article deals with the «Inochentist movement» in the early 20th century in connection to the ... more The article deals with the «Inochentist movement» in the early 20th century in connection to the «national question» in Bessarabia. It shows the preconditions of the movement’s emergence in its pre-1917 history and explores the reactions of ecclesiastic and secular actors to the phenomenon. The threat of Moldovans’ falling away from the official Russian Orthodoxy made the authorities of eparchy and gubernia to seek a compromise. As a result, the struggle with the Inochentist movement led to the legalization of the «cultural current» in the Moldavian nationalist movement.

The articles of Bessarabian intellectuals from the Moldavian press of the early 20th century are ... more The articles of Bessarabian intellectuals from the Moldavian press of the early 20th century are published in Russian for the first time. The texts deal with the issues of language, history and national identity of Bessarabian Moldavians or Romanians, as they were treated by the authors. The publication may be useful for the comparative analysis of the national movements in the Russian Empire.

The article focuses on the public discussions of the «Moldovan question» in the beginning of 1910... more The article focuses on the public discussions of the «Moldovan
question» in the beginning of 1910s, that were a result of the Moldo-
van national movement in Besarabia that emerged during the revo-
lution of 1905–1907. The key problem of these discussions became
the presence and spread of separatism and Romanian irredentism
among the Moldovans.

Russkii Arkhiv, 2024

Новое прошлое / The New Past, 2024

Алфавит, язык и идентичность в Бессарабии второй половины XIX -начала XX вв.