Pamela Mace - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Pamela Mace
Natural Resource Modeling, Dec 1, 1988
We review the evolution of the activities of both the conservation of biodiversity and the fisher... more We review the evolution of the activities of both the conservation of biodiversity and the fisheries management governance streams to identify and promote the protection of marine species at risk of extinction, particularly marine fish and invertebrates exploited in commercial fisheries. Attention is focused on the roles of IUCN, CITES, FAO, RFMOs and, to a lesser extent, national entities with the main emphasis being on developments in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Conflicts in the determination of marine species at risk illustrate policy and management issues where the two governance streams have been interacting directly for nearly 20 years, yet differences of viewpoint and practice remain not only in determining risk, but in agreeing what is needed to manage that risk and who should be responsible. There are consequences for both the protection offered to species considered to be threatened and for opportunities to harvest fish to provide food and livelihoods
Ecological Research, 1986
A generalized descriptive equation for the effect of prey density on the instantaneous rate of at... more A generalized descriptive equation for the effect of prey density on the instantaneous rate of attack was proposed; urn:x-wiley:09123814:ere0141:equation:ere0141-math-0001 where A(No) is the number of attacks per predator during time Tt, No is the prey density, Tt is the total time the prey was exposed, Th is the handling time per prey, a′ is the rate of successful search, and c is the facilitation coefficient. The proposed equation can describe all types of the functional response curves; with c=a′ th (pseudo Type I), with c=0 (Type II), with c>a′ th (Type III), and with c<0 (Type IV). The applicability of the equation was tested against the results of a simulation model and available laboratory and field data on predation. The equation described these data very well and in many cases yielded biologically interesting insights, although the equation was proposed primarily for descriptive purposes.
Fish and Fisheries
Small pelagic fishes are used for human consumption, fishmeal and fish oil. They constitute 25% o... more Small pelagic fishes are used for human consumption, fishmeal and fish oil. They constitute 25% of global fish catch and have been of considerable conservation concern because of their intermediate position in aquatic food webs, often being a dominant dietary component of marine predators. This paper provides an overview of trends in abundance and fishing pressure on small pelagic fish stocks from single‐species scientific assessments that constitute 60% of global small pelagic catch. While most individual stocks have exhibited wide variability in abundance (typical of small pelagics compared with other fish taxa), across stocks there has been remarkable stability in average fishing pressure and biomass since 1970. On average, since 1970, the biomass of assessed small pelagic stocks is estimated to have been slightly above the biomass that would produce maximum sustainable yield, but estimation of this quantity for highly fluctuating stocks is quite uncertain. There were significant...
Fish and Fisheries, 2021
We review the status of groundfish stocks using published scientific assessments for 349 individu... more We review the status of groundfish stocks using published scientific assessments for 349 individual stocks constituting 90% of global groundfish catch. Overall, average stock abundance is increasing and is currently above the level that would produce maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Fishing pressure for cod‐like fishes (Gadiformes) and flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) was, for several decades, on average well above levels associated with MSY, but is now at or below the level expected to produce MSY. In contrast, fishing pressure for rockfishes (Scorpaeniformes) decreased from near MSY‐related levels in the mid‐1990s, and since the mid‐2000s has remained on average at only one third of MSY‐related levels. Regions with the most depressed groundfish stocks are the Northwest Atlantic and the Pacific coast of South America, while stocks from the Northeast and Eastern Central Pacific, Northeast Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic and Southwest Pacific tend to have greatest average abundance relati...
Ices Journal of Marine Science, May 1, 1994
Report of the National …, 2001
ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2016
MSY principles for marine fisheries management reflect a focus on obtaining continued high catche... more MSY principles for marine fisheries management reflect a focus on obtaining continued high catches to provide food and livelihoods for humanity, while not compromising ecosystems. However, maintaining healthy stocks to provide the maximum sustainable yield on a single-species basis does not ensure that broader ecosystem, economic, and social objectives are addressed. We investigate how the principles of a “pretty good yield” range of fishing mortalities assumed to provide >95% of the average yield for a single stock can be expanded to a pretty good multispecies yield (PGMY) space and further to pretty good multidimensional yield to accommodate situations where the yield from a stock affects the ecosystem, economic and social benefits, or sustainability. We demonstrate in a European example that PGMY is a practical concept. As PGMY provides a safe operating space for management that adheres to the principles of MSY, it allows the consideration of other aspects to be included in op...
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 1990
This article was downloaded by: [66.249.67.86] On: 12 July 2011, At: 09:17 Publisher: Taylor &... more This article was downloaded by: [66.249.67.86] On: 12 July 2011, At: 09:17 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and ... Ian J. Doonan a a Fisheries Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, PO Box 297, Wellington, New Zealand b PO Box 12 ...
ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2014
Sissenwine, M. M., Mace P. M., and Lassen, H. J. 2014. Preventing Overfishing: Evolving Approache... more Sissenwine, M. M., Mace P. M., and Lassen, H. J. 2014. Preventing Overfishing: Evolving Approaches and Emerging Challenges. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 153–156. The evolution of fishery management frameworks to prevent overfishing is the theme of the eight papers that follow in this issue of the ICES Journal of Marine Science. The current paper describes common elements of the frameworks. All the frameworks are based on the maximum sustainable yield concept. Frameworks to prevent overfishing have evolved to be increasingly prescriptive. This evolution probably reflects past abuse of flexibility which led to overfishing. The outcome has been a decline in the proportion of stocks suffering from overfishing. However, loss of flexibility may result in large foregone yields from multispecies fisheries, create a mis-match between the expectations for scientific information and the realities of scientific uncertainty, and fail to recognize ecosystem dynamics.
ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2013
Mace, P. M., Sullivan, K. J., and Cryer, M. 2014. The evolution of New Zealand's fisheries sc... more Mace, P. M., Sullivan, K. J., and Cryer, M. 2014. The evolution of New Zealand's fisheries science and management systems under ITQs. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 204–215. New Zealand implemented a comprehensive management system using individual transferable quotas in 1986 that has been instrumental in guiding the roles, responsibilities, and accountabilities of fisheries science, fisheries management, and the fishing industry ever since. However, at the time of the initial design, a number of issues were not adequately considered. These relate mainly to the dynamic nature of fish stocks, multispecies considerations, and environmental and other externalities. Subsequent efforts to address these issues have been challenging and many are not yet fully resolved. The outcomes for fisheries science, stock status, multispecies management, ecosystem effects, and fishing industry accountability have been mixed, although mostly positive. Fisheries science, fisheries management,...
ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2017
Targets and limits for long-term management are used in fisheries advice to operationalize the wa... more Targets and limits for long-term management are used in fisheries advice to operationalize the way management reflects societal priorities on ecological, economic, social and institutional aspects. This study reflects on the available published literature as well as new research presented at the international ICES/Myfish symposium on targets and limits for long term fisheries management. We examine the inclusion of ecological, economic, social and institutional objectives in fisheries management, with the aim of progressing towards including all four objectives when setting management targets or limits, or both, for multispecies fisheries. The topics covered include ecological, economic, social and governance objectives in fisheries management, consistent approaches to management, uncertainty and variability, and fisheries governance. We end by identifying ten ways to more effectively include multiple objectives in setting targets and limits in ecosystem based fisheries management.
43 Targets and limits for long-term management are used in fisheries advice to operationalize 44 ... more 43 Targets and limits for long-term management are used in fisheries advice to operationalize 44 the way management reflects societal priorities on ecological, economic, social and institutional 45 aspects. This study reflects on the available published literature as well as new research presented at 46 the international ICES/Myfish symposium on targets and limits for long term fisheries management. 47 We examine the inclusion of ecological, economic, social and institutional objectives in fisheries 48 management, with the aim of progressing towards including all four objectives when setting 49 management targets or limits, or both, for multispecies fisheries. The topics covered include 50 ecological, economic, social and governance objectives in fisheries management, consistent 51 approaches to management, uncertainty and variability, and fisheries governance. We end by 52 identifying ten ways to more effectively include multiple objectives in setting targets and limits in 53 ecosy...
Additional copies of this report may be obtained from the above address.
The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) concept and its associated targets and limits have risen to b... more The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) concept and its associated targets and limits have risen to become a core guideline for policy while it was developed and first implemented at a time, when both fisheries science and fisheries policy were embedded in understandings of nature and society which were very different from those industry stakeholders, civil society, policy makers and scientists deal with today. The presentation will discuss the tensions which arise when concepts, policies an institutions with different historical roots and representing different interests are brought together to find practical solutions to targets and limits in today's policy landscape. On this basis, key shortcomings of some current fisheries management institutions will be identified and potential remedies discussed. The presentation will close with a discussion of the responsibilities of marine scientists as agents for change of practical management in their roles as scientists and as advisers.
Since 1986, New Zealand has managed its fisheries using a Quota Management System based on Indivi... more Since 1986, New Zealand has managed its fisheries using a Quota Management System based on Individual Transferable Quotas. As is the case for many other fisheries organisations, New Zealand’s Fisheries Act requires a management target based on maximum sustainable yield (MSY), although the specific wording implies that this should be achieved by maintaining the stock biomass near or above the biomass level associated with MSY (i.e. BMSY). The interpretation and implementation of this management target has evolved considerably over the last 25+ years. Initially, two alternative interpretations were developed: a constant catch approach and a constant fishing mortality approach, both of which included the concept of maintaining high catches with ‘an acceptable level of risk’. Subsequently, a Harvest Strategy Standard that includes biomass limits, biomass or fishing mortality targets, risk tolerance criteria and specifications for rebuilding plans has been formulated and endorsed. The Ha...
Natural Resource Modeling, Dec 1, 1988
We review the evolution of the activities of both the conservation of biodiversity and the fisher... more We review the evolution of the activities of both the conservation of biodiversity and the fisheries management governance streams to identify and promote the protection of marine species at risk of extinction, particularly marine fish and invertebrates exploited in commercial fisheries. Attention is focused on the roles of IUCN, CITES, FAO, RFMOs and, to a lesser extent, national entities with the main emphasis being on developments in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Conflicts in the determination of marine species at risk illustrate policy and management issues where the two governance streams have been interacting directly for nearly 20 years, yet differences of viewpoint and practice remain not only in determining risk, but in agreeing what is needed to manage that risk and who should be responsible. There are consequences for both the protection offered to species considered to be threatened and for opportunities to harvest fish to provide food and livelihoods
Ecological Research, 1986
A generalized descriptive equation for the effect of prey density on the instantaneous rate of at... more A generalized descriptive equation for the effect of prey density on the instantaneous rate of attack was proposed; urn:x-wiley:09123814:ere0141:equation:ere0141-math-0001 where A(No) is the number of attacks per predator during time Tt, No is the prey density, Tt is the total time the prey was exposed, Th is the handling time per prey, a′ is the rate of successful search, and c is the facilitation coefficient. The proposed equation can describe all types of the functional response curves; with c=a′ th (pseudo Type I), with c=0 (Type II), with c>a′ th (Type III), and with c<0 (Type IV). The applicability of the equation was tested against the results of a simulation model and available laboratory and field data on predation. The equation described these data very well and in many cases yielded biologically interesting insights, although the equation was proposed primarily for descriptive purposes.
Fish and Fisheries
Small pelagic fishes are used for human consumption, fishmeal and fish oil. They constitute 25% o... more Small pelagic fishes are used for human consumption, fishmeal and fish oil. They constitute 25% of global fish catch and have been of considerable conservation concern because of their intermediate position in aquatic food webs, often being a dominant dietary component of marine predators. This paper provides an overview of trends in abundance and fishing pressure on small pelagic fish stocks from single‐species scientific assessments that constitute 60% of global small pelagic catch. While most individual stocks have exhibited wide variability in abundance (typical of small pelagics compared with other fish taxa), across stocks there has been remarkable stability in average fishing pressure and biomass since 1970. On average, since 1970, the biomass of assessed small pelagic stocks is estimated to have been slightly above the biomass that would produce maximum sustainable yield, but estimation of this quantity for highly fluctuating stocks is quite uncertain. There were significant...
Fish and Fisheries, 2021
We review the status of groundfish stocks using published scientific assessments for 349 individu... more We review the status of groundfish stocks using published scientific assessments for 349 individual stocks constituting 90% of global groundfish catch. Overall, average stock abundance is increasing and is currently above the level that would produce maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Fishing pressure for cod‐like fishes (Gadiformes) and flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) was, for several decades, on average well above levels associated with MSY, but is now at or below the level expected to produce MSY. In contrast, fishing pressure for rockfishes (Scorpaeniformes) decreased from near MSY‐related levels in the mid‐1990s, and since the mid‐2000s has remained on average at only one third of MSY‐related levels. Regions with the most depressed groundfish stocks are the Northwest Atlantic and the Pacific coast of South America, while stocks from the Northeast and Eastern Central Pacific, Northeast Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic and Southwest Pacific tend to have greatest average abundance relati...
Ices Journal of Marine Science, May 1, 1994
Report of the National …, 2001
ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2016
MSY principles for marine fisheries management reflect a focus on obtaining continued high catche... more MSY principles for marine fisheries management reflect a focus on obtaining continued high catches to provide food and livelihoods for humanity, while not compromising ecosystems. However, maintaining healthy stocks to provide the maximum sustainable yield on a single-species basis does not ensure that broader ecosystem, economic, and social objectives are addressed. We investigate how the principles of a “pretty good yield” range of fishing mortalities assumed to provide >95% of the average yield for a single stock can be expanded to a pretty good multispecies yield (PGMY) space and further to pretty good multidimensional yield to accommodate situations where the yield from a stock affects the ecosystem, economic and social benefits, or sustainability. We demonstrate in a European example that PGMY is a practical concept. As PGMY provides a safe operating space for management that adheres to the principles of MSY, it allows the consideration of other aspects to be included in op...
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 1990
This article was downloaded by: [66.249.67.86] On: 12 July 2011, At: 09:17 Publisher: Taylor &... more This article was downloaded by: [66.249.67.86] On: 12 July 2011, At: 09:17 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and ... Ian J. Doonan a a Fisheries Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, PO Box 297, Wellington, New Zealand b PO Box 12 ...
ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2014
Sissenwine, M. M., Mace P. M., and Lassen, H. J. 2014. Preventing Overfishing: Evolving Approache... more Sissenwine, M. M., Mace P. M., and Lassen, H. J. 2014. Preventing Overfishing: Evolving Approaches and Emerging Challenges. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 153–156. The evolution of fishery management frameworks to prevent overfishing is the theme of the eight papers that follow in this issue of the ICES Journal of Marine Science. The current paper describes common elements of the frameworks. All the frameworks are based on the maximum sustainable yield concept. Frameworks to prevent overfishing have evolved to be increasingly prescriptive. This evolution probably reflects past abuse of flexibility which led to overfishing. The outcome has been a decline in the proportion of stocks suffering from overfishing. However, loss of flexibility may result in large foregone yields from multispecies fisheries, create a mis-match between the expectations for scientific information and the realities of scientific uncertainty, and fail to recognize ecosystem dynamics.
ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2013
Mace, P. M., Sullivan, K. J., and Cryer, M. 2014. The evolution of New Zealand's fisheries sc... more Mace, P. M., Sullivan, K. J., and Cryer, M. 2014. The evolution of New Zealand's fisheries science and management systems under ITQs. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 204–215. New Zealand implemented a comprehensive management system using individual transferable quotas in 1986 that has been instrumental in guiding the roles, responsibilities, and accountabilities of fisheries science, fisheries management, and the fishing industry ever since. However, at the time of the initial design, a number of issues were not adequately considered. These relate mainly to the dynamic nature of fish stocks, multispecies considerations, and environmental and other externalities. Subsequent efforts to address these issues have been challenging and many are not yet fully resolved. The outcomes for fisheries science, stock status, multispecies management, ecosystem effects, and fishing industry accountability have been mixed, although mostly positive. Fisheries science, fisheries management,...
ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2017
Targets and limits for long-term management are used in fisheries advice to operationalize the wa... more Targets and limits for long-term management are used in fisheries advice to operationalize the way management reflects societal priorities on ecological, economic, social and institutional aspects. This study reflects on the available published literature as well as new research presented at the international ICES/Myfish symposium on targets and limits for long term fisheries management. We examine the inclusion of ecological, economic, social and institutional objectives in fisheries management, with the aim of progressing towards including all four objectives when setting management targets or limits, or both, for multispecies fisheries. The topics covered include ecological, economic, social and governance objectives in fisheries management, consistent approaches to management, uncertainty and variability, and fisheries governance. We end by identifying ten ways to more effectively include multiple objectives in setting targets and limits in ecosystem based fisheries management.
43 Targets and limits for long-term management are used in fisheries advice to operationalize 44 ... more 43 Targets and limits for long-term management are used in fisheries advice to operationalize 44 the way management reflects societal priorities on ecological, economic, social and institutional 45 aspects. This study reflects on the available published literature as well as new research presented at 46 the international ICES/Myfish symposium on targets and limits for long term fisheries management. 47 We examine the inclusion of ecological, economic, social and institutional objectives in fisheries 48 management, with the aim of progressing towards including all four objectives when setting 49 management targets or limits, or both, for multispecies fisheries. The topics covered include 50 ecological, economic, social and governance objectives in fisheries management, consistent 51 approaches to management, uncertainty and variability, and fisheries governance. We end by 52 identifying ten ways to more effectively include multiple objectives in setting targets and limits in 53 ecosy...
Additional copies of this report may be obtained from the above address.
The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) concept and its associated targets and limits have risen to b... more The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) concept and its associated targets and limits have risen to become a core guideline for policy while it was developed and first implemented at a time, when both fisheries science and fisheries policy were embedded in understandings of nature and society which were very different from those industry stakeholders, civil society, policy makers and scientists deal with today. The presentation will discuss the tensions which arise when concepts, policies an institutions with different historical roots and representing different interests are brought together to find practical solutions to targets and limits in today's policy landscape. On this basis, key shortcomings of some current fisheries management institutions will be identified and potential remedies discussed. The presentation will close with a discussion of the responsibilities of marine scientists as agents for change of practical management in their roles as scientists and as advisers.
Since 1986, New Zealand has managed its fisheries using a Quota Management System based on Indivi... more Since 1986, New Zealand has managed its fisheries using a Quota Management System based on Individual Transferable Quotas. As is the case for many other fisheries organisations, New Zealand’s Fisheries Act requires a management target based on maximum sustainable yield (MSY), although the specific wording implies that this should be achieved by maintaining the stock biomass near or above the biomass level associated with MSY (i.e. BMSY). The interpretation and implementation of this management target has evolved considerably over the last 25+ years. Initially, two alternative interpretations were developed: a constant catch approach and a constant fishing mortality approach, both of which included the concept of maintaining high catches with ‘an acceptable level of risk’. Subsequently, a Harvest Strategy Standard that includes biomass limits, biomass or fishing mortality targets, risk tolerance criteria and specifications for rebuilding plans has been formulated and endorsed. The Ha...