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Papers by Paul Gallo

Research paper thumbnail of High-Intensity Interval Training for Neurodegenerative Conditions

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be an effective method for managing neurodegenerative... more High-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be an effective method for managing neurodegenerative diseases with many associated benefits related to fitness, motor and nonmotor control, and physical function. This article will provide the exercise professional with recommendations on how to safely apply HIIT when working with clients who have a neurodegenerative disease. Apply It! By reading this article, the reader should be able to: • Explain what a neurodegenerative disease is and the most common types of diseases that fit this category. • Discuss the major benefits of high-intensity interval training specific to neurodegenerative diseases. • Provide recommendations for a high-intensity interval training program that accounts for special consideration associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

Research paper thumbnail of The United States Registry for Exercise Professionals

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal

Research paper thumbnail of The Pathway to ACSM Fellowship

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal

Research paper thumbnail of Response to Moderate and Vigorous Aerobic/Resistance Exercise in a Woman With Long-COVID

Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology

Research paper thumbnail of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Resistance Training, Endurance Exercise, Tolerance, and Compliance

Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology, 2021

controlled trial of a multimodal exercise intervention in Huntington's disease.

Research paper thumbnail of Developing a Home-Based Body Weight Physical Activity/Exercise Program

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of A Call to Action for Clinical Exercise Physiologists

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Low Back Pain, Exercise Intensity, and Rehabilitation

Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Promoting Physical Activity: A Novel Demonstration Of Developing A Home-based Bodyweight Exercise Program Generating App

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Three Point Perspective

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Calling All Members!

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Resistance Exercise and Knee Osteoarthritis

Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Case Study Approaches — Learning by Practice

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2020

Contraindications to exercise None Tanannual case study to apply their knowledge base to “real-wo... more Contraindications to exercise None Tanannual case study to apply their knowledge base to “real-world” situations. Case study-based learning is a proven strategy for a professional to integrate their knowledge and skills to an actual problem or scenario that they may encounter (1). This type of learning is effective in multiple disciplines of study and provides opportunity for networking, collaboration, and/or self-assessment with regard to honing, refreshing, or challenging your clinical or health-fitness knowledge and skills (1). Typically, a case study includes a scenario with the information you will need to respond to using specific recommendations (2) or standard of care. ACSM is known to use case study-based learning in many of its certification resources, such as ACSM’s Certification Review, 5th edition (3), and ACSM’s Exercise Management for Persons with Chronic Disease and Disabilities, 4th edition (4), to support the application of theory that will be assessed on certification exams. For this column, we will use a case study from ACSM’s Certification Review to answer the questions listed below. It is recommended that you work on this case study independently or with a group of colleagues. The case study provided is intended for the ACSM Certified Personal Trainer (ACSM-CPT).

Research paper thumbnail of Recertification Tips while Staying at Home

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of The Association of Muscular Strength and Treadmill-Based Walking Economy in Older Men and Women

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2018

Hypertension is common in people aged 65 or more. The isometric handgrip (IHG) is a model of effe... more Hypertension is common in people aged 65 or more. The isometric handgrip (IHG) is a model of effective exercise in reducing blood pressure (BP). However, the mechanisms involved in post-isometric exercise hypotension (PIEH) remain unclear. Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator and may be involved in PIEH. PURPOSE: To determine the response hypotensive and mechanism involving in older with arterial hypertension. METHODS: Ten sedentary hypertensive elderly (73.2±2.2 years), underwent two experimental sessions using a portable isometric handgrip dynamometer Jamar; (i) sham session with 3 percent of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC); and (ii) experimental isometric session with 30 percent of MVIC, total of 8 sets of 1 min contraction and 1 min rest pause. The BP and heart rate (HR) were evaluated at rest and post-exercise (1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min). Saliva samples were collected at rest, 0, 30 and 60 min post-exercise. RESULTS: Systolic BP (SBP) presented a reduction from the 10th min post-exercise to 30 percent MVIC (p < 0.05). At 60 min post-exercise the SBP was lower 30 percent vs. 3 percent MVIC (p = 0.006). There were no differences for diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, HR and NO metabolites. The results demonstrated that IHG exercise at 30 percent MVIC was tolerated by elderly individuals and induced an PIEH for up to 60 min, but there was no association with NO-salivar metabolite. CONCLUSIONS: Yet, this portable equipment of cost-effective, easy performance and short duration can be an excellent adjuvant strategy in the control and prevention of arterial hypertension in elderly.

Research paper thumbnail of A Health Fitness Professional, Group Exercise Instructor, and Clinical Exercise Physiologist Walk into a Fitness Facility…

ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of The Short Physical Performance Battery (ASSESSMENT)

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2019

T he Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is an objective measurement instrument of balance,... more T he Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is an objective measurement instrument of balance, lower extremity strength, and functional capacity in older adults (>65 years of age). It was developed by the National Institute on Aging (NIA). Three domains, which include balance, usual or self-selected gait speed, and lower limb strength, are assessed by a three-stage balance test (feet side-by-side, semitandem, and tandem positions), a 3-m or 4-m gait speed test (time spent to walk the course), and a repetitive chair stand test (five times chair sit-to-stand test), respectively (1,2). A 0-to 12-point scale is used to score the sum of the three assessments with higher point values corresponding with greater levels of physical function and lower disability, whereas lower point values correspond with lower levels of physical function and higher disability, respectively (1,2). BENEFITS OF THE ASSESSMENT The SPPB is a standardized and clinically relevant assessment of functional performance, balance, and lower extremity strength in older adults (3-6). This test requires minimal equipment and can be performed by health-fitness professionals that work with elderly clients in field, community, or clinical settings. The SPPB has demonstrated sensitivity and responsiveness to exercise-based interventions over time (4-7) and can be completed in approximately 10 to 15 minutes. Results from the SPPB can help health-fitness professionals formulate physical activity and exercise program interventions to improve physical function in their older adult clients. Because it has demonstrated good sensitivity to changes in physical condition and performance over time, it can help guide program design and monitor improvements in fitness and lower limb function upon reassessment. Figure 1 depicts the three assessments from the SPPB.

Research paper thumbnail of To Specialize or Not to Specialize? That Is the Certification Question

ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of What makes a group fitness program for people with Parkinson’s disease endure? A mixed-methods study of multiple stakeholders

Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 2018

Identify key features of an enduring group exercise program for people with Parkinson's disease (... more Identify key features of an enduring group exercise program for people with Parkinson's disease (PD) by exploring experiences of participants, student assistants and the exercise instructor through a convergent mixed methods design. Methods: Fourteen people with PD (modified Hoehn & Yahr: 1-3.5) who regularly participated in a group exercise program (≥ 50% of classes for ≥ 1 year) were interviewed to explore their perceptions of the program. The exercise instructor was also interviewed and weekly written reflections were collected from 18 undergraduate student assistants. Using a grounded theory approach, interviews and written reflections were thematically analyzed via qualitative content analysis. Quantitative data from the Physical Fitness and Exercise Activity Levels of Older Adults Scale were used as part of a convergent mixed-methods design to move towards theory formation. Results: Thematic analysis of the PD participant interviews revealed 4 themes: 1) Quality of the program, 2) Social interactions, 3) Facilitators to exercise, 4) Barriers to exercise. The exercise instructor interview revealed 2 themes: individualization and functionality of exercises, and creating a nurturing atmosphere. Themes from students' data included student learning, and positive in-class experiences. Means (sd) were 1.6 (0.5) for facilitators and 3.0 (0.5) for barriers subscales (1=strongly agree to 4=strongly disagree). Conclusion: These varied sources of data converge to identify and characterize key features of an enduring group exercise program for people with PD: a positive and nurturing environment, varied and individually tailored exercise content, and the importance of social cohesion. These findings also highlight the critical role of multiple stakeholders in fostering an environment that facilitates long-term adherence to group exercise.

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of Exercise in the Management of Parkinsonʼs Disease

Strength and Conditioning Journal, 2018

PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD) RESULTS IN MOTOR AND NONMOTOR SYMPTOMS THAT LEAD TO DECREASED MOBILITY A... more PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD) RESULTS IN MOTOR AND NONMOTOR SYMPTOMS THAT LEAD TO DECREASED MOBILITY AND REDUCED QUALITY OF LIFE. EXERCISE IS AN EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR DISEASE MANAGEMENT AND IMPROVED FITNESS IN PERSONSWITH PD. THIS COLUMN WILL FOCUS ON THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, TREATMENT, AND EXERCISE GOALS FOR PERSONS WITH PD.

Research paper thumbnail of High-Intensity Interval Training for Neurodegenerative Conditions

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be an effective method for managing neurodegenerative... more High-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be an effective method for managing neurodegenerative diseases with many associated benefits related to fitness, motor and nonmotor control, and physical function. This article will provide the exercise professional with recommendations on how to safely apply HIIT when working with clients who have a neurodegenerative disease. Apply It! By reading this article, the reader should be able to: • Explain what a neurodegenerative disease is and the most common types of diseases that fit this category. • Discuss the major benefits of high-intensity interval training specific to neurodegenerative diseases. • Provide recommendations for a high-intensity interval training program that accounts for special consideration associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

Research paper thumbnail of The United States Registry for Exercise Professionals

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal

Research paper thumbnail of The Pathway to ACSM Fellowship

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal

Research paper thumbnail of Response to Moderate and Vigorous Aerobic/Resistance Exercise in a Woman With Long-COVID

Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology

Research paper thumbnail of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Resistance Training, Endurance Exercise, Tolerance, and Compliance

Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology, 2021

controlled trial of a multimodal exercise intervention in Huntington's disease.

Research paper thumbnail of Developing a Home-Based Body Weight Physical Activity/Exercise Program

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of A Call to Action for Clinical Exercise Physiologists

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Low Back Pain, Exercise Intensity, and Rehabilitation

Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Promoting Physical Activity: A Novel Demonstration Of Developing A Home-based Bodyweight Exercise Program Generating App

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Three Point Perspective

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Calling All Members!

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Resistance Exercise and Knee Osteoarthritis

Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Case Study Approaches — Learning by Practice

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2020

Contraindications to exercise None Tanannual case study to apply their knowledge base to “real-wo... more Contraindications to exercise None Tanannual case study to apply their knowledge base to “real-world” situations. Case study-based learning is a proven strategy for a professional to integrate their knowledge and skills to an actual problem or scenario that they may encounter (1). This type of learning is effective in multiple disciplines of study and provides opportunity for networking, collaboration, and/or self-assessment with regard to honing, refreshing, or challenging your clinical or health-fitness knowledge and skills (1). Typically, a case study includes a scenario with the information you will need to respond to using specific recommendations (2) or standard of care. ACSM is known to use case study-based learning in many of its certification resources, such as ACSM’s Certification Review, 5th edition (3), and ACSM’s Exercise Management for Persons with Chronic Disease and Disabilities, 4th edition (4), to support the application of theory that will be assessed on certification exams. For this column, we will use a case study from ACSM’s Certification Review to answer the questions listed below. It is recommended that you work on this case study independently or with a group of colleagues. The case study provided is intended for the ACSM Certified Personal Trainer (ACSM-CPT).

Research paper thumbnail of Recertification Tips while Staying at Home

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of The Association of Muscular Strength and Treadmill-Based Walking Economy in Older Men and Women

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2018

Hypertension is common in people aged 65 or more. The isometric handgrip (IHG) is a model of effe... more Hypertension is common in people aged 65 or more. The isometric handgrip (IHG) is a model of effective exercise in reducing blood pressure (BP). However, the mechanisms involved in post-isometric exercise hypotension (PIEH) remain unclear. Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator and may be involved in PIEH. PURPOSE: To determine the response hypotensive and mechanism involving in older with arterial hypertension. METHODS: Ten sedentary hypertensive elderly (73.2±2.2 years), underwent two experimental sessions using a portable isometric handgrip dynamometer Jamar; (i) sham session with 3 percent of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC); and (ii) experimental isometric session with 30 percent of MVIC, total of 8 sets of 1 min contraction and 1 min rest pause. The BP and heart rate (HR) were evaluated at rest and post-exercise (1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min). Saliva samples were collected at rest, 0, 30 and 60 min post-exercise. RESULTS: Systolic BP (SBP) presented a reduction from the 10th min post-exercise to 30 percent MVIC (p < 0.05). At 60 min post-exercise the SBP was lower 30 percent vs. 3 percent MVIC (p = 0.006). There were no differences for diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, HR and NO metabolites. The results demonstrated that IHG exercise at 30 percent MVIC was tolerated by elderly individuals and induced an PIEH for up to 60 min, but there was no association with NO-salivar metabolite. CONCLUSIONS: Yet, this portable equipment of cost-effective, easy performance and short duration can be an excellent adjuvant strategy in the control and prevention of arterial hypertension in elderly.

Research paper thumbnail of A Health Fitness Professional, Group Exercise Instructor, and Clinical Exercise Physiologist Walk into a Fitness Facility…

ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of The Short Physical Performance Battery (ASSESSMENT)

ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 2019

T he Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is an objective measurement instrument of balance,... more T he Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is an objective measurement instrument of balance, lower extremity strength, and functional capacity in older adults (>65 years of age). It was developed by the National Institute on Aging (NIA). Three domains, which include balance, usual or self-selected gait speed, and lower limb strength, are assessed by a three-stage balance test (feet side-by-side, semitandem, and tandem positions), a 3-m or 4-m gait speed test (time spent to walk the course), and a repetitive chair stand test (five times chair sit-to-stand test), respectively (1,2). A 0-to 12-point scale is used to score the sum of the three assessments with higher point values corresponding with greater levels of physical function and lower disability, whereas lower point values correspond with lower levels of physical function and higher disability, respectively (1,2). BENEFITS OF THE ASSESSMENT The SPPB is a standardized and clinically relevant assessment of functional performance, balance, and lower extremity strength in older adults (3-6). This test requires minimal equipment and can be performed by health-fitness professionals that work with elderly clients in field, community, or clinical settings. The SPPB has demonstrated sensitivity and responsiveness to exercise-based interventions over time (4-7) and can be completed in approximately 10 to 15 minutes. Results from the SPPB can help health-fitness professionals formulate physical activity and exercise program interventions to improve physical function in their older adult clients. Because it has demonstrated good sensitivity to changes in physical condition and performance over time, it can help guide program design and monitor improvements in fitness and lower limb function upon reassessment. Figure 1 depicts the three assessments from the SPPB.

Research paper thumbnail of To Specialize or Not to Specialize? That Is the Certification Question

ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of What makes a group fitness program for people with Parkinson’s disease endure? A mixed-methods study of multiple stakeholders

Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 2018

Identify key features of an enduring group exercise program for people with Parkinson's disease (... more Identify key features of an enduring group exercise program for people with Parkinson's disease (PD) by exploring experiences of participants, student assistants and the exercise instructor through a convergent mixed methods design. Methods: Fourteen people with PD (modified Hoehn & Yahr: 1-3.5) who regularly participated in a group exercise program (≥ 50% of classes for ≥ 1 year) were interviewed to explore their perceptions of the program. The exercise instructor was also interviewed and weekly written reflections were collected from 18 undergraduate student assistants. Using a grounded theory approach, interviews and written reflections were thematically analyzed via qualitative content analysis. Quantitative data from the Physical Fitness and Exercise Activity Levels of Older Adults Scale were used as part of a convergent mixed-methods design to move towards theory formation. Results: Thematic analysis of the PD participant interviews revealed 4 themes: 1) Quality of the program, 2) Social interactions, 3) Facilitators to exercise, 4) Barriers to exercise. The exercise instructor interview revealed 2 themes: individualization and functionality of exercises, and creating a nurturing atmosphere. Themes from students' data included student learning, and positive in-class experiences. Means (sd) were 1.6 (0.5) for facilitators and 3.0 (0.5) for barriers subscales (1=strongly agree to 4=strongly disagree). Conclusion: These varied sources of data converge to identify and characterize key features of an enduring group exercise program for people with PD: a positive and nurturing environment, varied and individually tailored exercise content, and the importance of social cohesion. These findings also highlight the critical role of multiple stakeholders in fostering an environment that facilitates long-term adherence to group exercise.

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of Exercise in the Management of Parkinsonʼs Disease

Strength and Conditioning Journal, 2018

PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD) RESULTS IN MOTOR AND NONMOTOR SYMPTOMS THAT LEAD TO DECREASED MOBILITY A... more PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD) RESULTS IN MOTOR AND NONMOTOR SYMPTOMS THAT LEAD TO DECREASED MOBILITY AND REDUCED QUALITY OF LIFE. EXERCISE IS AN EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR DISEASE MANAGEMENT AND IMPROVED FITNESS IN PERSONSWITH PD. THIS COLUMN WILL FOCUS ON THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, TREATMENT, AND EXERCISE GOALS FOR PERSONS WITH PD.